Reviewer Rizal PDF

# GE 9: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL ## Chapter 1 ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO ### Birth of a Hero 1. Jose was born in **Calamba, Laguna** on **Wednesday, June 19, 1861**. 2. His mother almost died during the delivery because of **Rizal's big head**. 3. Rizal's mother vowed to **take Jose Rizal to th...

# GE 9: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL ## Chapter 1 ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO ### Birth of a Hero 1. Jose was born in **Calamba, Laguna** on **Wednesday, June 19, 1861**. 2. His mother almost died during the delivery because of **Rizal's big head**. 3. Rizal's mother vowed to **take Jose Rizal to the sanctuary of the virgin of Antipolo by the way of pilgrimage** when she was giving birth to Jose. 4. Jose Rizal was baptized in the **Catholic church in his town** at the age of **3 years old** by **Father Rufino Collantes**. 5. The name **"Jose"** was chosen by **his mother** because **his mother was a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose**. 6. **Father Rufino Collantes** was amazed by Rizal's big head and said “Take good care of this child, for someday he will become a great man”. 7. **Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery** was the governor general when Jose Rizal was born. ### Rizal's parents 1. Jose Rizal was the **seventh** of the 11 children of his parents. 2. Jose Rizal's father was **Francisco Mercado** who was born on **May 11, 1818** in **Biñan, Laguna** and died on **January 5, 1898** in **Manila**. 3. Francisco Mercado was the “**model of all fathers**" according to Jose. 4. Jose Rizal’s mother was **Teodora Alonso Realonda** who was born on **November 8, 1826** in **Manila** and died on **August 16, 1911** in **Manila**. 5. When Teodora was offered life pension after Jose Rizal's death, she refused to accept it. Instead she said that if the government has plenty of funds, they better **reduce the taxes**. ### The Rizal children 1. The eldest children of Francisco and Teodora was **Saturnina** who’s also known as **Neneng**. 2. There were **two boys** in the Rizal family, **Paciano** and **Jose**. 3. There were **nine girls** in the Rizal family. 4. **Paciano** is the only and older brother of Jose. 5. The third child of Francisco and Teodora was **Narcisa**. 6. The fourth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Olympia**. 7. The fifth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Lucia** whose husband was denied of Christian burial. 8. The sixth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Maria** who’s also known as **Biang**. 9. The seventh child of Francisco and Teodora was **Jose** who’s also known as **Pepe**. 10. When Jose was in Dapitan, he lived with an Irish girl from Hongkong named **Josephine Bracken**. 11. Jose had a child with Josephine but died after few hours, he named the child **Francisco**. 12. The eighth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Concepcion** who’s also known as **Concha**. 13. **Concepcion** died when she was still 3 years old and was Rizal’s first sorrow in life. 14. The ninth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Josefa** who’s also known as **Panggoy**. 15 The tenth child of Francisco and Teodora was **Trinidad** who’s also known as **Trining**. 16. The youngest child of Francisco and Teodora was **Soledad** who’s also known as **Choleng**. 17. Jose call his married siblings **Doña or Señora** and he call his unmarried siblings **Señorita**. 18. Paciano was **ten** years older than Rizal. 19. Rizal immortalized his brother in his novel as the wise **Noli Me Tangere; Pilosopo Tasyo**. 20. In his letter for Blumentritt, Rizal regarded Paciano as **most noble of Filipinos**. ### Rizal's Ancestry 1. Rizal was a product of mixture of races from both East and West, the races are **negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish**. 2. Rizal’s great-great-grandfather was **Domingo Lameo** who’s a Chinese **merchant**. 3. The surname Mercado means **merchant**. 4. Francisco and Teodora were married on **June 28, 1848**. 5. It was said that Teodora’s family descended from the last native king of Tondo named **Lakan Dula**. 6. Teodora’s great-grandfather was **Eugenio Ursua** who was a Japanese. ### The Surname Rizal 1. The real surname of the Rizal family was **Mercado**. 2. The surname **Rizal** was given by **a Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna**. 3. The surname Mercado replaced with Rizal because **there were many Mercados in the Philippines who are not related to Jose's family**. 