Rizal Preliminary Reviewer PDF

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose RIZAL Rizal, we remember with special fondness and RIZAL LAW - R.A. 1425 JUNE 12, 1956 devotion their lives and work...

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose RIZAL Rizal, we remember with special fondness and RIZAL LAW - R.A. 1425 JUNE 12, 1956 devotion their lives and works that have shaped Authored by: Claro M. Recto the national character; co-authored by: Jose P. Laurel  WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose SIGNED BY: Pres. Ramon Magsaysay Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and THE FILING OF THE RIZAL BILL inspiring source of patriotism with which the CLARO M. RECTO minds of the youth, especially during their  In 1956, Sen. Claro M. Recto filed a measure formative and decisive years in school, should which became the original Rizal Bill. Under the be suffused; WHEREAS, all educational bill it shall be obligatory for college and institutions are under the supervision of, and university students to study the life and works subject to regulation by the State, and all of Rizal. schools are enjoined to develop moral character,  Senator Claro M. Recto was the main personal discipline, civic conscience and to proponent of the Rizal Bill. He sought to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, sponsor the bill at Congress. However, this was met with stiff opposition from the Catholic SECTION 1 Church.  Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose  During the 1955 Senate election, the church Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere charged Recto with being a communist and an and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the anti-Catholic. After Recto's election, the curricula of all schools, colleges and Church continued to oppose the bill mandating universities, public or private: Provided, that in the reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tángere the collegiate courses, the original or and El Filibusterismo, claiming it would violate unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere freedom of conscience and religion. and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts JOSE P. LAUREL  The Board of National Education is hereby  On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by authorized and directed to adopt forthwith Committee on Education Chairman Jose P. measures to implement and carry out the Laurel that accommodated the objections of the provisions of this Section, including the writing Catholic Church was approved unanimously. and printing of appropriate primers, readers and  The bill specified that only college (university) textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) students would have the option of reading days from the effectivity of this Act, unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested promulgate rules and regulations, including reading material, such as Noli Me Tángere and those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and El Filibusterismo. enforce the provisions of this Act.  On June 12, 1956, the bill was approved by the  The Board shall promulgate rules and Philippine Legislature as Republic Act 1425; regulations providing for the exemption of otherwise known as Rizal Law. Incidentally, students for reasons of religious belief stated in June 12 was declared as Flag Day. a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the Republic act no. 1425 second part of the first paragraph of this section;  An act to include in the curricula of all public but not from taking the course provided for in and private schools, colleges and universities the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and courses on the life, works and writings of jose regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days rizal, particularly his novels noli me tangere after their publication in the Official Gazette. and el filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes SECTION 2  It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges  WHEREAS, today, more than any other period and universities to keep in their libraries an of our history, there is a need for a re- adequate number of copies of the original and dedication to the ideals of freedom and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere nationalism for which our heroes lived and died; and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, other works and biography. The said  unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere  The youth was made aware of the contributions and El Filibusterismo or their translations in and the principled life of Jose Rizal who was English as well as other writings of Rizal shall an emblem of substantial nationalism and be included in the list of approved books for unconditional love for the country. He required reading in all public or private schools, embodies brilliance coupled with humility and colleges and universities prestige that goes along with service. This  The Board of National Education shall Republic Act has pushed for Rizal to be a role determine the adequacy of the number of books, model for the youth of this country. depending upon the enrollment of the school,  Through this republic act the essence of college or university freedom and independence was emphasized to the youth. Also, it has been implied through SECTION 3 this act that national identity is a very important  The Board of National Education shall cause legacy that our heroes have achieved through the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El sacrificing their own lives. They have passed it Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose on to us, and it is our role to nurture and protect Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal it. Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be NEGATIVE EFFECTS: distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring  The R. A. 1425 just caused havoc within to read them, through the Purok organizations educational institutions. Take the case of UP a and Barrio Councils throughout the country. couple of years after this law’s implementation. The UP Student Catholic Action and numerous SECTION 4 publications and students were pushed to go  Nothing in this Act shall be construed as against their President, Dr. Singco because they amendment or repealing section nine hundred feel that the University is starting to become twenty-seven of the administrative code, godless. It has just caused a mass confusion prohibiting the discussions of religious between faith and nationalism. doctrines by public school teachers and other  The faith of the people is being compromised. person engaged in any public school. This law is endangering the Christian growth of the students who are still in their formative SECTION 5 years. This can drive the youth to question the  The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is credibility of the church and its teachings and hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any traditions. fund not otherwise appropriated in the National  According to a survey that we have conducted Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act. in our university, the Rizal course is not actually significant for the students. It has just SECTION 6 been a laborious subject that adds unnecessary  This Act shall take effect upon its approval. work load to students, and it sometimes drives Approved: June 12, 1956 Published in the Official the students to lose focus on their majors. Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956. WHY STUDY RIZAL? CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIZAL LAW  It is of great importance that students THE EFFECTS OF THE RIZAL LAW understand the rationale behind having to take POSITIVE EFFECTS: up a Rizal course in college. For high school  According to Hernando Abaya, 1984, the students, the Noli Me Tangere and the El nationalist reawakening began on the UP Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino campus, sparked by the teaching of Rizal’s life subject as part of the overall curriculum. In and his writings made compulsory by the Noli- tertiary education, however, Rizal is a subject Fili law, co-authored by Recto and Laurel. required of any course, in any college or  This is a statement from a person who was able university in the Philippines. to witness the condition of the country before and after the Rizal law was implemented. He 1. BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW saw the change and the positive effect of the  The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to law to our country back then. accomplish the following goals: To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and  nationalism, for which our heroes lived and  Governor General - heads the nationals died. government.  To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting chief executive in the whole archipelago his life and works in shaping the Filipino head of the state & church character. commander in chief of the military  To gain an inspiring source of patriotism as the power to pardon prisoners & to through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and decide about the issues in the country writings. power of cumplace Visitador & Residencia 2. BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED  Alkalde Mayor - head in the provincial level WITHIN THE COURSE his power is limited in the province but it is the  To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals same with the Governor General and teachings in relation to present conditions  Gobernadorcillo - head of the town or pueblo and situations in the society.  