‎⁨رفيع المقام -SDLE 2022 part 5⁩.pdf

SDLE by " ‫" رفيع المقام‬ Contents ‫ رفيع المقام‬-SDLE 2022 part 5 Contents ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Endo ...........................................................................

SDLE by " ‫" رفيع المقام‬ Contents ‫ رفيع المقام‬-SDLE 2022 part 5 Contents ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Endo ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Resto ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Perio ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Implant ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Fixed ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Removable ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Ortho .................................................................................................................................................. 44 Pedo .................................................................................................................................................... 49 Professionalism and Bioethics, Infection control and patient safety ............................................ 53 Oral medicine, Oral Surgery and Medically Compromised Patients .......................................... 57 References .......................................................................................................................................... 97 Endo 1.Gutta percha components: - 20% gutta-percha (matrix), 66% zinc oxide (filler), 11% heavy metal sulfates (radiopacifiers) 3% waxes and/or resins (plasticizers). 2.NAOCL: Removes Organic, proteolytic irrigation. 3.EDTA: Removes Inorganic, Chelating agent. 4.Pain: -Dentinal pain: A Delta fibers, myelinated -Pulpal pain: C fibers, unmyelinated. 5.For sinus tract tracing: GP 25-30. 6.NAOCL+ CHX: cause orange-brown, occludes dentinal tubules known as Parachloroanaline (PCA). 7.Best Irrigation to kill E,Feacalis : CHX, and in some references MTAD. 8.AH- Plus: 4 hours working time, 8 hours for setting, and don't release formaldehyde. 9.AH- 26: 15 hours working time, 24-36 hours for setting, releases formaldehyde. 10.Gates glidden sizes: No 1: 0.5. No 2: 0.7. No 3: 0.9. No 4: 1.1. No 5: 1.3. No 6: 1.5. 11.The only tooth that shows 8 endo configurations: A. Maxillary 2nd Premolar. 12.Most effective solvent and fastest: Chloroform. 13.Depth of the pulpal floor gives resistance 14.The Reamer Is the most flexible between the files. 15.Rake angle: K-file: Negative rake. H-File: Positive rake angle and has more cutting efficiency. 16.: C-shaped canals are found in A. lower second molar. 17.Internal resorption obturation technique: A. Thermoplastic technique. (Obtura 2) 18.Multiple RCT failure + J shaped radiolucency: A. Vertical root fracture. 19.Gutta percha is sterilized by A. Sodium Hypochlorite for 1 min. 20.Ledermix is used in A. avulsed teeth to prevent root resorption. 21.MTA disadvantage: A. long setting time and can cause pulp obliteration. 22.Voxel size in CBCT: smallest voxel size = better resolution. The best voxel size for endo is 0.2 mm. 23.Pulp stones are removed by ultrasonic scaler. 24.All access preparations for teeth are Oval except: Upper centrals and molars: Triangular, Lower molars: Treapezoidal. 25.Percentage of presence of second canal: • Upper 4: 91% • Lower 4: 27% • Lower 2: 44% 26.Percentage of MB2 for Upper 1st molar: 56% 27.Cross section of Files: • K-reamer: Triangular. • K-File: Square. • H-file: Teardrop. 28.In intraoral periapical radiographs A. 2 mm of bone below root should be visible. 29.External root resorption is treated by A. RCT + Calcium hydroxide. 30.DG-16 probe is used to A. locate canal orifices. 31.ISO Color coding of Endodontic Files: 32.Lateral incisor is the most likely tooth to cause palatal abscess. 33.One of the main drawbacks of MTA is A. its discoloration potential. 34.The material used for first visit apexification is A. MTA. 35.The recommended treatment for a tooth with vertical root fracture even if it is vital : A. Extraction 36.Protaper files tip diameters: • F1: 0.20 mm • F2: 0.25 mm • F3: 0.30 mm 37.Acute and Chronic periapical abscess: Chronic: Sinus tract is seen with periapical radiolucency, No pain/symptomless. Acute: Swelling is seen without periapical radiolucency, Pain with fever. 38.The apical portion of the maxillary lateral incisor usually curves to the distal. 39.Aging pulp shows A. an increase in fibrous element. 40.AH root canal sealer is A. epoxy resin based. 41.Diameter of arterioles in dental pulp is A. 10–50 µm. 42.Acute Pulpitis in lower molar can cause radiating pain to the ears and to the tongue. 43.Silver points disadvantages: • Cytotoxic • Difficult to remove. • Can be corroded. 44.Zipping and Ledge: 45.Cracked tooth syndrome 46.Signs & Symptoms of cracked tooth syndrome CTS: • Sudden, sharp pain on biting/chewing and in some cases on release: rebound pain' • Sensitivity to cold thermal stimuli; in some cases hyper-reactivity to hot/sugary stimuli may also occur • Symptoms may be present for periods ranging from weeks to months • Inconsistent ability to localize the affected tooth • Pain may be elicited by lateral cusp pressure, as evoked by bite tests' and tooth grinding • Fracture lines may be seen clinically (sometimes upon removal of the restoration), aided by magnification, dyes or transillumination • Positive response to vitality tests; exaggerated response to cold thermal stimuli • Radiographs; usually inconclusive 47.To bypass a ledge A. a small file is used. 48.Prognosis of endodontic mishaps: o Broken files: • Large: Questionable • Coronal: Good prognosis. • Crestal: Questionable • Apical: Good prognosis. o Perforation: • Apical: Poor prognosis. • Cervical: Good prognosis. o Root fracture: • Apical: Good prognosis. • Cervical: Poor prognosis. 49.Taper of endodontic files: • Hand files: 0.02 mm • Rotary files: 0.04 or 0.06 mm. 50.Cross section of endodontic files: The question was about the file with a circular cross section. 51.Apical scar: An inflammatory apical lesion treated by root canal therapy may respond well to treatment by filling new bone at the site of the lesion. However, the healing process may sometimes terminate abruptly and leave a small amount of dense scar tissue known as an apical scar. The scar tissue represents one of the possible end points of healing. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue and is situated at the apex of a pulpless tooth in which the root canals have been successfully filled. Microscopic examination reveals fibroblasts scattered in the collagen fibers. Unlike an apical granuloma, inflammatory cells are not a e feature and vascularity is quite meager. An apical scar is a small, asymptomatic, and well- circumscribed radiolucency. When observed radiographically over the years, it will either remain constant in size or diminish slightly. 52.Indications of Apicectomy: 1.Teeth with active periapical inflammation, despite the presence of a satisfactory endodontic therapy. 2.Teeth with periapical inflammation and unsatisfactory endodontic therapy, which cannot be repeated because of: • Completely calcified root canal. • Severely curved root canals. • Presence of posts or cores in root canal. • Breakage of small instrument in root canal • The presence of irretrievable filling material. 