4. Rizal in Spanish means **"a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again"**. ### The Rizal Home: A Good and Middle-class Family 1. The Rizal family’s house located in **Calamba**. 2. The Rizal family belonged to the **principalia** of the town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. 3. Rizal's parents were able to live well because of **their dint of honest and hard work and frugal living**. 4. The Rizal family considered as ilustrados because **they own a carriage and a private library. They sent their children to colleges in Manila**. ## Chapter 2 CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA ### Calamba, The hero's town 1. Calamba was a **hacienda town** owned by the **Dominican Order** which also owned all the lands around it. 2. **Mount Makiling** is the legendary mountain is found at the south looms of Calamba. 3. **Laguna de bay** is the inland lake of songs and emerald waters known as ? 4. In 1876, when he was 15 yrs old, Rizal remembered his beloved town, Calamba and wrote a poem entitled **“Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo”**. ### Earliest childhood memories: The Hero's First Sorrow 1. Rizal’s first memory was **his happy days in the family garden when he was 3 yrs old**. 2. By nightfall, Teodora would gather all the children to **pray the Angelus**. 3. **His aya (nurse maid)** related many stories about fairies, tales and fabulous stories to Rizal. 4. Jose loved **Concepcion (Concha)** the most. 5. Concha died because of sickness in **1865**. ### Devoted son of the church 1. Jose began to take part in novenas and joined religious processions at the age of **three years old.** 2. Jose was able to read the bible at the age of **five years old.** 3. Rizal called **"Manong Jose"** by the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras because he was so seriously devout to the Catholic church. 4. **Father Leoncio Lopez**, the town priest was one of the men he esteemed and respected in Calamba during his boyhood. ### Pilgrimage to Antipolo 1. Jose Rizal and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo on **June 6, 1868**. 2. Rizal went on a pilgrimage to Antipolo to **fulfil his mother's vow** because she had given birth to Trinidad. 3. Teodora can’t accompany them because she had given birth to Trinidad. 4. Jose and his father rode in a **Casco (Barge)** during their pilgrimage to Antipolo. 5. Jose did not sleep the whole night as they sailed towards Pasig River because **he was awed by the magnificence of watery expanse and the silence of night**. 6. Jose and his father prayed before going to Manila in **To the Virgin of Antipolo**. 7. Rizal and his father visited **Saturnina** in La Concordia College in Santa Ana. ### The Story of the Moth; Artistic Talents; First poem 1. Of all the stories told by Teodora, the story which made the profoundest impression on him was **The story of the young moth**. 2. Teodora teaching Rizal to read **The Children's Friend (El Amigo de Los Niños**. 3. The tragic fate of the young moth was **it died a martyr to its illusions**. 4. Rizal began to make sketches and mould clays at the age of **five**. 5. Rizal’s black dog was **Usman**. 6. Aside from art, Rizal has a gift for **literature**. 7. At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem in native language entitled **"Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children)”. ### First Drama by Rizal 1. Rizal made his first dramatic work in Tagalog Comedy at the age of **eight years old**. 2. His drama was staged in **Calamba Festival**. 3. **A gobernadorcillo from Paete** was amazed by Rizal’s piece and purchased the manuscript for 2 pesos. 4. Jose used to meditate on the sad conditions of his oppressed people on the **Laguna de Bay**. ### Influences on the Hero's Boyhood 1. The three influences of Rizal that caused him to be great are **hereditary influence**, **environmental influence** and **Aid of Divine Providence**. 2. From Malayan ancestors, Rizal inherited his **love for freedom, innate desire to travel and indomitable courage**. 3. From his Chinese ancestors, Rizal inherited his **serious nature, frugality, patience, and love for children**. 4. From his Spanish ancestors, Rizal inherited his **elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, gallantry to ladies**. 5. From his father, he inherited **a profound sense of self-respect, the love for work and habit of independent thinking**. 6. From his mother, Rizal inherited his **religious nature, spirit of self-sacrifice, and passion for arts and literature**. 7. Rizal’s artistic and literary talents stimulated by **The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the Rizal Family.** 8. From Paciano, he learned **The Love for freedom and justice**. 