Reviewer Prelim 2nd Year PDF

**ART APP** Art History and art appreciation are distinct fields in understanding art. **ART HISTORY** focuses on t, styles, and artists, analyzing their significance and impact on historical narratives. he chronological development of art forms **ART APPRECIATION** emphasizes the subjective expe...

**ART APP** Art History and art appreciation are distinct fields in understanding art. **ART HISTORY** focuses on t, styles, and artists, analyzing their significance and impact on historical narratives. he chronological development of art forms **ART APPRECIATION** emphasizes the subjective experience and personal interpretation of artworks that encourage viewers to engage with and derive meaning from them through aesthetic appreciation and emotional response. **BASIC ASSUMPTION OF ARTS** **ART IS UNIVERSAL** It communicates emotions and ideas that resonate across cultures. It reflects universal human experiences like love and struggle. It inspires and remains relevant across generations. It offers diverse interpretations to deepen its meaning. **ART IS CULTURAL** ** ** It reflects society's beliefs, values, and traditions. Historical events and social norms influence it. It means different cultures produce unique art forms with distinct styles and symbols. It requires an understanding of the cultural context for interpretation. **VISUAL ART** uses colors, shapes, lines, and textures to evoke ideas, emotions, and experiences to reshape how we see the world through creative expression. **2D VISUAL ART** has only the dimensions of height and width. **PAINTING** uses pigments on surfaces like canvas or paper to portray scenes, emotions, or concepts. **DRAWING** creates images with pencils, pens, charcoal, and other tools on paper or surfaces from realistic to abstract styles. **PRINTMAKING** uses techniques like etching, woodcut, or screen printing to reproduce artwork. **3D VISUAL ARTS** uses height, width, and depth to create tangible artworks. **SCULPTURE** transforms materials like stone, metal, wood, or clay into intricate figures. **ARCHITECTURE** involves designing and constructing buildings and structures. **INSTALLATION ART** refers to large-scale artworks designed for specific spaces, incorporating diverse materials. **FUNCTION OF ART AND PHILOSOPHY** **PHYSICAL FUNCTION** provides tangible value **SOCIAL FUNCTION** address public issues and perspective **PERSONAL FUNCTION** offers subjective self-expression and introspection **BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE** **ART AS IMITATION** Plato viewed art as imitation because it represents imperfect copies of ideal forms from the World of Forms **ART AS REPRESENTATION** Aristotle believed art shows different realities and explores various possibilities. **ART AS DISINTERESTED JUDGEMENT** Kant's idea of assessing beauty in artworks involves an objective approach, distinct from personal preferences. **ART AS COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION** Leo Tolstoy believed that art communicates emotions from the artist to the audience, similar to how language conveys information. **SUBJECT AND CONTENT** **SUBJECT** TYPES refer to what the artist portrays, such as people, objects, scenes, or events. **REPRESENTATIONAL ART** realistically depicts recognizable objects, scenes, or figures to convey ideas and emotions, adapting to cultural changes. (Portrait, Landscape, Still life) **NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART** uses shapes, colors, forms, and textures to evoke emotions or ideas without recognizable objects. It focuses on artistic expression rather than depicting specific subjects. (Abstract Expressionism, Surrealism, Minimalism). **SOURCE OF SUBJECT** refer to the diverse inspirations and themes artists draw from **PERSONAL EXPERIENCE** It depicts emotions, memories, and life events from the artist's perspective. **NATURE** captures natural landscapes, elements, and organisms, reflecting the beauty and rhythms of the natural world. **HISTORY** represents events, periods, or themes, aiming to document, interpret, or critique events, offering insights into past societies and their impact on the present. **CONTENT IN ARTS** refers to the ideas, emotions, and narratives depicted in artworks. **LITERAL** refers to the straightforward depiction or narrative content.**SYMBOL** uses symbols to represent deeper abstract ideas or concepts. **PERSONAL** the viewer's personal experiences, beliefs, and emotions that significantly influence their understanding and connection with the artwork. **ARTISTS AND ARTISANS** **ARTISTS** create original works of art, expressing personal ideas and emotions through mediums like painting, sculpture, or digital art. EX. **Vincent Van Gogh** is known for his expressive paintings like "Starry Night" and "Sunflowers."