3.Teeth with periapical inflammation, where completion of endodontic therapy is impossible due to: • Foreign bodies driven into periapical tissues • Perforation of root. • Fracture at apical third of tooth. 53.Calcium hydroxide uses: • Cavity liner and bases • Pulp capping • Pulpotomy • Apexification • Intracanal medicament • Root canal sealer • Repair of perforations • Prevention and treatment of root resorption 54.Transillumination is used to A. diagnose Cracked tooth syndrome. 55.EDTA stands for Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. 56.The tooth with internal resorption appears pink. 57.Endodontic Mishaps pictures: A. Ledge B. Perforation C. Transportation D. Zipping 58.Root canal treated tooth exposed to oral environment for 2-3 months A. should be retreated. 59.The temperature of Endo Ice (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) is A. -26.2 C. 60.How to assess the canal flare in lateral compaction? A. By using a finger spreader. • Finger spreader should go 1mm of the WL without binding → lateral compaction • the plugger should reach within 5mm of the WL → warm vertical compaction 61.The bacteria found in endodontic abscess is A. mixed anaerobic and aerobic but anaerobic bacteria is the dominant. 62.Location of MB2 canal: 1-3mm Lingual to the main mesiobuccal canal (MB1) & slightly mesial to a line drawn from the mesiobuccal to the lingual or palatal canal. 63.ISO cutting flutes (working part) of K files is A. 16 mm. 64.The distance between the apex and the needle for irrigation should be A. 2 mm less than the working length. 65.Uses of lentulo spiral in endodontics: • Placement of calcium hydroxide in the canal. • Sealer placement during obturation. • Antibiotic placement inside the canal. 66.Definition of Ledge: By definition, a ledge has been created when the working length can no longer be negotiated and the original patency of the canal is lost. 67.The major causes of ledge formation include: • inadequate straight-line access into the canal, • inadequate irrigation or lubrication. • excessive enlargement of a curved canal with files, and • packing of debris in the apical portion of the canal. 68.Functions of Radial land in rotary endodontic system: • Reduce the tendency of file to thread into canal. • Limit the depth of the cut and supports the cutting edge. 69.Recommended splinting time: Type of injury Splinting time Concussion No splinting required Subluxation 2 weeks (if tooth excessively tender) Extrusive luxation 4 weeks Lateral luxation 4 weeks Intrusive luxation 4 weeks Avulsion 2-4 weeks depending on extra-alveolar dry time 70.A patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and needs RCT what will you do: • Semi supine or upright position. • Avoid rubber dam use in severe disease patients. • Pulse oximetry during treatment. 71.Follow-up appointments for endo treatment: A common schedule is a follow-up visit usually after the first 6 months and then yearly. 72.Bismuth oxide is added to MTA for A. Radiopacity 73.Patient came to the clinic for RCT of tooth #24, patient history revealed recent Hip replacement, what’s the antibiotic prophylaxis management for the patient? A. No need for antibiotic prophylaxis. 74.The materials of choice for perforation repair is A. Bioceramics (MTA). 75.Accessory canals are found in 74% of the cases in the apical third of the root, in 11% in the middle third, in 15% in the cervical third. 76.Fibroblasts are the most common cell types in the Pulp and are seen in greatest numbers in the coronal pulp. They produce and maintain the collagen and ground substance of the pulp 77.Apical constriction is A. the narrowest diameter in the canal. 78.D0 and file 30 and taper 0.06? A. File 30/100= 0.3 + (0*0.06) = 0.3 79.Carrier based techniques: Thermafil, Profile GT Obturators, GT Series X Obturators, pro taper universal obturators 80.To enhance the chance of revascularization of avulsed tooth the tooth should be soaked with A. doxycycline or minocycline. 81.The most difficult teeth to anesthetize with irreversible pulpitis ( in order): A. Mandibular Molars → mandibular and maxillary premolars → maxillary molars → mandibular anteriors → maxillary anteriors 82.Which of the following is a reciprocating endodontic files system? A. Endo-Eze, WaveOne, Reciproc 83.A question about a patient with a history of MI and he has painful premolar, pulp extirpation was done, and he is allergic to acetaminophen, what will you give? A. Naproxen but for less than a week. 84.NSAIDS is the first line drug for endodontic pain. In patients who cannot take NSAIDs. • Acetaminophen will be the drug of choice. 85.Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS): the best storage media for avulsed teeth. Resto 1.Maxillary first premolar has the steepest cuspal incline. 2.The distance between papilla and labial surface of anterior teeth is A. 8-10 mm. 3.Oblique ridge of maxillary molar: A. Distobuccal cusp to Mesiopalatal. 4.12 Flutid bur is used for A. Macroabrasion. 5.A clasp must encircle a tooth a minimum of 180 degree to provide adequate retention. 6.Types of GIC: • Type 1: Luting. • Type 2: Restorative. • Type 3: Liner and bases. • Type 4: Fissure sealant. • Type 5: Orthodontic. • Type 6: Core buildup. • Type 7: High fluoride release. • Type 8: ART. • Type 9: Pediatric. 7.Compomer: physical properties is better than conventional GIC but less than composite. Optical properties is better than GIC. Minimal fluoride release. 8.Matemirism: The color of an object appears different under different light sources. 9.GIC etching is done by A. 10% polyacrylic acid for 10 seconds. 10.Three-unit instrument formula: 1st number indicates width of blade. 2nd number indicates length of blade. 3rd number indicates angle of the blade. 11.Four-Unit instrument formula: 1st number indicates width of blade 2nd number indicates cutting edge angle 3rd number indicates length of blade. 4th number indicates blade angle with the axis of the handle. 12.Cavosurface angle for amalgam: 90 degree. For composite >= 90. 13.Composite types: • Macrofill composite: 4-40 microns. Not polishable. If more polished - more roughed. Poor resistance. • Microfill composite: 0.04 microns. Very polishable, better esthetics. Contraindicated in Class IV and posteriors. • Hybrid: 1-2 microns. Combination of large and small fillers. Excellent for anterior and posteriors. Ex. Packable composite. 14.Cusp of carabelli can be found in A. mesiopalatal side of maxillary 1st molar. 15.Material with acid/base reaction: GIC, ZOE and Polycarboxylate. Material with acid base reaction + chemical activation: RMGI 16.Self-threading pins depth in Dentin: A. 2mm. 17.Thixotropic material: a liquid that becomes less viscous and more fluid under repeated application of pressure. Ex. Prophy paste, plaster of paris. 18.Copal varnish is used under amalgam. 19.Thermocatalytic technique in walking bleaching can cause A. Cervical resorption. 20.Composition of Amalgam: - Silver: 63-70% - Tin: 26-28% - Copper: 2-5% - Zinc: 0-2% 21.The etchant of most dentine bonding systems is applied for A. 15 seconds. 22.The Hydrodynamic theory Acceptable theory for A. dentinal pain. 23.Tooth discoloration from amalgam filling can be prevented by using A. cavity varnish. 24.The ratio of carbamide peroxide to hydrogen peroxide in walking bleaching technique is A. 1:3 (10% carbamide peroxide mixed with 30% hydrogen peroxide). 