his power is limited in the town but it is the  To encourage the application of such ideals in same with the Governor General current social and personal problems and issues.  Indulto de Comercio  To develop an appreciation and deeper  Cabeza de Barangay - head of the barrio understanding of all that Rizal fought and died government for.  Gobernadorcillo & Cabeza de Barangay are the  To foster the development of the Filipino youth only positions a Filipino can have in the in all aspects of citizenship. Spanish Colonial period Must be 23 years old and above Must be educated WEEK 2 at least owns a 500 pesos worth of THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY property/money AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT SUPREMACY OF THE SPANISH FRIARS PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN  The religious orders had a huge contribution in  The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the colonization process which is why the the FERDINAND MAGELLAN expedition on frailocracy had a lot of power March 17, 1521. He was sent by king Charles I.  Friars could control the society & Governor With Spain and Portugal competing on claims General over the Moluccas and the Philippine Islands,  Regular priest were able to control the different the Spaniards were only able to return to the parishes and had dominion over the Secular Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of priests (Filipino priests) Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named the  the enemy of the church will be considered as islands as “Filipinas”. The Villalobos the enemy of the government expedition exacted the location of the Philippines. ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNTMENT OFFICIALS THE CONQUEST  The excessive power & privileges made the  In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to governor generals weak & undisciplined the Philippines by Phillip II, the new king of punishes those who aren’t happy with his Spain, and also Portugal. Legazpi became the administration first Governor General of the Philippines. He gives too much favors to his friends & also established the Encomienda system. family The provincial government, headed Likewise, he founded the city of Manila under by the alcalde mayor, was the most corrupt Spain in 1571 after taking it from Rajah branch of the government Sulayman. POLITICAL CONDITION  Viceroy of Mexico - ruled the Philippines indirectly as the representative of the Spanish King CORRUPT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN  Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tondo (1587- THE 19TH CENTURY 1588)  Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) - gave  The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the order to kill GOMBURZA Tribute (1589)  Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) - he was  Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a a great soldier but as a governor general, his Cagayano rebel administration was weak due to his incompetency 17th CENTURY  Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera - took the  Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to position twice; 1880-1883 & 1897-1898 --took Christianity bribes from casino operators in Manila  Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious  Gen. ValerianoWeyler (1888-1891) -a cruel freedom in Leyte and corrupt official; a tyrant who killed the  Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) of Warays of Calamba tenants and is called the Butcher by Northern Samar the Cubans  Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga  Gen. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) - against friar and government abuses ordered the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal  Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan w/ Maniago POLICIES IMPOSED BY THE COLONIZERS  Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate POLO Koxinga  the enforced or compulsory manual labor  Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious required for every male native between 16 to pagan. 60 years of age. FALLA refers to payment  Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains exacted by anyone to be exempted from work 18th CENTURY TRIBUTE  Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna  tax imposed on every individual or family to and Cavite pay to the colonial government as a symbol of  Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) in vassalage to Spain Bohol.  Diego & Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763) in ENCONMIENDA Ilocos  a system of landholding wherein individuals  Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British loyal to Spain were granted land as trustees invasion ISOLATION POLICY 19th CENTURY  the natives were banned from engaging in any  Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against form of intercourse with their Asian neighbors. peninsulares  Palmero Conspiracy (1828) a failed plot against DIVIDE AND RULE Spain  the colonizers provoked the natives to fight  Hermano Pule Religious Revolt (1840-1843) in among themselves thus, strengthening their Tayabas hold of power Causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat FRAILOCRACY 1. Disunity because of lack of national identity. The  the rule of the friars or the clergy divide and rule strategy was an obstacle. SOME OF THE FILIPINO REVOLTS 2. Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences AGAINST SPANISH RULE 3. Self-interest 16th CENTURY 4. Lack of preparation and training  Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or the 5. Absence of sufficient weapons and firepower Tagalog revolt against the Legazpi and 6. Geographical isolation and separation Lavezares administrations. 7. Communication gap due to language differences  Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against Encomenderos EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF  The rise of modern philosophers like John GOVERNMENT SYSTEM Locke, writers and artists  Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment)  Discussions on life, liberty and equality  Industrial Revolution  Promotes progress, secularization and  Age of Explorations and Discoveries individualism  The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade  Society became anti divine right, favored the separation of church and state, and the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT proliferation of social classes  Enlightenment, French (literally “century of the  The emancipation of black slaves in the United Enlightened”), a European intellectual States by President Lincoln. movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, 19TH Century and humanity were synthesized into a  1821. Mexican independence from Spain worldview that gained wide assent in the West resulting to loss of trade in the Pacific. and that instigated revolutionary developments  1834. Opening of the Philippines to World in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Trade by Spain. Natives started to engage in Enlightenment thought were the use and trade. More Chinese migration to the country. celebration of reason, the power by which  Influx of European influence. The humans understand the universe and improve Enlightenment reached the Indios. their own condition. The goals of rational  Education of the Natives like Burgos, del Pilar, humanity were considered to be knowledge, etc. freedom, and happiness.  The rise of the educated middle class the  The Enlightenment was both a movement and a ILUSTRADOS state of mind. The term represents a phase in the intellectual history of Europe, but it also INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION serves to define programs of reform in which  The Industrial Revolution was a period of influential literati, inspired by a common faith major industrialization that took place during in the possibility of a better world, outlined the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial specific targets for criticism and proposals for Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly action. spread throughout the world; This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF EUROPE IN textile manufacturing and a revolution in. THE PHILIPPINES power, including steam ships and railroads, that 16 to 17ᵗʰ Century effected social, cultural and economic  Exploration. A period of expansion for Western conditions. colonizers for Spain and Portugal that produced the likes of Christopher Columbus, Vasco de AGE OF EXPLORATION AND Gama, Bartholomew Diaz and Ferdinand DISCOVERIES Magellan in quest of gold, evangelization and What Was the Age of Exploration or the Age of power. Discovery?  Reformation of the Protestants and the  The Age of Exploration is an informally Counter-Reformation of the Catholics. defined period of European history when  The Scientific Revolution and the rise of overseas exploration became a major part of Copernicus, Gallileo and Newton. The European culture. Renaissance, the revival of the arts and  This era began in the late 1400’s and lasted humanities rediscovering the knowledge of the through the 1700’s. It is responsible for Greeks and the Roman. It was the rise of influencing European culture, initiating masters Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci. globalization, and introducing colonialism around the world. For many Europeans, the 18th century Age of Exploration signifies a time when new  Enlightenment lands were discovered. However, for many  The Rights for Women others, the Age of Exploration is remembered  Growth of Literacy and Reading. The age for as a time their lands were invaded and settled the printing press by newcomers. OPENING THE PHILIPPINES TO THE to foreign trade brought not only economic WORLD TRADE prosperity to the country but also remarkable  The world turns its eyes on the Philippines transformation in the life of the Filipinos. As when, the Royal Company of the Philippines, the people, prospered, their standard of living or in Spanish, the Real Compaña de Filipinas improved. Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of Spain WEEK 3 to open Manila to world commerce. Birth, Family & Ancestry of Dr. Rizal Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the Real THE MERCADO FAMILY Compaña de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines) catapulted the Spanish king to JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree ALONZO REALONDA "PEPE" issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of  Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna the company were revoked and the port of  He was the seventh in a brood of eleven Manila was opened to trade. children of Francisco Mercado and Teodora  Because Manila was a great harbor (the shape Alonzo. of the bay protected trade boats from rough  He was baptized three days later by Father waters) it became one of the best cities to trade Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of with, luring American, British and other Calamba. Father Pedro Casañas stood as his European and Asian merchants to its shores. As godfather (ninong). a result, Spain’s economic supremacy lost its footing in the region. FRANCISCO MERCADO  Modern methods of production and (b. May 11, 1818 - d. January 5, 1898) transportation, notably sugar mills and  Father of Jose Rizal and considered the steamships, opened the Philippines for patriarch of the family, was a native of Biñan, economic development. British, French, Dutch, Laguna. and North American traders began to demand  He was an educated and industrious farmer Philippine agricultural products, including who studied Latin and Philosophy at Colegio sugar, cigars, and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar de San Jose in Manila. Of Chinese ancestry, his became the leading export crop great grandfather Domingo Lam-co was a native of Amoy (now Guanzhou), China who IMPACT OF OPENING THE PORT TO married the Filipina Ines de la Rosa. WORLD TRADE TO ALL FILIPINOS  Both Francisco's father, Juan, and grandfather,  When world trades open to the Philippines, it became Capitanes or town mayors of Biñan. has caused for the Spaniards to sell more Upon the death of his mother, Francisco moved product to other countries. Since the materials to Calamba where he became a tenant and came from the Philippines, they use our farmer of a large Dominican estate. resources and do not repay us. As they sell  On 28 June 1848, he married Teodora Alonzo more things we grow to have less resources. Realonda. In * 1849, when Gov. Narciso But the positive is that our economy increases. Claveria issued the decree on the Hispanization  The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly of Filipino names, he chose the new surname and its local industries developed to satisfy the Rizal, from the Latin word "ricial" meaning rising demands of an industrializing Europe. "rice field."  Manila and the Philippines garnered great  In 1850 he petitioned the court to change the economic growth around this time. Many shops family name to Rizal, with all their children opened in the Binondo and the rest of the being surnamed as such. “Extramuros” area (the areas outside of Intramuros). The best part of this was that some TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA were also owned by Filipino businessmen who (b. November 8, 1826 - d. August 16, 1911): were knowledgeable in finance and consumer  The mother of Jose Rizal, a Manileña, was a retail. Manila itself expanded – more people highly educated Filipina who * graduated from came to settle in the city and grew rich through the Colegio de Santa Rosa. profit from trade.  Of Spanish and Japanese ancestry, Teodora  In short by 19th and 20th century, the opening was a talented woman whose interests lay in of the port and the other parts of the Philippine  literature, culture, and business, and was well- LUCIA 1857 - 1919 versed in Spanish.  She became the wife of Mariano Herbosa, a  She helped her husband in farming and in their town mate from Calamba. business. She devoted herself to the children's  Herbosa died of cholera and was denied education and growth as morally-upright Christian burial because he was a brother-in- individuals. law of Dr. Jose Rizal  Teodora's lineage can be traced to Lakandula, the greatest ruler of Tondo. Her great MARIA "BIANG" 1859 - 1945 grandfather, who was of Japanese blood, was  She became the wife of Daniel Faustino Cruz Eugenio Ursua (Ochoa). Her maternal of Biñan, Laguna. grandfather was Manuel de Quintos who was a popular lawyer in his time, while her paternal JOSE PROTACIO (PEPE) 1861-1896 grandfather was Cipriano Alonzo who  The seventh child in the family belonged to Biñan's long list of Capitanes.  He was married to a scottish girl named  Teodora was second child of Lorenzo Alberto Josephin Bracken Alonzo, an engineer and a recipient of the most sought decoration, the Knight of the Grand CONCEPCION "CONCHA" 1892-1865 Order of Isabella and the Catholic Order of  She died at the age of three due to illness Carlos III; and Brigida de Quintos, a fair and well-educated lady. JOSEFA "PANGGOY" 1865 - 1945  When Governor Claveria issued the decree for  She was an epileptic and died at the age of 80 the revision and adoption of new names, the as a spinster. children of Alberto Alonzo adopted the surname Realonda. Thus, the name Teodora TRINIDAD "TRINING" 1868 - 1951 Alonzo became Teodora Alonzo Realonda.  She was also a spinster.  She died at the age of 83. THE RIZAL FAMILY  She inherited much of Rizal's property in  The marriage of Francisco and Teodora was Dapitan. blessed with eleven children - two boys and nine girls. SOLEDAD “LOLENG” 1870-1929  She’s the youngest in the family SATURNINA "NENENG" 1850 - 1913  She became the wife of Pantaleon Quintero  She is the eldest. She became the wife of also from Calamba. Manuel Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas. CHILDHOOD MEMORIES OF JOSE RIZAL PACIANO 1851 - 1930 THE RIZAL ANCENTRAL HOUSE IN  He was the family caretaker. CALAMBA  After his younger brother's execution, he joined  A large, two-storey building built of adobe the Philippine Revolution. stones, hardwood and tiled roof.  He retired to his farm in Los Baños where he  It had many rooms: for the girls, the boys, lived as a farmer. another for the couple, and quarters for servants.  He had 2 children by his common-law wife  The family had a huge dining table and a big (Severina Decena) - a boy and a girl. ceiling fan.  They also had a library of more than a thousand NARCISA "SISA" 1852 - 1939 * volumes of Latin and Spanish books.  She was married to Antonio Lopez, a school  In their backyard there is a nipa hut, a native teacher of Morong, Rizal. house whose roof was made of thatched cogon grass and bamboo wall, where the children OLIMPIA "IPIANG" 1855 - 1887 played.  She became the wife of Silvestre Ubaldo, a  Many fruit-bearing trees surrounded the house. telegraph operator of Manila.  She died in 1887 from childbirth. PARTIAL VIEW OF THE RIZAL FAMILY'S  They were uncles Gregorio, Manuel and Jose LIBRARY WITH MORE THAN A Alberto. THOUSAND VOLUMES OF LATIN AND  Pepe would always come along to his uncles SPANISH BOOKS. who taught him things that would benefit him  Rizal's family was one of the richest families in in the future. Calamba. Indeed, they belonged to the  Jose Alberto, an artist, would teach Pepe skills principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish in sketching and drawing through the use of a Philippines. pencil or charcoal.  The main source of their livelihood was the  Manuel, being an athlete, would instruct him sugarcane plantation which was being rented the rudiments of fencing and wrestling. from the Dominicans.  Lastly, his uncle Gregorio, who was a lover of  The farm also had coconut (copra), rice fields, books and a writer, would instill in him a fruit-bearing trees and a large turkey farm. passion for writing and an appreciation to  Moreover, the family milled their sugar and poetry and literature. had a ham press.  The Rizal family was also the first native JOSE ALBERTO ALONZO family in Calamba to own a horse-drawn  When Doña Teodora gave birth to Soledad, the carriage, called the carruaje. eleventh child in the family, Don Francisco  Doña Lolay, fond name for Doña Teodora, who together with Jose went to Antipolo for a belonged to an affluent family was relatively pilgrimage. popular in Calamba and in Binan, and was well  Jose was then seven years old. respected by the town folks.  Afterwards, they proceeded to Manila where  At an early age Pepe (nickname of Jose) proved they visited Saturnina who was then a boarding to be a truly gifted boy. student at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana.  His mother was his first teacher.  At the age of three he was already taught how BIÑAN STUDIES to read the Latin and Spanish alphabets.  At the age of nine, Jose would be sent by his  He was trained to work fast and efficiently, to parents to Biñan to continue his primary be honest at all times, and to always pray to education under the instruction of Maestro God. Justiniano Aquino Cruz.  His younger sister Concepcion, fondly called  Maestro Justiniano was a renowned teacher Concha, his playmate and best friend, died of a adept in Latin and Spanish grammar. sickness at the age of three.  