9. From his sisters, he learned **To be courteous and kind to women.** 10. Rizal’s interest in folklore and legends awakened by **The fairy tales told by his aya**. 11. **Tio Jose Alberto** inspired him to develop his artistic ability. 12. **Tio Manuel** encouraged him to develop his frail body by means of physical activities. 13. **Tio Gregorio** intensified his voracious reading of good books. 14. **Father Leoncio Lopez** fostered Rizal"s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty. 15. The sorrows in his family such as the death of Concha and imprisonment of Teodora contributed to **strengthen his character, enabling him to resist blows of adversity in later years.** 16. **Spanish abuses and cruelties, execution of GOMBURZA** awakened his spirit of patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his oppressed people. ## Chapter 3 EARLY EDUCATIONS IN CALAMBA AND BINAN ### The Hero's First Teacher; Jose goes to Biñan 1. Rizal’s first teacher was **his mother**. 2. **Teodora, his mother** was the first person to discover Rizal’s talent for poetry. 3. Rizal’s first private tutor was **Maestro Celestino**. 4. Rizal’s second private tutor was **Maestro Lucas Padua**. 5. **Leon Monroy** was an old man who is a former classmate of Rizal's father that became Jose’s tutor. 6. Leon Monroy instructed Jose in **Spanish and Latin**. 7. When Monroy died, his parents decided to send Rizal in a **private school in Biñan**. 8. Rizal left Calamba for Biñan in **June 1869**. 9. **Paciano** accompanied Rizal in going to Biñan and acted as his second father. 10. The two brothers stayed in Biñan at **his aunt's house**. 11. **His cousin, Leandro** went sightseeing in the town with Jose. 12. Jose did not enjoyed the sightseeing because **of his homesickness**. ### First day in Biñan School; First School brawl 1. Paciano bought Rizal to the school of Maestro **Justiniano Aquino Cruz**. 2. Paciano knew the teacher quite well because **he had been a pupil under Justiniano before**. 3. Pedro, the teacher’s son laughed at Jose's answers when he was asked if he knew Latin and Spanish. 4. Rizal described **Maestro Justiniano Cruz** as tall, thin, long- necked, with sharp nose and a body slightly bent forward. He used to wear sinamay shirt. 5. Jose’s bully was **Pedro**. 6. Rizal learned the art of wrestling which he used to defeat Pedro from **Tio Manuel**. 7. **Andres Salandanan** challenged him to an arm-wrestling match after his class. 8. Jose spent many leisure hours at the paint studio of **Juancho** who was also the father-in-law of Justiniano. 9. Rizal and his classmate **Jose Guevarra** became apprentices of the old painter. ### End of Biñan Schooling; Martyrdom of GOMBURZA; Injustice to Hero's mother 1. Before the Christmas season in 1870, Jose received a letter from **Saturnina** informing him the arrival of Talim which would take him to Calamba. 2. Rizal had a premonition that he would not return to Biñan again and before he left, he **prayed in the town church, collected pebbles in the river for souvenirs, and regretfully bade farewell to his teachers and classmates.** 3. Rizal left Biñan on **December 17, 1870**. 4. Rizal studied in Biñan for **one and a half year**. 5. **Arturo Camps** was the Frenchman and a friend of his father that took care of him in the Talim. 6. The Filipino soldiers and workmen of Cavite led by Lamadrid, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges like exemption from tribute and polo (forced labor) by the reactionary Gov. Rafael de Izquierdo on **January 20, 1872**. 7. The leaders of the secular movement to Filipinize the Philippine parishes were **GOMBURZA**. 8. GOMBURZA stands for **Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora**. 9. GOMBURZA executed on **February 17, 1872**. 10. **Gov. General Izquierdo** ordered the execution of GOMBURZA. 11. Burgos was the beloved friend, teacher and housemate of **Paciano**. 12. **Paciano** told the heroic story of GOMBURZA to Jose. 13. **The death of GOMBURZA** inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. 14. Rizal dedicated his novel **El Filibusterismo** to the GOMBURZA in 1891. 15. Teodora suddenly arrested before June 1872 because **of a malicious charge that she and her brother, Jose Alberto, attempted to poison his wife**. 16. The Lieutenant helped Jose Alberto's wife in filing the case because **he has an ax to grind against the Rizal family, because Don Francisco refused to give him fodder for his horse**. 17. **Antonio Vivencio del Rosario** helped in arresting Teodora and was also Calamaba's gobernadorcillo. 18. Teodora stayed in the prison for **two years and a half**. 