25.Sharpeys fibers are only found in A. cementum. nd 26.Oblique ridge of primary maxillary 2 molar is from A. Mesiopalatal to Distobuccal. 27.Talon’s cusp is most commonly seen in A. maxillary lateral incisor. 28.Onlay: Cuspal reduction of 1.5-2 mm in functional cusp and 1- 1.5 mm on non-functional cusp. 29.Pin placement for Amalgam • Rubber dam is a must • 2mm into sound dentin • 2mm of pin length • 2mm of amalgam over pin • 1mm amalgam around pin 30.Sodium perborate is used for A. walking bleaching. 31.C-factor relation to polymerization shrinkage: C-factor is the ratio of the bonded to the unbonded surfaces. Greater C-factor: The greater gap formation and shrinkage. 32.The weakest phase for amalgam is A. the Gamma 2 phase (γ2). *At this phase amalgam is subject to corrosion. 33.In the resistance form for amalgam cavosurface angle is 90 degrees to protect enamel rods. In composite >=90 degree. 34.Varnish is used under amalgam restoration because it reduces significantly the leakage around the margins and walls of the restoration and reduces discoloration. 35.Calcium hydroxide (CaOH) is used under composite as a liner and if base is needed either GIC or RMGI can be used. 36.Light cure equipment factors • Bulb frosting or degradation • Light reflector degradation • Optical filter degradation • Fiberoptic bundle breakage • Light-guide fracture • Tip contamination by resin buildup • Line voltage inconsistencies • Sterilization problems • Infection control barriers 37.Proximal contacts: Anterior teeth: near the incisal third of the teeth. Posterior teeth: near the middle third of the teeth. 38.BisGMA is the organic matrix of Composite. 39.Burnishing carbide bur doesn’t have any blades. 40.Polishing carbide burs have more than 12 blades. 41.Crack VS Craze lines: Craze lines are frequently confused with cracks but can be differentiated by transillumination. -If the tooth is cracked, the light will be blocked, allowing only a segment of the tooth structure to light up; -if the tooth only has a craze line, the entire tooth structure will light up. 42.Diagnosis of cracked tooth can be either by: Transillumination: Tooth sloth. (Picture). 43.Clamps: Question was about clamp used for partially erupted molar A. (W14A). 44.Tooth wear forms: 45.Chisels are used with *push* motion. 46.Copper percentage in amalgam: • High copper: 12-30% Cu • Low copper: 2-5% Cu 47.Slot preparation VS Tunnel preparation: Slot preparation: for lesions which are less than 2.5 mm from marginal ridge. Removal of marginal ridge, prep doesn’t include occ pits and fissures if caries removal in these areas is not required. Tunnel preparation: for lesions which are more than 2.5 mm from marginal ridge. Preserve the marginal ridge and the proximal surface enamel 48.The silicate glass particles in GIC are the responsible for releasing of fluoride. They also release (calcium, aluminum, silicone and other ions) 49.The materials of choice for restoration of hypoplastic teeth is GIC or composite. 50.A question about a tooth with 1 mm remaining dentin thickness after removal of caries? A. No need for liner or base if composite is used. 51.The liquid found in GIC is A. Polyacrylic acid. 52.Color selection of a restoration should be done under A. color corrected fluorescent light 53.Preparation of box is done by using A. an inverted cone or diamond round bur. 54.Etching of enamel is for 15 seconds. 55.Polishing of GIC restoration is done by using A. Aluminum oxide polishing paste. (*note: Micron finishing diamonds used with a petroleum lubricant to prevent desiccation are ideal for contouring and finishing conventional glass-ionomers. Also, flexible abrasive disks used with a lubricant can be effective. A fine-grit aluminum oxide polishing paste applied with a prophy cup is used to impart a smooth surface.) 56.Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is used for conservative management of carious lesions. 57.The inner part of the epithelium plays an important role in Osteoblastic cytodifferentiation in relation to basement membrane. 58.Diagnodent and Fiber optic transillumination: Questions were about if the device is Quantitative or Qualitative and what it diagnoses. • Fibre optic transillumination (FOTI): Qualitative method Bitewing Is the standard detecting proximal caries. But FOTI is a recommended supplement for diagnosis, particularly for interproximal of anterior. • Digital FOTI : Quantitative method Interproximal of posteriors and anteriors - incipient and recurrent caries. • DIAGNOdent (laser fluorescence) : Quantitative method Fluorescence Detects precavitaion and amount of decalcification 59.After bleaching composite restorations can be placed A. at least after 1 week. 60.When we increase the fillers in composite what will increase? A. Wear resistance. 61.Polishing of amalgam is done A. after 24 hours from placement. *Nowadays polishing has been replaced by burnishing at time of placement. But the question was about polishing so 24 hours is the answer. 62.Difference between Infected and affected dentin: Infected Affected Soft demineralized dentin Demineralized dentin but invaded with bacteria not invaded by bacteria Soft leathery tissue which Does not flake easily can be flaked easily though soft in nature Irreversible denaturation of Uninterrupted collaged collagen cross-linking Cannot be remineralized Can be remineralized Caries detecting dyes can Does not stain stain 63.The resin matrix in composite is A. Bis-gma (Dimethacralyte). 64.Bonding in deep cavity is more difficult because of A. the greater number of tubules and larger diameter of them. 65.Microfilled composite particles size: A. 0.02-0.04μm 66.Enamel components: *The question was about the largest structure: A. Enamel rods or prisms. 67.Amalgam may be selected for posterior Class VI preparations because of is wear resistance and longevity. Moisture control for Class VI restorations is usually achieved with cotton roll isolation. But Indirect restorations such as (Inlays and Onlays) are the recommended restorations for class VI in a patient with Bruxism/ teeth with excessive wear. 68.Cementoenamel junction: Three types of relationships involving the cementum may exist at the cementoenamel junction. In about 60% to 65% of cases, cementum overlaps the enamel in about 30%, an edge-toedge butt joint exists; and in 5% to 10%, the cementum and enamel fail to meet. In the last case, gingival recession may result in accentuated sensitivity as a result of exposed dentin. 69.Enamel hypoplasia is considered as a A. quantitative defect of enamel thickness. 70.The cervical area of the tooth has A. high chroma. 71.Bleaching can cause A. mercury releasing out of amalgam restorations. 72.The primer A. increases surface energy of the dentin. (*note: The primer in a three-step system is designed to increase the critical surface tension of dentin, and a direct correlation between surface energy of dentin and shear bond strengths has been shown.) 73.The most common area for amalgam fracture is A. the isthmus of the restoration. 74.The Least intensity for QTH light cure is 2 A. 300 mW/cm 75.Demineralization of enamel occurs at A. PH range 5 to 5.5. 76.Most common or best amalgam pin: A. Threaded. (*Note: Although the threads of self-threading pins do not engage the dentin for their entire width, the self-threading pin is the most retentive of the three types of pins) 77.Actinomyces is the predominant bacteria in A. root caries. 