In fact, he was a former teacher of his brother  Jose was four years old at the time. Josefa, the Paciano. next sister, should have taken the place of  In the first weeks of his studies in Biñan, he Concha, but with her health condition, being an would receive ruler blows on his palms for his epileptic. mistakes and misbehavior.  Jose was probably more of a caretaker to her  The pain of Maestro Justiniano's punishment rather than a playmate. helped him to take his studies seriously.  Trinidad or Trining, the sibling next to Josefa, Maestro Justiniano was of the old school who was even much closer to Jose. She was a girl believed in the maxim "Spare the rod and spoil with a strong character. It is as if Jose had a the child." new younger brother.  Later on, Jose would be able to catch up  Jose learned many stories and legends even at a quickly and win many prizes in competitions young age. held by the maestro. He had practically beaten  He remembered his "yaya" (Tagalog word: all his Biñan schoolmates. nanny) would always frighten him through her  Maestro Justiniano, though a strict stories of freaky night creatures. disciplinarian, was also a conscientious  However, of all the stories told, he would never instructor. forget the story of "The Moth and the Flame"  The teacher told Jose, who had been only a few from the book, El Amigo de los Ninos. months under his care, that he already knew as  Some of those who became very influential to much as his master. Jose when he was young were the three  Thus, he advised his parents that Jose be sent to brothers of his mother. Manila to pursue higher education.  Being physically frail and thin, Jose was  Don Francisco had to hire two of some of the initially bullied by his classmates. best lawyers from Manila as defense lawyers  One of them was a boy named Pedro whom he for her wife’s case. remembered as the first one he had a brawl with. THE SPANISH REVOLUTION  Another one was Andres Salandanan who  In 1868, a revolution broke out in Spain in almost broke his arm during a "bunong braso" defiance against the oppressive reign of Queen or arm-wrestling match. Isabel II. This was staged and led by two of her generals, Marshals Francisco Serrano and Juan ARM WRESTLING Prim. The Spanish people called it as  Arm-wrestling is a sport with two participants. ‘Revolucion de Disgusto’ or ‘Revolution of  Each participant places one arm, both put either Disgust’ the right or left, on a surface, with their elbows  At the end of the event, Queen Isabel II was bent and touching the surface, and they grip ousted and took refuge in France. Francisco each other's hand. Serrano became the Marshal Regent of Spain.  The goal is to pin the other's arm onto the Eventually, with the will of the people, Serrano surface, with the winner's arm over the loser's created a republican form of government and arm. ended absolute monarchy in Spain. This move  Biñan had been a valuable experience for started to pave the way for liberal forms to be young Rizal. There he had met a host of introduced not only to Spain but also in the relatives and from them heard much of the past colonies. A new Governor General was named of his father's family. for the Philippines, Carlos Ma. dela Torre.  He befriended Leandro, his cousin's son. His best friend in the class, though, was Jose DELA TORRE AND LIBERALISM Guevarra, his painting partner in the class of a  Probably the best administrator the Philippines painting guru Mang Juancho, the ageing father- ever had during the Spanish rule, dela Torre in-law of Maestro Justiniano. and his liberalism was highly favored in Manila  Jose also received instructions from Maestro and the rest of the territory. Censorship was Lucas Padua and from Leon Monroy, his abolished and government criticisms were tutor in Latin. accepted as reforms recommended by various sectors were welcomed. WEEK 4 INJUSTICE, LIBERALISM AND GOMBURZA SOME OF THE REFORMS THAT WERE MARTYRDOM BEING CONSIDERED OR ALREADY THE IMPRISONMENT OF RIZAL'S INTRODUCED BY THE MOTHER NEW ADMINISTRATION WERE:  One of the turning points of Jose Rizal’s life, A. the Filipinization of Parishes: the handing over which had a profound influence on his of parishes to Filipino secular priests as successors becoming a political activist later on, was the to the Spanish missionaries from the religious unjust arrest of his mother. orders.  His mother based on a malicious and concocted B. the abolition of polo in Cavite which affected the charge was accused to have conspired with her agricultural economy of the province and the people brother, Jose Alberto, in an attempt to kill the themselves latter’s wife by poisoning, despite the lack of C. the lifting of heavy taxes to native military evidence against her. servicemen and other reforms that became  All these she took with calm and quiet dignity, beneficial to the locals in the royal army which Rizal though only a child of eleven D. the Education Decree of 1869 which placed all about to embark on secondary school in Manila schools under government supervision. This gave would remember. way for many natives to have children go to college  The case could have ended before 1873 and and university Teodora should have been freed by then, but E. the creation of the Guardia Civil which was truly because of the intervention of Mayor Antonio intended for the protection of civilians from bandits, Vivencio del Rosario the case was reopened in pirates and ordinary criminals. the Royal Audiencia. THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT action was executed by Gov. Gen. Rafael  The Secularization of the Parishes was Izquierdo. He immediately reversed all the pioneered by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. It was a move to reforms of the former governor and used the give opportunities for the secular Filipino Guardia Civil to protect the interest of the priests to occupy parishes, the occupation of government from the civilian population. As a which they were really trained to do. consequence, he attracted many enemies from  Since the beginning of the colonial period various sectors who were affected. parishes have been traditionally awarded to missionaries, the regular Spanish friars. This THE CAVITE MUTINY AND MARTYRDOM was due to the Spanish government’s distrust OF THE GOMBURZA among natives. The colonial government  On the night of January 20, 1872 about 200 continued to be in control of the Church during Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite the entire Spanish period in the Philippines. Arsenal at Fort San Felipe rose in a violent  The only time the native priests were given the mutiny under the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid. opportunity to take care of parishes was during Unfortunately, this Cavite Mutiny was the expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines. suppressed two days later by troop However, this only served as an interlude for it reinforcement from Manila. La Madrid and the was cut right after the Jesuits were returned by mutineers were defeated by Lt. Felipe Ginoves. the Church to service. The Spanish authorities magnified Jose Burgos  After the untimely death of P. Pedro Pelaez, as the mastermind of the incident together with who was a casualty of an earthquake that Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez. The case destroyed parts of the was rebellion.  Manila Cathedral, his follower P. Jose Burgos  According to the prosecution, Jose Burgos did took his place to champion the secular priests. not only plan a mutiny but a rebellion of which The ageing P. Mariano Gomez and the young P. the aim was the assassination of Izquierdo and Jacinto Zamora partnered him in the movement. an attack on Intramuros. He allegedly financed and mastermind this move and was supported A REVERSAL OF FORTUNE by native soldiers and citizens, not only from  The founding of the republic in Spain created Cavite but also from Manila and other issues that would take the Philippines back to provinces. the old ways. One of these issues is that Spain  The Cavite Mutiny was mere error that failed cannot be Spain without a traditional monarch, the whole grand plan. On February 17, 1872, and so, they crowned a new one in the person Gomburza were executed upon the order of the of Amadeo of Savoy, a new king under the new Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo. Paciano, Jose’s Spanish Constitution. brother saw the execution. The search for those  Another issue is that the liberalism that was others involved, likewise, commenced. As a achieved by Spain must only be confined in result, many of those accused of direct or Spain and the colonies must have, still, a indirect involvement were either exiled or separate set of laws that would not endanger executed. Spanish interest.  Paciano who was then a student of Colegio de  Liberalism in the Philippines, as introduced by San Jose and was boarding with Father Burgos dela Torre, had already starting to encourage was gravely affected by the event for he was a many Filipino patriots to petition the trusted assistant of Burgos in the fight for the government for more political reforms. But Filipinization of the parishes. His close with Serrano ousted from power, the Spanish association with Burgos was so crucial that Cortes, the parliament, adopted a new after the execution of the three priests, evading administrative policy that was implemented for arrest or suspicion, he quit studies in Colegio the colonies, a policy of terror. de San Jose, where Burgos became his professor, and returned to Calamba. THE RESTORATION OF TERROR  Here, he told the heroic story of Burgos to his  Military rule was restored to the Philippines as family and revealed his kept secrets to his a new administrator arrived to replace dela father. Don Francisco on his part, made a Torre. With a vow to erase from the minds of specific instruction to all his children that no the Filipinos the joys of the liberalism and a one must talk anymore about Burgos (even dream for a future independence, military though a family relative), the Cavite mutiny,  nor the word “filibustero’ (anti-government).  