19. Teodora get out from prison due to **The Manila Royal Audiencia (supreme court) acquitted her of the alledged crime**. 20. Teodora was defended by two famous lawyers named **Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan**. ## Chapter 4 SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877) ### Rizal enters the Ateneo 1. Ateneo Municipal is a college under the supervision of **Spanish Jesuits**. 2. Ateneo Municipal was former known as **a Escuela Pia (Charity School)**, school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the government in 1817. 3. Jose went to Manila with Paciano on **June 10, 1872**. 4. He took the entrance exam on Christian doctrine, arithmetic and reading on **June 10, 1872**. 5. Rizal’s father want him to study in **College of San Juan de Letran** before he decided to send him to Ateneo instead. 6. Father Margin Ferrando, the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal because **(1) he was late for registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age**. 7. Rizal was reluctantly admitted at Ateneo upon the intercession of **Manuel Xerez Burgos**, nephew of Father Burgos. 8. Jose registered under the name “Rizal” because **their family name ‘Mercado' had come under suspicion of the Spanish authorities**. 9. Rizal boarded **a house outside Intamuros, on Caraballo Street** when he was studying in Ateneo. 10. Titay, the house owner, owed to Rizal family 300 pesos for Jose boarded with her in order to collect part of this debt. ### Jesuit system of education 1. Students were divided into two groups namely **The Roman Empire** and **The Carthaginian Empire**. 2. The Roman Empire was consists of **Internos (boarders)**. 3. The Carthaginian Empire was consists of **Externos (nonboarders)**. 4. The best student in each empire is called **Emperor**. 5. The second best in the empire is called **Tribune**. 6. The third best is called **Decurion**. 7. The fourth best is called **Centurion**. 8. The fifth best is called **Standard-bearer**. 9. Any student could challenge any officer in his empire to answer questions on the day’s lesson, his opponent could lose his position if he committed **three mistakes**. 10. The coat material used in their uniform was **Rayadillo**. 11. Jose's first day in Ateneo was ***June 1872***. 12. Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was **Fr. Jose Bech**. 13. Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class because he’s a newcomer and knowing little Spanish. He was placed in **Carthaginian Empire** group/empire. 14. At the end of the month, Jose Rizal became the **Emperor** and was awarded as the brightest pupil. 15. Rizal received **a religious picture** as the first prize he received in Ateneo. 16. To improve his Spanis, Rizal took private lessons in **Santa Isabel College**. 17. Rizal placed second at the end of the year because **in the second half of his first year in Ateneo, he did not try hard enough to retain his academic supremacy because he resented some remarks of his professor.** ### Summer vacation; Second year; Prophecy of Mother's Release 1. Jose returned to Calamba for summer vacation in **March 1873**. 2. **Saturnina (Neneng)** brought him to the Tanawan to cheer him up. 3. Jose didn’t enjoyed his vacation because **his mother was in prison**. 4. For his second year term, Rizal boarded in **Intramuros at No. 6, Magallanes St.**. 5. His new landlady was **Doña Pepay**. 6. Rizal returned to Calamba again in **March 1874**. 7. Jose cheered up Teodora's lonely heart by **telling his mother news of his scholastic triumphs and funny tales about his professors and fellow students**. 8. Teodora likened Jose to **from Joseph in the Bible** when he was able to interpret his mother's dream of being set free. ### Teenage interest in reading 1. Rizal’s first favourite novel was **"The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas”.** 2. Rizal persuaded his father to buy him a costly set of Cesar Cantu's work entitled **“Universal History”** which also non-fiction. This also aid in his studies and enabled him to win more prizes in Ateneo. 3. Later, Rizal read **"Travels in the Philippines"** by Dr. Feodor Jagor. 4. Jagor's keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization and his prophecy that Spain would lose to Philippines and America would come to succeed as her colonizer impressed Rizal the most in Travels in the Philippines. 5. Teodora's cell located in **Santa Cruz, Laguna**. 6. During his Third year in Ateneo, Rizal was not able to make an excellent showing in his studies, his grades remain excellent in all subjects but he won only one medal in Latin. He failed to win the medal in Spanish because **he failed to win the medal in Spanish because**. 