78.Patient complains about pain after amalgam what is the cause? A detrimental side effect of this residual zinc was that moisture contamination before setting converted the zine to zinc oxide and produced hydrogen gas that could expand the amalgam excessively, resulting in patient pain. 79.Type 1 collagen is the major protein of intratubular dentin (90%). 80.Best stress transfer under amalgam restoration is A. when placed on sound dentin rather than onto enamel. 81.The facial surfaces of upper posterior teeth are at greater risk for caries in patients with high caries risk. Perio 1.Infrabony defects: • 1 wall: Hemiseptal. • 2 walls: Crater (Most common) • 3 walls: Trough. • 4 walls: Circumferential (Extraction socket). 2.Gingivitis Stages: • Stage 1: Initial, 2-4 days, Neutrophils. • Stage 2: Early, 4-7 days, T-lymphocytes, Erythema, Bleeding. • Stage 3: Established,14-21 days, B- lymphocytes, plasma cells, Change in size,color and texture. • Stage 4: Advanced: Periodontitis. 3.Piezoelectric ultrasonic: Linear pattern. 4.Magnetostrictive ultrasonic: Elliptical pattern. 5.Cementum: • Acellular: Coronal + Middle. • Cellular: Apical. 6.Millers Classification for Mobility (Fremitus): • Grade 1: Slight, horizontal mobility <1 mm. • Grade 2: Moderate, horizontal mobility >1<2 mm. • Grade 3: Severe, horizontal mobility <2 mm or vertical mobility. 7.Millers Classification (Recession): • Class 1: Doesn’t Extend to MGJ, no loss of ID Bone. • Class 2: Extend to MGJ, no loss of ID Bone. • Class 3: Extend to MGJ, partial ID bone loss • Class 4: Extend to MGJ, severe ID bone loss. 8.Percentage of osseous crater • of all defect one-third 35.2%, • for all mandibular two-third 62%. 9.Periodontal Probes: • UNC-15 Probe: 1,2,3,4-5, 6,7,8, 9-10, 11,12,13,14,15. Color coded between 4-5 and 9-1. • WHO Probe: 0.5 mm Ball, 3.5,8.5, 11.5 mm. Color coded between 3.5-5.5. • Michigan O probe: 3,6, 8 mm. • Michigan O probe with William’s markings: 1,2,3,5,7,8,9, and 10 mm. • Marquis color coded probe: 3-6, 9-12 mm. 10.Periochips: release CHX for 7-10 days. 11.After gingivectomy: -Complete epithelial repair takes 4 weeks. -Complete tissue repair takes 7 weeks. 12.ANUG Classification: • Stage 1: Tip of IDP. • Stage 2: Entire DP. • Stage 3: Gingival margin. • Stage 4: Attached gingiva. • Stage 5: Buccal and labial mucosa. • Stage 6: Exposing alveolar bone. • Stage 7: Perforating skin. 13.Florida probe: is an automated way for measurement of sulcus or pocket. 14.Secondary Trauma from Occlusion cause 30-50% bone loss. 15.Tetracycline fibers are used for 10 days and then should be removed. CHX chips resorbs by its own after 7-10 days. 16.Optimal time for mouth wash rinsing with Chlorhexidine 0.12% is: A. 30 seconds. 17.MMPs are produced by lymphocytes and granulocytes but in particular by activated macrophages. 18.Plasma cell gingivitis: Red, friable, bleeds easily. In marginal and attached gingiva. 19.Periodontal file: is an instrument limited to use on the enamel surfaces and the outer surfaces of calculus deposits. 20.Split thickness flap is indicated when dehiscence and fenestrations are suspected. 21.NaF (Sodium Fluoride) concentrations in mouthwash: For weekly: 0.2% NaF (900 ppmF) For daily: 0.05% NaF (225 ppmF) 22.Trauma from occlusion: Primary TFO: Ex. High restoration. Secondary TFO: Reduced ability of tissue to resist force. 30-50% bone loss. 23.Critical probing depth to proceed for surgical: A. 5.4 mm. 24.Width of attached gingiva: • Greatest: In maxillary anterior region. 3.5 to 4.5 mm • In the maxillary 1st premolar: 1.9 mm • Narrowest: In mandibular 1st premolar: 1.8 mm 25.After scaling and root planning pocket depth result in gain of attachment if pocket is deeper than 2.9mm. If less than 2.9mm it will result in loss of attachment. 26.Widman flap can cause A. recession 27.Difference between Bone and cementum: A. Cementum has no lymph and blood vessels. 28.Furcation involvement in maxillary 1st premolar regardless of the degree always necessitates extraction due to poor prognosis. 29.To evaluate Periodontitis: • Stable pocket depth: < 4mm healthy, and bleeding on probing < 10% • In progress pocket depth: <4mm healthy, and bleeding on probing > 10% • Unstable pocket depth: >4 mm, unhealthy, and bleeding on probing >10%. 30.Which teeth normally have bifurcations: Mandibular molars Maxillary 1st premolar 31.Cells in gingival inflammation: • Initial stage: PMNs. • Early: Lymphocytes. • Established: Plasma cells. 32.GCF is measured by A. Periopaper. 33.Apical periodontitis types: • Primary: microbial colonization of necrotic pulp tissues. • Secondary: persistent infection of incorrectly root canal treated tooth. 34.Palatogingival groove in maxillary lateral incisor can cause an increase in probing depth till 10 mm or more. 35.During brushing bristles penetrate A. 0.5-1 mm below gingival margin. 36.Finger rests: 37.Osseous Crater picture: • Concavities in the crest of the interdental bone confined within buccal and lingual walls • They make up about 1/3 of all defects and 2/3 of all mandibular defects • Occur twice as often in the posterior segments as in anterior segments 38.Gracey curettes: 39.Angulation during instrumentation: • Subgingival blade insertion: 0. • Scaling and root planning: 45-90. • Gingival curettage :>90. 40.Nabers probe is used for A. furcation involvement. 41.Tarnow and fletcher classification of the vertical component of furcation involvement: 42.Chewing Xylitol gums reduces the amount of streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity. 43.Chlorhexidine has both bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms of action depending on its concentration. 44.Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a plasma-derived exudate found in gingiva and grooves around teeth. GCF contains plasma proteins and inflammatory cells, and its production increases as periodontal disease progresses. 45.Gracey and Universal curettes: The questions were about the blade angle for both Gracey and Universal. Gracey/ Universal Gracey Area of use Cutting Edge Use Curvature Blade angle Set of many curettes designed for specific areas surfaces One cutting edge used Work with outer edge only Curved in two planes blade curves up and to the side Off blade: face of blade beveled at 60 degrees to shank Universal One curette designed for all areas and surfaces Both cutting edges used Work with either outer or inner edge Curved on one plane: trade curves up, not to the side Blade not offset: face of blade- beveled at 90 degrees to shank 46.Osseous defects 47.Convergent roots with long root trunk poses more difficulty during periodontal treatment. 48.Gingival hyperplasia types: • Inflammatory gingival enlargement. • Medication induced gingival enlargement. • Hereditary gingival fibromatosis. • Systemic causes gingival enlargement 49.Supracrestal tissue attachment is the new name for biological width. It consists of junctional-epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue. 50.Periodontal phenotypes: a. Thick phenotype associated with thick bone: Thickness of > 1.5 mm. b. Thin phenotype associated with thin bone: Thickness of < 1.5 mm. 51.In Partial thickness flap the periosteum covers the bone. Whereas, in the full thickness flap all tissues including the periosteum is reflected. 