Because he was boarding outside Ateneo, he This was for Paciano’s protection. was referred to as an ‘externo’ Those who  The martyrdom of Gomburza and the injustice stayed-in were called ‘internos’ His course was to his mother made Rizal to become truly Bachelor of Arts and his first professor was aware of the evils of Spanish tyranny, and that Father JoseBech. even priests can get executed as long as you are  At first, he was placed at the rear of the class not one of them, a Spaniard. because he was a new comer. There were two sections, the Romans and the Carthaginians. TEENAGE ATENEAN TO UST STUDIES AND Rizal was assigned to the Carthaginian OTHER SOCIAL ACTIVITIES occupying the end of the line.  On June 10, 1872, Jose was accompanied by  After the first week, Jose progressed rapidly Paciano to take the entrance examination for and became an emperor at the end of the month. the secondary course at the Colegio de San He was the brightest pupil in the class and Juan de Letran. being so he received prizes for his triumphs.  The examinations included Christian Doctrine,  Rizal also took private tutorial lessons at Santa Arithmetic and Reading. Rizal passed the Isabel College during his vacant periods to examinations and returned to Calamba to stay improve his skill in the Spanish language. He with his family for a few more days and paid three pesos for each session. perhaps to attend the town fiesta.  In the second half of his first year, he resented  Upon his return to Manila, he was accompanied some remarks of his professor which had again by Paciano. But instead of going back to greatly affected his academic standing. At the Letran, the latter enrolled Jose at the Ateneo end ofthe year, he was only in second place but Municipal. still maintained all his excellent grades or  At first, the college registrar Father Magin ‘sobresaliente’ Ferrando refused to admit Rizal for he was too  Rizal returned to Calamba at the end of the small for his age, physically weak and being school year. He did not enjoy his vacation too late to enroll. However, through the because his mother was still in prison. To cheer mediation of Manuel Xeres Burgos, a nephew him up, his sister Saturnina brought him to of Father Burgos, Rizal was allowed to enroll. Tanawan, Batangas. Then he still went to Santa  Jose used the surname Rizal when he registered Cruz to visit his mother. at Ateneo. This was the decision of Paciano  Rizal told her of his brilliant grades in the because their family name Mercado had been college. He embraced her to show how he under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities missed her. Doña Teodora advised him to be being the surname used by Paciano at the strong and not to worry much about her. College of San Jose where he was known as  The summer vacation ended and Rizal returned Father Burgos’ favorite student and helper. to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo.  Though Jose was confused of why would he  Jose boarded at a house in Magallanes Street ever need a different surname, Paciano did not owned by Doña Pepay an old widow who had a explain further and just told him that it would widowed daughter with four sons. He was still be better for him that way. At the time, Ateneo an “externo.” was located in Intramuros, within the walls of  Unlike the previous semester, Jose studied Manila. It was formerly called Escuela Pia. harder to regain his lost class leadership. Once When it was administered by the Jesuits it more he became emperor. At the end of the assumed its new name year, he received a gold medal and excellent grades in all his subjects. He returned to Scenes at the secondary school Ateneo Municipal Calamba for his summer vacation. de Manila, Intramuros district, Manila, in 1887.  Jose visited again his mother in jail. He told her  Now known as the Ateneo de Manila about his scholastic triumphs and funny tales University, a private coed institution run by the about his professors and fellow students. His Jesuits. mother was happy for his splendid progress in  Rizal first boarded in a house outside Ateneo. While they were having a conversation, Intramuros, at Caraballo Street, a few minutes his mother told him about a dream she had. walk from the college. This was owned by Rizal interpreted the dream, that his mother Doña Titay, a spinster who owed the Mercado would be released prison in three months’ time. family 300 pesos.  Jose’s prophecy was about to come true. After subjects and won five medals. At the end of the Jose had left for Manila, a fiesta was held in school term, Rizal returned to Calamba happily. Calamba. Incidentally, at that time, Gov.  Rizal returned to Manila for his last year in the Izquierdo was on a provincial visit to Laguna. course. He continued his studies with fire in Learning of the occasion, he proceeded to order to maintain his standing. At the end of the Calamba. school year he still excelled in all subjects. He  A warm welcome was made by the town folks. was at the blaze of glory as he was the most One of the dances presented to him was that of brilliant Atenean of his time. the little children.  He finished his last year in Ateneo at the top of  While watching, Izquierdo got fond of one of his class; he was truly the pride of the Jesuits. the little girls. He called for her and asked her Although there were only few who graduated, to dance again. he had achieved more in terms of grades and  When she refused, Gov. Izquierdo, not wanting achievements than the rest of his class. He to be turned down, offered the girl a deal. If she graduated on March 23, 1877 at the age of 16 would dance once more,then he would grant and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts her any wish. with highest honors. His family was very proud  The girl with a sad tone, wished to have her of him. mother come home for she had been in prison for a long time. Izquierdo told her that she may ACADEMIC AND EXTRA CURRICULAR go home and her mother will be there soon. ACTIVITIES Doña Teodora was released that day. The girl  Rizal was very active in school. He was always was Soledad. curious of joining extra-curricular activities in  After his vacation, Jose returned to Ateneo for Ateneo. He became an active member, later a his junior year. Shortly after the opening of the secretary, of Marian Congregation, a religious classes, he was surprised by his mother’s visit. society because of his devotion to Our Lady of He was very happy for his mother. At the end the Immaculate Concepcion, the college of the year, although all his grades remained patroness. Later, he likewise joined the excellent, he was dissatisfied because he failed  Academy of Natural Sciences. Rizal devoted to earn the medal in Spanish. some of his spare time to fine arts. Part of it, he  The reason for this was because he was not studied painting under Agustin Saez, a famous able to speak Spanish in its accent fluently as Spanish painter and sculpture under Romualdo compared with his Spanish classmates. de Jesus, a Filipino sculptor.  He only received one medal in Latin.  Many Jesuit professors were impressed by  He returned to Calamba for his summer Rizal’s artistic skills. One of his most loved vacation not impressed with his scholastic work. works in Ateneo was an image of the Virgin  After Rizal’s summer vacation, he went back to Mary which he carved from a batikuling wood Ateneo to continue studies. One of his with a pocket-knife. professors was Father  Father Leonart was amazed at the beauty and  Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a literature teacher. grace of the image that he requested Rizal to He inspired Rizal to study harder and to write carve him an image of the Sacred Heart of poetry. He was the one who discovered Rizal’s Jesus. Rizal made it and gave it to Fr. Leonart God-given genius in writing; he became Rizal’s who thanked him for the wonderful work. most favorite and beloved teacher.  The priest wanted to take the image to Spain  Another professor of Rizal who became very but when he left he forgot to do so because of influential to him and who have watched his absent mindedness. The Atenians later closely his abilities was decided to better display the image by the door  Padre Jose Vilaclara. He was Jose’s professor of their dormitory where it stayed there for in Science and Philosophy. Although Vilaclara several years. invited him to major on the more practical  Some of the favorite readings of Rizal while in Science and Philosophy he still preferred Ateneo were Cesar Cantu's “Historia Literature for it was under Fr. Sanchez’ Universal”, which was bought for him by his supervision. father, and “The Count of Monte Cristo” by  Through the fatherly guidance of Padre Alexander Dumas, which became his favorite Sanchez, Jose was inspired to resume his novel. Another one that interested him was studies with vigor and zest. He topped in all his  “Travels in the Philippines” by Dr. Feodor  “Gran Consuelo en La Mayor Desdicha,” on Jagor. the discovery of America  By 1874, Rizal began to become an ardent  “Un Dialogo Alusivo a La Despedida de los lover of poetry. By the time he graduated, he Colegiales,” a farewell poem for his Atenean had already written so many. Many of such colleagues. works were made out of passion and inspiration, although a few may have been required from UNIVERSITY LIFE AT UST him since his major was literature.  