7. Rizal became an interno in Ateneo on **June 16, 1875**. 8. **Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez** inspired Rizal to study harder and write poetry. Rizal had the highest affection and respect for him. 9. Rizal considered **Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez** as his best professor in ateneo. 10. He was extremely happy in having the medals and excellent ratings because **he was able to repay his father for his sacrifices**. 11. Rizal finished his last year in Ateneo in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest grades in all subjects. 12. Rizal graduated in Ateneo on **March 23, 1877**. 13. In his graduation, Rizal received **Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors** degree. ### Extra-curricular activities in Ateneo; Sculptural Works in Ateneo 1. Rizal was an active member, later secretary, of a religious society named **Marian Congregation**. 2. Rizal was a member of the **Academy of Spanish Literatures and Academy of Natural Sciences**. 3. **Father Jose Vilaclara** advised him to stop communing with the Muses and pay more attention to practical studies such as philosophy and natural science. But Jose did not heed his advice. 4. Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter named **Agustin Saez** and famous sculptor named **Romualdo de Jesus**. 5. Jesuit professors was impressed with his skills when he carved an image of **The Virgin Mary**. 6. **Father Lleonart** requested to carve an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus to Rizal. 7. This sculpture played a significant part in Rizal's last hours in Fort Santiago. 8. One day, Rizal was studying when Manzano and Lesaca quarrelled and violently hurled books at each other. Rizal was hit in the face by a thrown book. His face was wounded and bleeding but he didn't cry a protest. He went to school feeling neither bitterness nor rancour towards the guilty party. 9. The first poem Rizal wrote when he was in Ateneo was **“Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)”**. 10. His first poem in Ateneo was dedicated to **his mother on her birthday**. 11. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) was written by Rizal to praise **Columbus, the discoverer of America**. 12. Colon y Juan II relates **how King John II of Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New world**. 13. The last poem Rizal wrote in Ateneo was **“Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students)”**. 14. The poem Rizal wrote about education was **“Through education our motherland receives light”**. 15. The poem Rizal showed the importance of religion and education was **“The intimate alliance between religion and good education”**. 16. One of the religious poems he wrote to express his devotion to his Catholic faith is **“Al Niño Jesus (To the child of Jesus)”**. 17. Sanchez requested him to write a drama based on the story of **St. Eustace the Martyr**. 18. He finished the drama on **June 2, 1876**. ### First romance of Rizal 1. Rizal's first love was **Segunda Katigbak**. 2. Rizal met **Segunda Katigbak**, who is a Batanguena from Lipa. 3. When Rizal visited his grandmother in Trozo, Manila with his friend, Mariano Katigbak, he saw other guests including Segunda, who was Mariano's sister. 4. **Olimpia** went on the same school, La Concordia College, with Segunda. 5. Rizal and Segunda’s love hopeless because **Segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz**. 6. Rizal and Seguna talked to each other last time in **December 1877, he visited Segunda in La Concordia College to say goodbye because he was going home to Calamba**. 7. Teodora failed to recognize Jose at first because **of her failing eyesight and growing blindness**. ## Chapter 5 MEDICAL STUDIES AT UST (1877-1882) ### Mother's opposition to higher education; Rizal enters the university; Finishes surveying course in Ateneo (1878); Romances with other girls 1. Rizal had to go to **University of Santo Tomas** for higher studies after graduating in Ateneo. 2. **Don Francisco** and **Paciano** wanted Jose to pursue his higher learning in the university. 3. **Teodora, his mother** opposed the idea of Rizal going to the university. 4. Teodora opposed because **she knew what happened to GOMBURZA. She said that Rizal knows enough. If he gets to know more, Spaniars will cut off his head.** 5. Rizal entered UST in **April 1877**. 6. He took **Philosophy and Letters** course. 7. Rizal enrolled in this course because **(1) His father liked it and (2) he was still uncertain as to what career to pursue.** 8. Rizal asked advise for his course from **Father Pablo Ramon**. 9. In UST, Rizal studied **Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of Philosophy**. 