52.Stillman’s cleft and McCall festoon pictures: Stillman’s cleft : apostrophe shaped indentation in the gingival margin McCall festoon : life preserver shaped enlargement in the margin Etiology: Trauma from occlusion 53.After scaling and root planning healing occur by A. long junctional epithelium. 54.Sir lace research about periodontal disease progression in Sri Lankan population: • 8% = rapid progression of periodontal disease • 81%= moderate periodontal disease with attachment loss • 11%= no progression of destructive disease 55.Smoker classification: The question was about the heavy smoker. • Light smoker: a smoker who smokes 1-10 cigarettes per day. • Moderate smoker: a smoker who smokes between 11-19 cigarettes per day. • Heavy smoker: a smoker who smokes 20 cigarettes or more per day. 56.Probing forces: • Well tolerated: 0.75 N • Within the Junctional epithelium: 30 g. • To reach the bone: 50 g. 57.Free gingival graft (FGG) VS Modified apically repositioned flap (MARF): Procedure Advantage Disadvantage Able to augment gingival tissues Use of palatal donor area Predictability in augmenting the More postoperative discomfort, zone of attached gingiva bleeding, and pain FGG More anesthetic Unpredictable color match of tissue Minimum of 0.5mm of attached Able to augment gingival tissues gingiva is required pre-surgically Cannot be used in sites of bone Does not use donor areas dehiscence MARF Less postoperative discomfort and pain for the patient Reduced chair time Predictable color match of the tissue 58.Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis VS Gingivostomatitis: 59.Visits of patients with NUG: 60.The area of gingival inflammation in mouth breathers is often limited to A. the gingiva of the maxillary incisors. 61.Angulation of curettes: • For Insertion: 0 • For calculus removal: Ideal from 60-80. 62.The angle between the terminal shank of the sickle scaler and the tooth is A. parallel to the long axis of the tooth. 63.Gingival enlargement grades: Degree of gingival enlargement: • Grade 0: No signs of gingival enlargement. • Grade I: confined to interdental papilla. • Grade II: involves papilla + marginal gingiva. • Grade III: covers three quarters or more of the crown. 64.The anatomical structure that makes gingivectomy distal to lower 2nd premolar difficult or impossible is A. the external oblique ridge. 65.Probing is measured at six surfaces per tooth. 66.Sodium bicarbonate air polishing is used for A. supragingival plaque removal. 67.Unwaxed nylon is the best type of dental floss. 68.Heavy occlusal forces pressure severe enough to force the root against the bone causes A. necrosis of the PDL and bone. 69.Question about the bone height of smoker patient when compared to a normal patient? A. The bone height will be decreased. 70.A question about a patient with vertical defect with a picture and asking about the management: A. The vertical defect is usually treated by: Guided bone regeneration (GBR). 71.A case about a healthy patient with inflamed gums after eating gum and asking about the reason of inflammation? - Allergic reaction. 72.The penetration of the probe depends on what? A. Probe diameter, probing force, level of inflammation 73.Types of periodontal pockets pictures and definition: • Suprabony (supracrestal or supra/alveolar) occurs when the bottom of the pocket is coronal to the underlying alveolar bone (Fig, 23.2B). • Intrabany (infrabony, subcrestal, or intraalveolar) occurs when the bottom of the packet is apical to the level of the adjacent alvoolar bone. With this second type, the lateral pocket wall lies between the tooth surface and the alveolar bone 74.The distance between the most apical calculus and the alveolar crest is A. 1.97mm. 75.After crown lengthening restoration can be placed from 4-6 weeks. In questionable teeth it is advised to place a provisional restoration before or after the crown lengthening and the final restoration after 3 months. 76.The amount of GCF is increased by: • The amount of GCF is greater when inflammation is present, and it is sometimes proportional to the severity of inflammation. • GCF production is not increased by trauma from occlusion, but it is increased by the mastication of coarse foods, toothbrushing and gingival massage, ovulation," hormonal contraceptives, prosthetic appliances, and smoking." • Other factors that influence the amount of GCF are circadian periodicity and periodontal therapy. 77.A valley like depression (Gingival col): 78.Gingival phenotypes: • Thinnest: lower anterior. • Thickest: upper posterior. 79.The type of bone between the socket and the jaw is A. Compact bone. *The inner socket wall of thin, compact bone called the alveolar bone proper is seen as the lamina dura in radiographs, 80.Patients with periodontitis recall visits should be every 3 months. 81.The distance between the most apical calculus and the alveolar crest is 1.97 mm whereas the distance from attached plaque to bone is never less than 0.5 and never more than 2.7 mm. 82.Pain while probing inflamed tissue is because of the ulceration of the inner aspect of the pocket wall. 83.The average width of marginal gingiva is 1 mm, and it forms the soft-tissue wall of the gingival sulcus. 84.The five A’s for smoking cessation are? • Ask about tobacco use • Advise tobacco users to quit • Assess readiness to make a quit attempt • Assist with the quit attempt • Arrange follow-up care 85.Electric toothbrushes can help patients with Parkinson’s disease to maintain their oral hygiene. 86.Which of the following periodontal pathogens is suppressed after systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin, in combination with Scaling and Root Planning? A. P.gingivalis B. F.nucleatum C. P.intermedia D. A. Actinomycetemocomitans (*Note: given the possible emergence of tetracycline resistant A. Actinomycetemocomitans, there is a concern that tetracycline may not be effective. In these cases, the combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin may be advantageous along with conventional periodontal therapy) 87.Periotron is an electronic device to measure A. the amount of GCF. (*Note: The amount of GCF collected on a paper strip can be studied in multiple ways. The wetted areas can be made more visible by staining with Ninhydrin it is then measured planimetrically on an enlarged photograph or with a magnifying glass or a microscope. An electronic method has been devised for measuring the fluid collected on a "blotter* (Periopaper) with the use of an electronic transducer.) 88.Double papilla preservation flap picture: 89.Infrabony pocket: In infrabony pockets, the base of the pocket is apical to the crest of the alveolar bone, and the pocket wall lies between the tooth and the bone. The bone loss is in most cases vertical 90.Desquamative gingivitis is associated with which diseases? The term desquamative gingivitis (DG) describes a peculiar clinical presentation of the free and attached gingivae, characterized by intense erythema, desquamation, and ulceration. Approximately 50% of patients with DG have additional intraoral sites affected. DG is not a specific disease entity; rather, it is a gingival response associated with a number of conditions, most of them with a dermatologic genesis. Although a wide spectrum of disorders may be associated with DG, the etiology of most cases is lichen planus, cicatricial pemphigoid, or pemphigus vulgaris. It is essential to obtain a precise 91.O’Leary index by using disclosing agent to examine the presence of plaque. 