After graduation, Paciano and their father Nevertheless, grace and refinement planned to send Jose to the university. His distinguished most of his works which was mother was not in favor of him studying any truly amazing because even as a teenager he further. Francisco even had to persuade her. was able to accomplish such a feat. However, if he were to study at all, she wanted  Rizal’s first poem in Ateneo was entitled “Mi him to take agriculture. After all, the family’s Primera Inspiracion” (My First Inspiration), livelihood is in farming. 1874. It was solemnly dedicated to his mother  Rizal was uncertain on what course to take. He on the occasion of her birthday. had written to Padre Pablo Ramon, Rector of  On the occasion of Christmas in that same year, Ateneo, asking for his advice on what choice of he wrote “A la Virgen Maria” and “Al Niño career he must pursue. Unfortunately, the priest Jesus”. The others that he wrote in the was in Mindanao and Jose’s letter took a long following years were as follows: time to reach him. When he received P. Ramon’s response he was already enrolled at 1875 UST taking the course Philosophy and Letters  “Felicitacion”: dedicated to his brother-in-law as suggested by his father. After finishing the Antonio Lopez first year of the course in Philosophy and  “El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Letters (1877-780), he transferred to a medical Magallanes,” a tribute to Magellan course.  “Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero en dar la  During the year of his studies in the university, Vuelta el Mundo,” a tribute to the which was under the Dominicans, rival circumnavigator of the world. education of the  “El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo,” a  Jesuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he historical account continued to participate in extra-curricular activities and where he completed the 1876 education course in surveying. He studied  “La Tragedia de San Eustaqio,” which Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and recounted the tragic story of St. Eustace, a History of Agrimensor (Land Surveyor) to Spanish martyr of the church. please his mother. Here, he excelled in all his  “Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo, ” a description of subjects obtaining gold medals in agriculture his town as he saw it in his childhood days and topography. At the age of 17 he passed the  “La Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la final examination but the title as surveyor was Buena Educacion, ” on the importance of issued to him only on November 25, 1881 education and religion to the salvation of man when he was already 20 years old.  “Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria, ” on the benefits that mankind derives from The reasons why he studied medicine were: education.  1.) He wanted to be a physician so that he may  “El Cautiverio y El Triunto: Batalla de Lucena cure his mother’s failing eyesight. y La Prison de Boabdil,” an account on a 16ᵗʰ  2.) The father rector of the university, whom he century Spanish event consulted for a choice of career, finally  “La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolicos en answered his letter, and recommended Granada,” which recounted a Spanish Triumph medicine. over the Moors.  In Padre roman’s response, he advised Rizal to take medicine. He believed that it would be 1877 best for him since he was intelligent enough to  “El Heroismo de Colon,” a tribute to Columbus take it. He also said that it would be safer since  “Colon y Juan II,” another Columbian tribute it would derail him from politics and also was a lucrative career.  Most importantly, it would benefit his family OTHER WORKS OF RIZAL and would be helpful to other unfortunate  In Ateneo, he also produced A stage drama people. “Junto al Pasig” on December 8, 1880 on the  As a Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, occasion of the annual celebration of the Feast had more romances with girls, and fought day of Abd-el Azis Y Mahoma” for the same against Spanish students. occasion. It was presented as A stage play  While a student at the UST, Rizal continued to directed by his friend Manuel Fernandez. He take active part in many of the activities at the also wrote a sonnet entitled “To the Filipino Ateneo. He kept on writing poems and plays Artist” which encouraged Filipino artists to for his friends because he was loyal to Ateneo. glorify the Philippines in every work they do.  He loved the Jesuit professors because they inspired him to scale greater heights of learning WOMANIZING AND FRATERNITIES  In 1879, Rizal wrote a poem entitled “A La JULIA Juventud Filipina.” He submitted it to the Liceo  When Jose was fifteen he saw a pretty, young Artistico Literario de Manila, a society of girl wearing a red skirt trying to catch two literary men and artists which held a literary butterflies. Her name is Julia. contest that was also open to natives or  As she was daintily sitting by the Los Banos mestizos alike. river, Rizal approached her and lovingly  The judges, who were all pure-blooded offered her as many butterflies as she wished. Spaniards, gave the poem First Prize. The prize  Jose and Julia were just way too young and included a feather-shaped silver pen decorated innocent to have a real relationship at that time with a gold ribbon. so they eventually forgot about one another.  The poem “A La Juventud Filipina” was addressed to the Filipino youth who should SEGUNDA KATIGBAK strive to contribute to the arts of humanity, to  Rizal came to know Segunda more intimately use their God-given genius and talents --- during his weekly visit to La Concordia become great singers, poets, and painters and College, where his sister most of all.  Olimpia was a boarding student. Olimpia was a  More importantly, is to be grateful to God for close friend of Segunda. That was apparent that the precious gifts they possess. He quoted this Rizal and Segunda loved each other. Theirs most memorable phrase, “Oh youth, fair hope was indeed “a love at first sight”. But it was of the Fatherland…” hopeless since the very beginning because  In 1880, the Artistic Literary Lyceum opened Segunda was already engage to be married to another contest to celebrate the fifth centennial her townmate, Manuel Luz. Segunda had of Cervantes’ death. Miguel Cervantes, who manifested by insinuation and deeds, her was the author of Don Quixote de la Mancha, is affection for him, but Rizal timidly failed to regarded as one of the greatest Spanish writers. propose. The contest was open to both Filipinos and spaniards. The prize was a gold ring bearing MISS L the engraved bust of Cervantes. Rizal won the  Shortly, after his last meeting with Segunda first prize with his allegory in prose “El Katigbak, Rizal found a new interest. Her name Consejo de los Dioses” but his certificate was Ms. L. He described her as a very showed he was a second prize winner. attractive girl with seductive eyes. She probably have melted him when they first met the Rizal was at their home on a daily basis for two consecutive weeks. He discontinued seeing the girl because of the advice of his mother. Whatever L. meant, be it Ligaya, Liwayway, Lakamabini or Lagunding or probably another. LEONOR VALENZUELA  When Rizal started to take up Medicine, he figured out that it would be better to move to somewhere near the school. And so, he boarded in the house of Doña Concha Leyva. Here, he  met his neighbor Leonor Valenzuela, daughter Apacible was the right hand man and secretary of Juan and Capitana Sarday Valenzuela. He of the society. courted her and the two became steady.  Rizal started to grow unhappy at UST. In the five years of his stay at the university he had LEONOR RIVERA seen the most disappointing times in his life.  While having a relationship with Leonor V., His aggressive attitude towards Spanish the next year, Rizal moved to Casa Tomasina, a students who discriminated and ridiculed him dormitory for males which was just beside the and his friends did not escape the eyes of the school. It was owned by an uncle, Antonio Dominicans as they began to become hostile to Rivera. Here he met his lovely cousin (not in him. Stories of students from abroad brought the first degree) Leonor Rivera. The two him to a realization that teachings in UST were became friends until they found out that they not anymore up-to-date. Rizal has lost his first have fallen in love. In this case, the word scholastic honors. Although his grades in the ‘again’ may be added to Rizal’s account. The philosophy course during his first year were two would keep their secret well hidden not excellent, his 4 years in the medical course wishing wrath of aunt Silvestra, Leonor’s were not that impressive. mother, to pour on them and the ‘forbidden’  After Jose Rizal’s fourth year in medical relationship. Rizal would name Leonor as studies in Santo Tomas, the University of Taimis in his coded letters to her. This affair Higher Learning in the would last for 11 years.  Philippines whom Rizal was disgusted of its primitive method of instruction and the racial  In 1880, an incident occurred one night during prejudice of Dominican Professors against Jose’s summer vacation in Calamba. After Filipino students, he was brought to realization visiting some friends and on his way home, a that pursuing further studies abroad will be shadow in the darkness passed him by. Not much better. knowing that it was a Spanish lieutenant that  During that time the government of Spain was passed him, he went on walking. But it was not constitutional monarchy where human rights over for the Spaniard, with all anger, turned to were protected and considered specifically him and, with all force, brutally slashed him at freedom of speech, of press, and of assembly his back with his whip. Allegedly, the soldier that were all denied in the Philippines. Such was infuriated with Rizal’s lack of courtesy atmosphere of freedom lured Jose Rizal to that he would not even say, “Buenas noches, travel to Spain not only to study but also to Senor!” The victim’s wound and pain lingered carry out his secret mission that he long been for more than a week. He reported the incident conceived with the approval of his brother to the office of the Governor- General in Paciano. Manila but no action was taken.  