10. Rizal took up medicine because **(1) Ramon advised him to take medicine and (2) cure his mother's growing blindness**. 11. Rizal also studied in Ateneo, he took the vocational course leading to the title of **Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor)**. 12. Rizal could not be granted with the title as surveyor because **he was below age (17 years old)**. 13. The title as surveyor was issued on **November 25, 1881**. 14. After losing Segunda, he court a young woman in Calamba, in his memoirs, he called her **Miss L**. Describing her as fair with seductive and attractive eyes. 15. Rizal had a change of heart towards Ms. L because **(1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart and (2) his father did not like the family of Miss L**. 16. During his sophomore year in UST, he boarded in the **house of Leyva who lives next door to Capitan Juan** and Capitana Sanday who had a charming daughter named **Leonor**. 17. Leonor also known as **Orang**. 18. Rizal send to Leonor **letter written in invisible ink that can only be seen by heating it over a candle**. 19. Rizal stopped courting Leonor because **of Segunda**. 20. After Leonor Valenzuela, Rizal’s next romance was **Leonor Rivera**. 21. Leonor Rivera was Rizal’s cousin from **Camiling**. 22. **Soledad** went to the same school with Leonor Rivera. 23. In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as **Taimis** in order to camouflage their intimate relationship from their parents and friends. ### Victim of Spanish officers' brutality – Decision to study abroad 1. Rizal’s first experience of Spanish brutality was **one dark night in Calamba, during summer vacation in 1878, Rizal was walking in the street when he dimly perceived the figure of a man passing him. Due to darkness, he didn't know that the man was the lieutenant of the guardia civil and he didn't salute. With a snarl, he sturned out to Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally slashed him on the back. The wound was not serious but it was painful. It lasted for 2 weeks**. 2. Rizal reported the incident to **General Primo de Rivera**. 3. Nothing came out of his complaint because **he was an indio and the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard**. 4. The poem Rizal submitted for the Liceo Artistico- Literario contest was **"A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino youth)”**. 5. The poem A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino youth) was all about **Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people.** 6. The winning poem of Rizal, A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino youth) became a classic Philippine literature because **(1) It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino and (2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, were the ‘Fair hope of the Fatherland’**. 7. **"El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of the gods)"** was the allegorical drama that Rizal submitted in 1880 to commemorate the 4th centennial death of Cervantes. 8. Many were against the decision to award the first prize to Rizal because **he was an indio**. 9. The zarzuela Jose produced was **“Junto al Pasig (beside the pasig)”** staged on December 8, 1880. 10. Rizal went to visit the shrine of Birhen Maria de los Dolores with **Saturnina, Maria and Trinidad**. 11. The pretty girl colegiala who skilfully played the harp at the Regalado home, who Rizal was infatuated with this girl was **Vicenta Ybardolaza**. 12. Rizal made a side trip to the town of Pagsanjan **(1) it was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela and (2) to see the Pagsanjan falls**. 13. Spanish students call their brown classmates **“Indio, chongo!”**. 14. Filipino students call the Spanish **“Kastila, bangus”**. 15. The secret society Rizal found out in UST was **Compañerismo (Comradeship)**. 16. Rizal joining in this secret society with **his cousin, Galicano Apacible**. 17. Rizal was unhappy at the Dominican institution of higher learning because **(1) The Dominican professors were hostile to him (2) The Filipino students were racially discriminated by Spaniards (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive**. 18. After finishing the 4th year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in **Spain**. ## Chapter 6 IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885) ### Rizal's secret mission 1. Rizal's mission in going to Spain aside from studying was **to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of the European nation in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny**. 2. Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer bound for Singapore on **May 3, 1882**. 