92.How to estimate bone loss from X-ray? A. Bite wing. (*Note: Periapical radiographs frequently do not reveal the correct relationship between the alveolar bone and the CEJ." This is particularly true in cases in which a shallow palate or floor of the mouth does not allow ideal placement of the periapical film. Bitewing projections offer an alternative method that better images periodontal bone levels.) 93.Dehiscence and fenestration Definitions: Isolated areas in which the root is denuded of bone and the root surface is covered only by periosteum and overlying gingiva are termed fenestrations. In these areas, the marginal bone is intact. When the denuded areas extend through the marginal bone, the defect is called a dehiscence 94.Prophy jet is contraindicated in A. Hypertensive patients. (*Note: About the sodium bicarbonate air polisher's safety at systemic effect very little is discussed. Some studies remarked about its contraindications and/or restrictions in use. Contraindications regarding the use of sodium bicarbonate air polisher have already been discussed, especially when patients present medical history of needing a low sodium diet, hypertension, respiratory illness, infection diseases, renal insufficiency, Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, metabolic alkalosis, and chronic use of certain medications, such as mineralocorticoid steroids, antidiuretics, or potassium supplements) 95.Seitbert’s classification of anterior ridge defects: 96.Dentogingival Unit: The attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth is reinforced by the gingival fibers, which brace the marginal gingiva against the tooth surface. For this reason, the junctional epithelium and the gingival fibers are considered together as a functional unit referred to as the dentogingival unit. 97.While performing caries risk assessment during periodontal therapy and before starting maintenance focus should be on the exposed root surfaces susceptible to caries. 98.Combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin are effective against A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. 99.Palm and thumb grasp is used for A. stabilizing instruments during sharpening. 100.Suppuration: palpation of the marginal gingiva with a probe or digitally by placing the ball of the index finger on the gingiva apical to the margin and pushing coronally toward the gingival margin. This may squeeze a white-yellowish exudate from the gingival crevice. 101. Thixotropic material: a liquid that becomes less viscous and more fluid under repeated application of pressure. Ex. Prophy paste, plaster of Paris. 102. Topical steroids are the recommended management for A. generalized desquamative gingivitis. 103.Bacteria associated with Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG): Treponema spp., Selenomonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., and Prevotella intermedia (P.Intermedia). T.Denticola is associated with ANUG and ANUP. 104.A case about a patient with desquamative gingivitis and ocular problems with the test for diagnosis? *Question was about the test. • Diagnosis: Mucous membrane pemphigoid. • Test: Direct immunofluorescence or light microscopy. 105.* The first step in Ressective osseous surgery is A. Vertical grooving. 106.Steps of Ressective osseous surgery: 1-Vertical grooving. 2-Radicular blending. 3-Flattening interproximal bone. 4-Gradulizing marginal bone. Implant 1.The probing depth around healthy implants should be A. 3 mm. 2.The bone around the apical third of the root is A. Cortical. 3.For Overdenture minimum 2 implants in Mandible, 3-4 implants in Maxilla. 4.RFA (Resonance frequency analysis): is used to determine the stability of the level of osseointegration in dental implant. (Evaluate implant stability) 5.Heat limit during implant placement: A. 47 C. 6.Best area to place an implant: A. mandibular anterior region. 7.Minimum distance between implant and sinus space is A. 1 mm. 8.Minimum distance between implant and mental foramen is A. 5mm. 9.Minimum distance between implant and inferior alveolar nerve canal is A. 2mm. 10.Collagen fibers in presence of an implant will be A. parallel to the surface. 11.An implant is considered osseointegrated when bone is attached to A. 40-70% of the implant surface. 12.Bone density: Type D2 bone is the best for osseointegration of an implant. 13.A minimum of 7 mm from the implant head to the opposing tooth is advised for adequate retention of a cement-retained restoration. 14.A screw-retained implant prosthesis may be provided with A. 4 mm of interocclusal space. 15.Implant components: 16.Choosing a tray for implant level impression: • Closed tray: When implant and teeth are parallel to each other. • Open tray: When implant and teeth are not parallel. 17.Implant retained restorations: • Cement retained: cheaper, requires more restorative space, worse for soft tissue health, and passive fit. • Screw retained: more expensive, better for soft tissue, requires less space, and can be easily retrieved. 18.Primary and secondary stability of implant • Primary stability: stability gained at time of placement. (Goes away after time) • Secondary stability: Osseointegration. 19.Implants shouldn’t be connected to natural teeth because it may cause: • Tooth intrusion • Cement failure • Screw loosening 20.Implant diameters and minimal mesiodistal width required: The minimum mesial-distal (c) required for a: A. Narrow diameter implant (e.g., 3.25 rm) is 6 mm. B. Standard diameter implant (e.g., 4.1 mm) is 7 mm. C. Wide diameter implant (e.g., 5.0 mm) is 8 mm. D. Wide diameter implant (e.g., 6.0 mml ls 9 mm 21.The minimum mesio-distal (d) required for two standard diameter implant is 14 mm wide. 22.How long should an implant be left undisturbed for the healing period? • Maxilla: 4-6 months. • Mandible: 2-3 months. 23.Titanium implants components: - 6% Aluminum - 4% Vanadium - 0.25% iron - 0.2% oxygen - The rest is Titanium 24.Obtaining of emergence profile of implant can be by 3 methods: I. Healing abutment. II. Ovate pontic. III. Cervical contouring method. 25.Insertion torque value of implant is A. 35 Ncm. 26.The best place to an implant is in the A. lower anterior region. 27.The reaction of plaque around teeth and implants is the same. 28.Peri-implant mucositis prognosis is favorable. 29.The transfer/closed tray impression technique is used for A. upper anterior implants. 30.For implants and implant restorations plastic or titanium scalers and curettes are used. 31.Function of Implant analog: Implant analogs are manufactured to replicate exactly the top of the implant fixture (fixture analog) or abutment (abutment analog) in the laboratory cast. 32.The most compatible material used in oral cavity is A. Titanium. 33.Lateral window sinus lifting technique: • The lateral window technique is probably the most effective and efficient way to access the maxillary sinus for bone augmentation. • In this procedure, an opening into the maxillary sinus is created in the lateral wall to elevate the schneiderian membrane and to place bone graft in the space immediately superior to the existing alveolar bone. Risks and Complications • The maxillary sinus elevation and bone augmentation procedure is technique sensitive, requiring meticulous surgical skills. Risks and complications of the procedure include tearing or perforation of the schneiderian membrane, intraoperative/postoperative bleeding, postoperative infection, and loss of bone graft or implants. Fixed 1.Caries is the most common cause for FPD Failure. 