In UST the gap between the natives and the WEEK 5 creollos, Spanish born in the Philippines, was Jose Rizal’s First Travel Abroad easily recognizable. Antagonism was in the air  Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret. since the native started to pour in. Rizal who The people who knew about this were: could not stand being ridiculed himself,  Paciano – who gave him 700 pesos and became the champion of the Filipino students promised a monthly allowance of 35 pesos in the frequent fights against the arrogant  Uncle Antonio Rivera – who encouraged him Spanish students who insulted the Filipinos as to seek his luck abroad “Indios, Chongo!” In return, the Filipino  Saturnina – his sister who gave her diamond students would shout “Kastila, Bangus!” Such ring encounters would inevitably result to brawls  Rizal used his cousin’s passport named Jose which were truly bloody at times. There was a Mercado time when Rizal went home to Casa Tomasina  He was accompanied by his brother Paciano wounded and was bleeding all over his face. and brother in law Manuel Hidalgo to Manila The pain vanished once Leonor Rivera started  He visited the Jesuits in Ateneo to nurse him. To protect further his comrades,  He bade farewell to the Valenzuela family Rizal formed a fraternal society of Filipino  He failed to say goodbye to Leonor students called Compañerismo. Galicano   Lying between two notable volcanic regions, THE VOYAGE Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is May 3, 1882 – Rizal boarded the Salvadora. His the capital of the region of Campania and of the friend Chenggoy was the one who see him off. He province of Naples. took a last glance of Manila Marseilles SINGAPORE  June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the  May 8, 1882 – the steamship reached French harbor Marseilles. Singapore.  Rizal was impressed by the progress and Chateau d’ If beauty of this English colony  He visited the famous city landmark Chateau d’  He stayed at Hotel de Paz If where Dantes, the hero of the “Count of  Transferred to the French steamer Djemnah Monte Cristo” was imprisoned. bound for  May 15, 1882 – the steamer reached Point de Barcelona, Spain Galle, Ceylon.  From Marseilles, Rizal took a train to  May 18, 1882 PM – the ship reached Colombo, Barcelona, the 2ⁿᵈ largest Spanish city in the Ceylon. province of  He observed the backwardness of the city:  Cataluña, which he thought was ugly, dirty and sleepy and without much progress. the people inhospitable.  From here, the ship crossed the Indian Ocean.  Later, he loved the city’s free atmosphere and  The ship crossed the Indian Ocean towards liberalism. Cape Guardafui in Somalia, Africa.  The people were open-hearted, warm and brave.  The steamer encountered a stormy weather  He was warmly welcomed by his paisanos,  The ship reached Aden, a seaport city in countrymen, at the Plaza Cataluña. Yemen, located by the eastern approach to the Red Sea. ARTICLES WRITTEN ABROAD  Rizal felt the terrible heat of the Arabian Desert  Rizal was asked to contribute an article to the  June 2, 1882 – the steamer reached the Suez Diariong Tagalog by Basilio Teodoro Moran, Canal, the terminal of the Red Sea. an editorial staffer.  Rizal was reminded of the beautiful sights of  He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” using Calamba, Laguna during the night. “Laong Laan” as his pen name.  The newspaper was founded by Marcelo H. del De Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, (19 November Pilar in Manila. 1805– 7 December 1894)  Francisco Calvo, the editor praised Rizal, and  was the French developer of the Suez Canal, asked him to contribute more. which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas  Rizal wrote another article, “Los Viajes.” in 1869, and substantially reduced sailing  His last article “Revista de Madrid” was not distances and times between the West and the published because the newspaper ceased East. At Port Said, the Mediterranean Sea publication. terminal, Rizal disembarked to visit some tourist spots. SAD NEWS FROM HOME  Port Said is a city that lies in north east Egypt  An epidemic broke out in the Philippines extending about 30 km along the coast of the  A cholera had killed many lives of Filipinos Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal,  Leonor was very much depressed because of with an approximate population of 603,787 his departure (2010). The city was established in 1859 during  Paciano advised him to take his studies the building of the Suez Canal. seriously.  Cholera is an infectious disease that can cause CITY OF NAPLES severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death.  June 11, 1882 – Rizal reached the city of  Cholera is an infection of the small intestine Naples on Italy. that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.  Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on  Rizal left Barcelona and established himself in the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Madrid. RIZAL’SLIFE: MADRID STUDIES AND THE opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT government service.  Universidad Central de Madrid  November 3, 1882 - Rizal enrolled at the JOSERIZAL,THE PROPAGANDIST Universidad Central de Madrid  In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid,  He enrolled Medicine and Philosophy and Rizal, joined the Circulo-Hispano-Filipina. Letters This circle was composed of Filipinos and  He also studied painting and sculpture Spaniards who believed that reforms be  Took language lessons in French, German, and introduced in the Philippines. Its founder was English at the Academy of San Carlos Juan Atayde.  Honed his fencing and shooting skills at the  Upon the request of the members of the society, Hall of Arms Sanz y Carbonell he wrote a poem entitled Mi Piden Versos  He lived frugally and managed his time wisely (They Asked Me For Verses).  He occasionally drank when he was in the  His love for books encouraged him to company of his friends economize his living expenses and soon, with  He sparingly bet on the lottery great diligence, he was able to build a fair-sized private library, consisting mostly of TORN BETWEEN TWO LOVERS second hand books bought from a bookstore  Rizal was welcomed in the house of Don Pablo owned by a certain Señor Roses. Ortiga y Rey, a former civil governor in Manila  His collections of numerous books were on  Don Pablo has a Filipina wife and two medicine, philosophy, languages, geography daughters: Pilar and Consuelo. and the arts among others.  It was Consuelo who awakened the heart of  Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Rizal to love anew Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The  He did not pursue his love for Consuelo Wandering Jew. These books aroused his because he still loved Leonor and he was sympathy for his oppressed people. planning to leave Madrid after his studies.  Consuelo chose Eduardo de Lete over Rizal OTHER IMPORTANT PROPAGANDISTS Graciano Lopez Jaena THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT  A noted orator and pamphleteer who had left  Between 1872 and 1892, a national the islands for Spain in 1880 after the consciousness was growing among the Filipino publication of his satirical short novel, Fray émigrés who had settled in Europe. In the freer Botod (Brother Fatso), an unflattering portrait atmosphere of Europe, these émigrés--liberals of a provincial friar. exiled in 1872 and students attending European universities--formed the Propaganda Dr.Ferdinand Blumentritt, Movement.  an Austrian geographer and ethnologist whom  Organized for literary and cultural purposes Rizal had met in Germany; more than for political ends, the Propagandists, who included upper-class Filipinos from all the Marcelo del Pilar lowland Christian areas, strove to "awaken the  a reform-minded lawyer. sleeping intellect of the Spaniard to the needs  Del Pilar was active in the anti-friar movement of our country" and to create a closer, more in the islands until obliged to flee to Spain in equal association of the islands and the 1888, where he became editor of La motherland Solidaridad and assumed leadership of the Filipino community in Spain. Among their specific goals were:  representation of the Philippines in the Cortes, JOINING THE MASONS (ACACIA LODGE) or Spanish parliament; secularization of the  In 1883, Rizal joined the Masons, a group of clergy; legalization of Spanish and Filipino liberal and republican thinkers. equality; creation of a public school system  He was impressed by their attacks on the independent of the friars; abolition of the polo government. (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local  He joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid products to the government); guarantee of basic  He used Dimasalang as his Masonic name. freedoms of speech and association; and equal MORE BAD NEWS FROM HOME  In Heidelberg, the historic German city famous  Philippine situation turned from bad to worse for its old university and other medieval  Harvest was down structures, he stayed in a boarding house.  