**Frida Kahlo** is famous for self-portraits like "The Two Fridas" and "Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird. **Artisans** are skilled craftspeople who create functional or decorative objects using traditional techniques and expertise, focusing on craftsmanship and practicality rather than personal expression. EX. **Potter** creates pottery such as bowls and vases using clay and techniques like wheel-throwing or hand-building. **Blacksmith** uses metalworking skills to forge tools, decorative objects, and sculptures from iron or steel. **PRE-PRODUCTION** pertains to the ideation process of the artist. **PRODUCTION** refers to the execution of the artwork.**POST PRODUCTION** involves setting up, tweaking, and preparing for transport, display, and promotion of the artwork. **MEDIUM** refers to the material or means that the artist uses to objectify their feelings or thoughts. **TECHNIQUE** refers to the method and process used to apply the medium and work with their chosen medium. **IN VISUAL ARTS** **MEDIUM** refers to the materials artists use **TECHNIQUE** refers to the method artists employ to manipulate the chosen medium**IN AUDITORY ARTS** **MEDIUM** refers to the means through which sound is conveyed. **TECHNIQUE** refers to the methods and skills to encompass the various aspects **IN COMBINED ARTS** **MEDIUM** refers to the materials used to create interdisciplinary artworks **TECHNIQUE** refers to the methods employed to integrate diverse artistic forms harmoniously. **GAMABA** stands for **"Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan,"** also known as **the "National Living Treasures Award."** **LANG DULAY** She was a renowned T'boli Dreamweaver known for her intricate T'nalak designs from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato. She was awarded the GAMABA in 1998.**ESTELITA BANDILAN** She is a master of the Banig weaving art from Basey, Samar. She was awarded the GAMABA in 2016. **ALONZO SACLAG** He is a master of dance and music from Lubuagan, Kalinga province. He was awarded the GAMABA in 2000. **YABING MASALON DULO** She was a master B'laan ikat weaver from Polomolok, South Cotabato, known for her contributions to preserving and promoting traditional weaving techniques. She was awarded the GAMABA in 2016. **EVENTS, EXHIBIT, AND MANAGING ENGAGEMENT MANAGEMENT** **ART EVENTS** provide opportunities for artists to showcase their work, connect with art enthusiasts, spark. conversations, and enrich cultural experiences. **ART EXHIBITION** refer to curated displays of artwork in galleries or museumsto showcase artist's work to the public **ART FAIRS** refer to commercial events where galleries and dealers gather to exhibit and sell artworks **OPEN STUDIOS** refer to events where artists open their workspaces to the public, allowing them to see the creative process and purchase artworks. **ART AUCTIONS** refer to events where artworks are sold to the highest bidder through competitive bidding held by auction houses or galleries. **STAKEHOLDERS IN ART WORLD** important roles in promoting, preserving, and engaging with art through institutions, exhibitions, collections, and transactions. **ART MANAGERS** They oversee administrative and operational aspects of artistic organizations. **ART CURATORS** They select, present, and explain artworks in exhibitions or collections. **ART COLLECTORS** They typically create extensive collectionsrather than purchasing individual artworks **ART DEALERS** They facilitate the buying and selling of artworks on behalf of artists, collectors, or galleries. **ACCOMMODATION OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT** **OVERVIEW OF THE ACCOMMODATION INDUSTRY** **HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY** can be defined as the collection of businesses providing accommodation and/or food and beverages to people away from home, whether for a long or short time **ACCOMMODATION SECTOR** part of the hospitality industry concerned with providing customers with a temporary place to stay. **SERVICE ARE PRIMARILY INTANGIBLE -**Products are exclusively for guests and not for possession. -Guests cannot be test **SERVICE ARE PRIMARILY PERISHABLE** means that if a guestroom is not rented on a specific date, the revenue for that room is lost forever. **MANUFACTURE AND SALES ARE INSEPARABLE** **-** It means a room cannot be sold anywhere, just like tangible goods. -It can only be sold and used simultaneously in its exact location, not elsewhere. **THE OPERATING PROCESS IS REPETITIVE** -Most of the processes in the accommodation industry are routine. **CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS** **HOTEL** establishment offering sleeping accommodations to anyone willing to pay a reasonable sum for the services and facilities provided. **STAR GRADING