3. The first country abroad he visited was **Singapore**. 4. **Donato Lecha** was the ship captain from Austrias, Spain who befriended Rizal. 5. Rizal was good in **chess** sports. 6. Rizal saw a beautiful island that reminded him of **Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga** when he was approaching Singapore. 7. In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship **Djemnah** which left Singapore for Europe. 8. Rizal improved his knowledge in French language when **he was on board, French was the mostly used language. Rizal found out that his book French he learned in Ateneo could not be understood. He improved his language by speaking to French passengers daily.** 9. Rizal was unimpressed of Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon because **the general appearance of Point Galle is picturesque but it is lonely and quiet and sad at the same time**. 10. According to Rizal, **Colombo, capital of Ceylan** is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila. 11. Rizal described **Coast of Africa** as „inhospitable land but famous”. 12. When Rizal reached Naples, an Italian city, he was pleased of its **business activities, its lively people and its panoramic beauty**. 13. Rizal reached **Barcelona** on June 16, 1882. 14. Rizal thought Barcelona was **ugly, with dirty little inns and inhospitable residents**. 15. Rizal’s impression of Barcelona changed because **he found out that the city has an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism. Its people were open-hearted, hospitable and courageous**. 16. The most famous street in Barcelona is **Las Ramblas**. 17. Filipinos in Barcelona gave Rizal a party at **Plaza de Cataluña**. 18. Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled **“Amor Patrio (Love of Country)”** in his favourite café. 19. Rizal sent his article Amor Patrio to **Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog**. 20. Rizal’s pen name in writing Amor Patrio was **Laong laan**. 21. Amor Patrio appear in Diariong tagalog on **August 20, 1882**. 22. The tagalog text of Amor Patrio was made by **Marcelo H. Del Pilar**. 23. The message does the Amor Patrio convey **"Love for our Fatherland, the Philippines."** 24. Rizal"s second article in the Diariong tagalog was **"Los Viajes (Travels)”.** 25. The third article of Rizal in Diariong tagalog was **“Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)”.** 26. He wrote Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) on **November 29, 1882.** 27. While in Barcelona, Rizal heard of the sad news from the Philippines, the news was **"Cholera was ravaging Manila and provinces. Many died and were dying daily. The unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved one."**. 28. Aside from the Cholera news, Rizal got another sad news from the Philippines, the news was **"The unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved one."**. 29. After leaving Barcelona, Rizal established himself in **Madrid, capital of Spain**. 30. Rizal enrolled in **Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid)** on November 3, 1882. 31. Rizal took up **Medicine and Philosophy and Letters** course in Madrid. 32. Aside from studying heavy subjects, he also studied painting in **Academy of fine arts of San Fernando**. 33. Rizal rigidly budgeted his money in Madrid, he never wasted money for gambling, wine and women. However, his only extravagance was **investing for a lottery ticket in Madrid lottery**. 34. Rizal was not physically attractive but the daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga, **Consuelo Ortiga y Perez**, fell in love with him. 35. On August 22, 1883, Rizal wrote a poem for Consuelo entitled **"A La Señorita C.O. y P."**. 36. Rizal suddenly backed out before his romance with Consuelo could blossom in to a serious affair because **(1) he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera and (2) his friend and co-worker in propaganda movement, Eduardo de Lete, was in love with her.** 37. In 1882, Rizal joined a society of Spaniards and Filipinos named **Circulo Hispano-Filipino**. 38. As requested by the members, he wrote the poem entitled **“Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)”**. 39. The two books aroused his sympathy for oppressed and unfortunate people were **Uncle Tom's Cabin and The Wandering Jew**. 40. During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to **Paris**. 41. Rizal was mistaken by Parisians as a **Japanese** on his visit in Paris. 42. The costliest capital in Europe is **Paris**. 43. Rizal impressed by the Spanish masons because **they can openly and freely criticized the government policies and lamb