Rent was raised exorbitantly by the Dominican  Later, he transferred to the house of Pastor Karl Estate Ullmer, a Lutheran minister.  His regular allowance was decreased  They had discussions about the merits of  Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” won the gold in the religion National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid  Felix Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to HEIDELBERG HONORS RIZAL the Populace” garnered the silver.  Heidelberg built a museum in Rizal’s honor  Rizal paid tribute to the two where a life-size statue of Rizal stood in the middle of a garden beside the small pond. A DOCTOR & PHILOSOPHER  Rev. Ullmer’s Garden and Fountain  June, 21, 1884 – Rizal completed his studies in  Life-size Statue of Rizal Medicine  From 1884-1885, he studied and passed all the Rizal as Assistant Ophthalmologist (Dr. Javier subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Galezowski and Dr. Otto Becker) Medicine  Here in Heidelberg, Rizal worked as an  Did not passed the thesis required for assistant ophthalmologist in the clinic of Dr. graduation Javier Galezowski.  He did not pay the graduation fees  He also took lessons in medicine at the  He was not awarded his doctor’s diploma University under the instruction of Dr. Otto  He also finished the degree Philosophy and Becker. Letters  On his 24ᵗʰ birthday, he was awarded the RIZAL’S POEM ABOUT FLOWERS diploma  As an admiration to the scenic beauty of the  His rating was excellent countryside, Rizal wrote a poem “To the Flowers of Heidelberg” RIZAL’S PARISIAN LIFE & Tour of Europe  His favorite flower was the bluish “forget-me- ON RIZAL’S WAY TO PARIS not”  After graduation, Rizal prepared for a journey  He loved to stroll beside the Neckar River to Paris  He dropped by Barcelona to see his friend CORRESPONDENCE WITH PROF. Maximo Viola BLUMENTRITT  He was introduced to Señor Eusebio  Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt Director, Ateneo Corominas, editor of La Publicidad de Leitmeritz in Austria  Corominas introduced him to the owner Don  July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote a letter to Professor Miguel Morayta Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo  He submitted the article Carolines Questions de Leitmeritz in Austria. for publication  Rizal gave him a book entitled “Arithmetica” by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez RIZAL’S LIFE IN PARIS, FRANCE  Blumentritt gave him a set of books in return  In Paris, he worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis  This was the start of a lasting friendship de Wecker, a French ophthalmologist between the two.  He also visited the Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Paz and Felix) 500ᵗʰ YEAR OF HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY  He visited the studio of Juan Luna and posed as  On August 6, 1886, Rizal witnessed the grand an Egyptian priest in the painting “Death of Quincentennial Anniversary celebration of the Cleopatra.” University of Heidelberg  Juan Luna posed as “Cleopatra” himself RIZAL IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY RIZAL IN GERMANY  Prof. Friedrich Ratzel German  On February 8, 1886, he left Paris due to the Historian/Psychologist high cost of living there  He left Heidelberg and went to Leipzig,  He proceeded to Germany.  Germany. He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, A SPARTAN-LIKE LIFE a German historian and psychologist at the  He kept himself physically fit by frequenting University of Leipzig. the Berlin Gymnasium  Also attended lectures at the university.  He took private lessons in French under  He translated “William Tell” and the Tales of Madame Lucie Gerdolle Christian Andersen into Tagalog  Rizal suffered physical, social and financial pains here in Berlin Leipzig University  Financially, his allowance had not arrived from RIZAL MEETS GREAT PERSONALITIES Calamba.  Dr. Adolf B. Meyer Director, Anthropological  He had to pawn his sister’s diamond ring and and Ethnological Museum sold some of his books to have money  In Dresden, Rizal met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer,  His diet, he ate bread and vegetable soup only director of the Anthropological and once a day. Ethnological Museum. TRYING TIMES IN GERMANY Dresden Anthropological Museum  Physically, his body began to break down due BERLIN, GERMANY to malnourishment.  Rizal was amazed with the scientific  He thought he had TB because of constant atmosphere of Berlin, the capital of Germany coughing He also noticed the absence of racial prejudice  He felt no one at this point could help him. there. DURING DESPERATE MOMENTS RIZAL’S FAVORITE WRITER  In his desperation, Rizal threw the manuscript  Dr. Feodor Jagor Author of the “Travels in the of the Noli Me Tangere into the fireplace. But Philippines” retrieved it right away upon coming to his  He met for the first time his favorite senses. writer/scientist Dr. Feodor Jagor, author of the  In his suffering of cold and hunger, he felt “Travels in the Philippines” discouraged and desperate.  Rizal was introduced to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a famous German anthropologist and his son Dr. An “Angel” Arrived Hans Virchow,  In the midst of his agonizing moment an “angel”  professor of Anatomy. arrived.  His friend Maximo Viola arrived. WORKS UNDER GERMAN  He paid all his financial obligations and needs OPHTHALMOLOGIST (Dr. Rudolf Virchow  He also financed the initial printing of the Noli and Dr. Hans Virchow)  He also worked at the clinic of Dr. R. Schulzer, RIZAL’S “SAVIOR” a German ophthalmologist.  Truly, Viola was Rizal’s “savior!”  Dr. Virchow invited him to give a lecture on  Viola came to fulfill his promise that he and the Tagalog language Rizal would tour Europe  Rizal wrote a scholarly paper entitled  Before they proceeded on the tour, Rizal had “Tagalische Verskunst” which he lectured to the novel be printed first the anthropological society RIZAL’S ALLOWANCE ARRIVES MISSIONS IN BERLIN, GERMANY  After the Noli came off the press, the two Reasons for staying in Berlin: embarked for the tour. 1. To finish writing and later publish his first novel  Before the tour, Rizal received his long- “Noli Me Tangere” delayed allowance of P1,000 from his brother 2. To promote the existence of the Filipinos and to Paciano through Juan Luna from Paris. share their political conditions to the Germans.  Rizal paid Viola immediately. The rest, he 3. To expose the plight of the Filipinos under spent for the tour expenses. Spanish rule and their desire for independence RIZAL & VIOLA TOUR EUROPE  Met Norfenfals, a famous Austrian novelist THE TOUR ITINERARY: POTSDAM  The two cruised the Danube River  A city near Berlin made famous by Frederick (NOTE: The river cruise ended in Lintz, the Great (Palace of Frederick the Great) Austria) DRESDEN, GERMANY OTHER TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN  Rizal visited Dr. A. B. Meyer at the Dresden EUROPE Art Museum.  NOTE: Salzburg is the start of land travel  He also met Dr. Feodor Jagor.  Munich, Germany - Munich is called the “City of Beers” because beer was found anytime and Teschen, East Germany anywhere in the entire city.  TESCHEN Rizal wired Dr. Blumentritt to inform of his visit to Leitmeritz NUREMBURG, GERMANY  Nuremburg was the site of the infamous LEITMERITZ, AUSTRIA Catholic Holy Inquisition for Catholic heretics.  In Leitmeritz, they were picked up by Blumentritt and brought to his home. ULM, GERMANY  The two were introduced to Blumentritt’s wife  Ulm is a German city famous for its largest and Rosa and their children Dorita, Conrad and tallest cathedral in the country Fritz  The two were brought to Hotel Krebs for RHEINFALL, GERMANY accommodation  RHEINFALL is the last German stop. It is also  They were treated with the famous beer hausen famous for its waterfalls.  They also tasted the Bohemian beer, the best beer in Europe TOUR OF SWITZERLAND  Rizal met the burgomaster or town mayor who  Lausanne, Switzerland - In Schaffhausen, they was impressed by Rizal’s facility in learning stayed there for two days In Basel and Bern, the German language in just 11 months nothing significant took place there  The two attended the Tourists Club of  Lausanne is the Swiss winter capital. Leitmeritz where Blumentritt was the Secretary GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SCIENTISTS INTERESTED IN FILIPINO  Geneva: one of the most beautiful cities of CULTURE Europe  They met a few scientists who were interested  Rizal celebrated his 26ᵗʰ birthday here about the Filipino life and culture  They stayed here for 15 days  Dr. Czepelak  The two parted ways; Viola had to return to  Prof. Klutschak Barcelona; Rizal would continue his tour alone  Rizal would continue his trip south to Italy PRAGUE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA  In Prague, a historic city of Czech Republic, RIZAL TOURS ITALY Rizal and Viola proceeded to the University of  Rizal visited the cities of Turin, Milan, Venice, Prague. There they met Dr. Wilkomm, a natural and Florence, birthplaces of the Renaissance, history professor. the period of revival of classical Greek and Roman cultures. TOURIST SPOTS IN PRAGUE  They were toured to some sights in Prague ROME: THE “ETERNAL CITY” a. Tomb of Copernicus  Rome is the capital city of Italy. It is also called b. Museum of Natural History the “City of the Caesars.” c. Cave of San Juan Nepomuceno, Catholic martyr VATICAN CITY: THE “HOLY SEE”  Vatican City is the capital of the Roman VIENNA, AUSTRIA Catholic Church.  Vienna: capital of Austria-Hungary  It is also called the “City of Popes.”  Also called the “Queen of the Danube”  They stayed at the Hotel Metropole