2.Optimum crown/root ratio is A. 2:3 3.Best Impression material for Inlay: A. Addition Silicone. 4.Molars have 4 occlusal centric contacts. Premolars have 2. Incisors and canines have 1. 5.Distobuccal root is the most commonly resected root in maxillary molars. 6.3D Vita shade guide: VALUE - HUE - CHROMA. (VHC) 7.Vita classical shade guide: HUE - CHROMA - VALUE. (HCV) 8.H2 gas is a byproduct of PVS. 9.Margins of restoration: Chamfer: 0.3-0.5 mm: Full metal crowns, Resin bonded crowns. Shoulder: 1 mm: Metal ceramic crowns, All ceramic/porcelain crowns. 10.Collar less PFM: Porcelain end with the contact finish line. 11.Disinfection of PVS: By 2% Gluteraldehyde. (ZOE+ polysulfide also). 12.During wax up Central incisors and Canine gingival level A. should be the same. 13.Porcelain crowns can cause clicking sound during speech. 14.Pontic design classification: 15.Telescopic crowns can be used when dealing with A. mesially tilted second molar abutment. 16.Posterior teeth with Divergent roots gives a better support in an FPD. 17.GIC Luting cement is contraindicated for use in A. all-ceramic restorations. 18.Threaded posts provide more retention when compared to smooth sided posts but can cause more stress within the root canal. 19.Adequate chamfer finish line width: Minimum 0.5 mm. -Shoulder finish line: Minimum 1 mm. 20.Porcelain chipping in overprepared tooth is caused by A. thicker unsupported porcelain. (*One of the most common causes of fracture is overreduction of the incisal edge. Porcelain that has > 2 mm of unsupported material is at risk for fracture. Result predictability is ensured by evaluation of tooth length and the esthetic on the study models.) 21.In post space preparation for mandibular 1st molar the distal wall of the mesial root is A. the most prone area to be perforated. 22.Types of Veneers Preparation: 23.The ability of a material to resist fracture is called toughness. 24.Dentist at the end of the day want to pour alginate impression quickly, how can he do that? A. Increase powder/ water ratio B. Hot water C. Slurry water D. Increase the thickness 25.The curvature of upper teeth in smile line A. follows the lower lip. 26.PKT Armamentarium required for the waxing technique to achieve occlusal schemes for an FPD is a set of PKT (P.K. Thomas) instruments. The set comprises five instruments: • PKT No.1 is used for positioning of functional and non-functional cusps. The • marginal, cusp and triangular ridges are also added with PKT No.1. • PKT No.2 is used for eliminating voids remaining on the occlusal surface. • PKT No.3. is used for Developmental and supplemental grooves smoothening. • PKT No.4 is used for Smoothening of axial surfaces. • PKT No.5 is used to refine the ridges. 27.In FPD wax pattern, Stuart’s groove is an extra groove placed on the mesiopalatal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar. 28.Tapered VS Threaded posts: 29.Veneers cementation steps: The question was about the first step: A. Etching the crown 30.Ferrule effect: 31.Porcelain fusing material types: -Question was about: Low fusing porcelain and it is used in PFM Crowns. -Medium fusing porcelain and it is used for anterior porcelain jacket crowns ceramic restorations, Inlays, Onlays, and crowns. -High fusing porcelain is used for denture teeth. 32.For full mouth rehabilitation A. fully adjustable articulator is used. 33.Ideal taper for crown preparation is A. 6 degrees. 34.Resin cement is the cement used under A. Lithium disilicate restorations. 35.Cast metal restorations is the restoration of choice for patients undergoing occlusal rehabilitation. 36.The presence of unreacted benzoyl peroxide causes A. color change and deterioration of provisional restorations. 37.The complications that usually occur with Maryland bridge are A. Periodontal problems and Debonding of the prosthesis. 38.Modified ridge lap and ridge lap pontics are A. difficult to access with the dental floss. 39.The primary function of luting cement under provisional crown is A. to provide a seal to prevent microleakage, and hence, pulpal irritation. 40.The main component of Hemodent is A. Aluminum chloride. 41.To increase the length of the tooth; A. Incisor lapping preparation for veneers should be done. 42.Tears to PVS impression can be caused by: -Extreme undercuts or black triangles. -If material is not fully set. 43.Gold is the most malleable and ductile of all metals. 44.The best metal to be used in PFM is A. Gold-palladium alloy. (Noble metal). 45.Aluminum chloride retraction cords are used for A. hypertensive and diabetic patients. 46.Advantages & Disadvantages of Monolithic zirconia: 47.Indications and contraindications of Veneers: 48.Bubbles under a prosthesis indicates A. looseness of retainer 49.Double retraction cord technique *Question was about the sizes of the cords: The first cord is thin and the second is larger. 50.The main function of Trays holes is A. for retention of the impression material. 51.Metal thickness can be checked by using A. Iwanson thickness gauge. 52.Follow-up appointments for Crown Patients with cast restorations should attend recall visits at least every 6 months. Patients who have been provided with extensive fixed prostheses need more frequent recall appointments 53.Zinc oxide eugenol is not used as a temporary cement because A. it may cause leakage. 54.PFM can be fractured because of A. insufficient porcelain thickness. 55.Multirooted teeth are more favorable to be used as A. an abutment for FPD. 56.The best investment material for FPD Crowns is A. Phosphate- bonded because of its high strength. 57.What will happen if you add violet stain to yellow crown? A. Value and chroma will be decreased. 58.PVS (putty)impression polymerization is retarded while mixing it with latex gloves because of A. the sulfur derivatives in the latex. 59.Complains about phonetics: 60.Posts after RCT are inserted A. gently without pressure. 61.The sulfur in latex gloves inhibit polymerization of Putty (addition silicone) impression material. 62.Steps for try-in: • The recommended sequence for try in of crown or bridge is as follows: 1. Proximal contacts. 2. Marginal integrity. 3. Stability. 4. Occlusion. 5. Characterization and glazing. 63.Retention in short abutments can be done by A. adding buccal grooves and proximal slots. 64.Cold glass slab is used for mixing zinc phosphate cement to A. increase the working time without increasing the setting time. Removable 1.Lingual bar major connector is used in case of *(deep lingual vestibule). 2.Lingual plate is used if the lingual vestibule is less than 7 mm. 3.The Bennett angle is the angle formed by the *(sagittal plane) and the path of the mandibular condyle during lateral movement 4.Occlusal schemes: • Canine guidance (mutually protected, organic occlusion): is used for Full mouth rehabilitation. • Bilateral balanced occlusion is used in Complete denture. • Unilateral occlusion (Group function): used for restorative treatment 5.The shearing cusps of posterior cross bite: A. BULL. 6.In patients with severe bone resorption and prognathic appearance A. use teeth with angulation 0 degree. 