SYSTEM** -to classify accommodation enterprises. **ONE STAR** appeal to budget-minded travelers. **TWO STAR** appeal to tourists seeking more than basic accommodation **THREE STAR** offer a very good level of accommodation. **FOUR STAR** These enterprises are upscale in all areas. **FIVE STAR** reflect the characteristics of luxury and sophistication. **ACCORDING TO LOCATION** **CITY HOTELS** hotels are usually located in the heart of the city **SUBURBAN HOTELS** hotels are in downtown areas where rates are considered moderate to low. **AIRPORT HOTELS** hotels set up near airports that cater to transit guests who might have to stay at the hotel between flights. **RESORT HOTELS** usually located in mountains, islands, or other exotic locations away from cities. **FOREST HOTELS** located within the forest range and cater to tourists visiting forest areas for camping and other recreational activities. **MOTOR HOTELS/MOTELS** located on highways that provide enough parking space for stopovers. **BOATELS** purpose-built boats offering small but luxurious accommodations for travelers amid waterways. **ACCORDING TO TARGET MARKET** **COMMERCIAL HOTELS** cater to business person **CONVENTION HOTELS** large complex accommodating many people. **EXTENDED-STAY HOTELS** designed for travelers who intend to stay in a hotel for five days or longer. **CASINO HOTELS** hotels with predominantly gambling **ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF SERVICE** **WORLD-CLASS SERVICE** called as luxury hotels. **MID-RANGE SERVICE** Hotels offering mid-range service appeal to the largest segment of the traveling public. **BUDGET/LIMITED SERVICES** hotels provide clean, comfortable, safe, and inexpensive rooms that meet guests' basic needs. **ACCORDING TO GUESTS LENGTH OF STAY** **TRANSIENT HOTELS** guest can register for a day or even less. **RESIDENTIAL HOTELS** guests who can stay for a minimum period of one (1) month and up to two (2) years. **SEMI-RESIDENTIAL HOTELS** guests who can stay for a minimum period of one (1) month and up to two (2) years. **INTRODUCTION TO HOTEL OPERATIONS** **HOTEL OWNERSHIP** **FRANCHISED** hotel benefits from recognition of the brand name by consumers, an established business model, and national marketing, the owner depends on that brand name for its business. **PRIVATELY OWNED AND OPERATED** hotel ownership gives an owner the most freedom but with the biggest risk. **LEASED** hotels are privately owned, but the physical hotel building belongs to another. **MANAGED** hotel continues to be privately owned, but the managing hotel takes over the business's day-to-day operations and frequently lends its brand name. **hotel owner** is primarily concerned with the continued success of their hotel or guest accommodation, but this does mean that owners have many different responsibilities. **APPROACHES TO HOTEL MANAGEMENT** **STRATEGIC PLANNING** involves implementing a well-defined enterprise strategy into key business goals. **CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT** management practice is to understand thecustomers' needs and desires and simultaneously satisfy them adequately by collecting relevant data **SIX SIGMA** set of management tools and techniques designed to improve the capability of the business process by reducing the likelihood of error. **BENCHMARKING** approach in common practice for a long time. **RE-ENGINEERING BUSINESS PROCESSES** represents a radical change in the business process system to achieve a significant increase in productivity and quality and in shortening the length of the production process. **OUTSOURCING** Its essence is using external suppliers or subcontracts to improve production, increase revenues, reduce operating costs, reduce risks, and meet service needs. **SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT** aims to harmonize all factors **CONTROLLING AS MANAGEMENT TOOL** Controlling is currently a relatively well-used management approach. It is a system whose purpose is to improve the management of an enterprise based on objective evidence and evaluation of all economic events in the enterprise. **HOTEL DEPARTMENT** **HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT** maintains a hotel\'s appearance, sanitation, and cleanliness. **FRONT OFFICE DEPARTMENT** also known as the guest service department, which is the first point of contact for the guests when booking with the hotel. **FOOD AND BEVERAGE DEPARTMENT** serving food and drinks to guests in hotel restaurants, cafes, and bars. **ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT** responsible for repairing and maintaining the plant and machinery, water distribution, sewage treatment, and other common areas in a hotel. **ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT** known as the finance or credits department that oversees