7.Muscles responsible for lingual border molding are: Palatoglossus, Superior constrictor, Mylohyoid, and Genioglossus. 8.Christensen Phenomenon: the space that occurs between opposing posterior occlusal surfaces during mandibular protrusion 9.Bennet movement: bodily lateral or lateral shift of the mandible resulting from the movement of the Condyle. This movement is recorded in the non-working side. This shift is 1-4 mm 10.Direct sequalae of CD: 1) Mucosal reactions. 2) Oral galvanic currents. 3) Altered taste Gagging. 5) Residual ridge reduction. 6) BMS 7) Periodontal disease and caries of abutments. 11.Polyether disadvantage: A. It absorbs water 12.After relining and rebasing A. VD will increase. 13.Ridge loss Classification: Class I: Loss of width Class II: Loss of height Class III: Loss of width and height. 14.Anterior palatal strap is used when small tori is not extended to the junction of hard and soft palate. 15.In case of large tori: A. U shape or horseshoe major connectors are used. 16.If upper anterior teeth are too short: V sound will be like F. If upper anterior teeth are too long: F sound will be like V. 17.Monoplane occlusion is the occlusion choice for patients with severe ridge resorption. 18.If there is an undercut in cast: A. Black code. 19.Indirect retainer can be used for patients complaining about rotation of denture to prevent it. 20.Clasps: -RPI Clasp: The RPI is a current concept of bar clasp design, and refers to: 1."R" Rest (always mesial) 2."P" Proximal Plate (distal) 3."I" I -Bar (buccal).It is used when there is an Undercut -Ring clasp: Is used usually with isolated mesially and lingually tilted mandibular molars or mesially and buccally tilted maxillary molars. -Embrasure (Double Akers) Clasp: may be used on the posterior teeth, with an infrabulge retainer on the anterior abutment. Is used also in Kennedy class II and III without any modifications. (Q on 3/5). -Akers /Circumferential clasp: used on molars & premolars of normal shape and position. It is contraindicated in long distal extension cases. 21.Freeway space = RVD - OVD. RVD - Rest vertical dimension OVD - Occlusal vertical dimension. 22.Posterior palatal seal can be located by: In patient mouth by: T-Burnisher. In cast by: Indelible pencil. 23.Steps in trying CD: 1-Accuracy of the cast and denture on articulator and intraorally. 2-Checking of jaw relation records. 3-Esthetic 4-Speech 5-Protrusive record (Last step and the Q was about it). 24.Anterior- posterior strap has the worst rigidity when compared to other connectors. 25.Kennedy classification: • CLASS I: Bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth. • CLASS II: A unilateral edentulous area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth • CLASS III: A unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth remaining both anterior and posterior to it • CLASS IV: A single, but bilateral (crossing the midline), edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth. 26.Syneresis and Imbibition of alginate impression material: • Syneresis: If it becomes dry it will lose water and shrink. • Imbibition: If it is stored in water or a very wet paper towel it will absorb water and expand. 27.Posterior palatal seal is located at A. the junction of hard and soft palate. 28.Favorable undercut for clasps: • Cast chrome cobalt alloy clasps: 0.01 inch • Wrought alloy clasps: 0.02 inch. 29.Relining and Rebasing: Relining Rebasing • Resurface the tissue side of RPD with new • Replacing the entire denture base material base material. on existing prosthesis. • Can be done in *chair or laboratory* • Or changing the position of the • Indications: teeth/occlusion and relation of o Patient with immediate denture. denture. o Patient wears upper complete • A laboratory process. denture against lower natural teeth. • Indications: Fractured or stained denture. • Contraindication: If there is an extreme over • - Material used: Heat- cure Acrylic. closure of vertical dimension. • Material used: Self-cure Acrylic. 30.2 clasps are the minimum number for clasps for Kennedy class I RPD design. 31.Ring clasp is A. the least esthetic clasp. 32.Surveying is done on A. diagnostic cast. 33.Minor connector of RPD connects with the major connector at A. 90 degrees. 34.The distance between the major connector on a maxillary RPD framework and the gingival margins should be at least A. 6 mm. 35.Minor connector, rest, and major connector of the RPD must be rigid. Whereas clasps meant to be flexible in order to engage the undercut. 36.Shape of rest seat in RPD is A. Spoon shaped and triangular. 37.First premolars are the teeth commonly used to A. receive indirect retainer in RPD. 38.Flabby ridge is most commonly in A. the anterior maxilla. 39.Akers clasp cause high stress on the gingival tissue. 40.To verify the occlusal plane three lines are used as a guide: • Ala-tragus line • Interpupillary line • Camper’s line or plane 41.Kennedy Class III RPD is totally supported by teeth. 42.Monoplane occlusion is used for patients with A. residual ridge resorption 43.PVS impression material can be poured between 30 minutes to 1. week (If doctor don’t have time to pour it soon it is the material of choice). 44.Vertical dimension in Complete denture: -Increased VD: generalized soreness over the alveolar ridge + swallowing and sore throat+ fatigue of muscles of mastication+ clicking+ too much of teeth exposed + clenching -Decreased VD: angular cheilitis + cheek, tongue biting + pain in TMJ (Coston’s syndrome) +prognathism 45.Upper Major connectors: 46.Lower major connectors: 47.The function of the indirect retainer is to prevent rotational displacement of denture from tissue base. Retention occurs around rests. 48.The cause of PMMA porosity: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Air entrapment during mixing, monomer contraction during the polymerization, monomer vaporization associated with exothermic reaction, the presence of residual monomer, insufficient mixing of monomer and polymer. 49.Undercut gauge function and photo: A. It is used to measure the extent of horizontal undercut. 50.Minor connectors function: • The function of minor connectors is to join the parts of the RPD to the major connector so that the prosthesis acts as a single unit rather than the components acting individually. 51.Functions of clasp arms: • Stabilization • Reciprocation • Retention. 52.Combination syndrome in Prosthodontics: 53.Kennedy classification and number of clasps: 54.Gag reflex in a patient with complete denture is caused by: loose dentures; poor occlusion; incorrect extension or contour of dentures. 55.Kingsley scraper is used to A. locate posterior palatal seal on the cast. 56.The most common cause of corrosion of metal frame of RPD is A. frequent washing by sodium hypochlorite (*It will cause corrosion). 57.Gypsum types: • Type I — Impression Plaster. • Type II — Dental or model Plaster. • Type III — Dental Stone ordinary model cast for RPD/CD • Type IV — Improved Dental Stone or Die stone or High Strength Stone. • Type V — Dental Stone, High Strength, High Expansion. 58.Increasing the length of the clasp will A. increase its flexibility. 59.Fovea palatini and its importance in complete denture: • Two depressions that line bilateral to the midline of the palate, at the approximate junction betwee