a hotel\'s incoming and outgoing expenses. **SECURITY DEPARTMENT** responsible for the overall security of the hotel building **HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT** responsible for acquiring, utilizing, training, and developing the hotel\'s human resources. **SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT** department brings in business and increases the sales of the hotel's products and services. **PURCHASING DEPARTMENT** coordinates the supply needs of the hotel and processes inventory requests for all other departments. **INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT** This department is responsible for the daily support of all IT systems, business systems, office systems, computer networks, and telephony systems in the hotel. **ACCOMMODATION AND PRODUCT AND SERVICES** **ACCOMMODATION** main product of a hotel and is the largest revenue source in the hotel business. **ACCOMMODATION PRODUCTS** refer to rooms and other related products or services that hotel guests will consume during their stay. **TYPES OF ROOMS** **SINGLE ROOM** can accommodate only 1 person with single, double, or queen size bed **TWIN ROOM** can accommodate 2 people with 2 twin beds (refers to 2 identical single beds **DOUBLE ROOM** can accommodate 2-4 person with 2 double or queen size bed. sometimes called twin double room. **TRIPLE ROOM** can accommodate 3 person with 3 single bed or one double bed and 1 twin bed **STUFDIO/MURPHY ROOM** room fitted with a sofa bed or murphy bed which can be transform a bedroom at night time **FAMILY ROOM** room with at least one (1) double bed, one (1) or more single beds, and is designed to accommodate a small family. **ACCESSIBLE ROOM** room designated for disabled guests. Located on the ground floor or lower floors for easier accessible. **EXECUTIVE ROOM** convenient access to the executive lounge **SUITE ROOM** room with 1 or more bed , a living space and kitchen area. **JUNIOR SUITE** smallest in the suite room category **EXECUTIVE SUITE** larger and has more amenities than junior suites **PRESIDENTIAL SUITES** largest and most expensive room offered in a hotel where usually only one (1) president suite is available in a hotel property. **VILLA** stand-alone house that gives extra privacy and space to guests and is usually seen in resorts. **ADJACENT ROOM** rooms close by or across the corridor but not side by side **ADJOINING ROOM** rooms that are side by side but do not have connecting door between them. **CONNECTING ROOM** refers to two rooms that are side by side and have connecting rooms between them. **ROOM RATES** **RACK RATE** refers to the standard rate charged for a room only in a hotel. **CORPORATE RATE** room rate offered to executive personnel who are regular guests or employees of a corporation with a contract rate with a hotel. **AIRLINE RATE** agreed-upon rate between an individual airline and a hotel as determined by the volume of business a hotel obtains from such an airline. **GROUP RATE** room rate given to bookings for a large group of people and is usually booked by travel agents or processed by a hotel's marketing and sales department. **CHILDRENS RATE** rate is charged to children at a certain age. **PACKAGE RATE** rate includes goods and services hotels designed to attract guests during low sales periods. **COMPLIMENTARY RATE** rate wherein a guest is assessed with no charge for staying in a hotel. It may be granted to tour directors, local dignitaries, or executives from the hotel's head office. **TYPE OF GUESTS** **FAMILY TRAVELERS** known as multi-generational travelers because these groups have people of varying ages. **HEATH AND WELLNESS SEEKERS** They travel for health and wellness and stay somewhere that will aid in detoxification, meditation, healthy eating, and/or physical fitness. **BOOMERS** guests are off or nearing retirement age and often have a higher travel budget. **MILLENIEAL TRAVELERS** "micro-cation" (shorter vacation) to fit their work-focused lifestyle. **GEN Z** These travelers are either in a gap year before they begin college or work, on break from college, or recently graduated. **BLEISURE (BUSINESS AND LEISURE) TRAVELERS** guests travel to conduct business but at the same time they engage in leisure activities. **VERY IMPORTANT PERSONS (VIP)** guests have privileges and receive personalized services. **SUSTAINABLE TOURISM** **SUSTAINABLE TOURISM** management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems **3 DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT** - **ECONOMY** - **SOCIETY** - **ENVIRONMENT** **SUSTAINABILITY** **-** important aspect applied to tourism \- ability of something to continue for an indefinite period of time **ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE** dependent on various resources, such as man-made and natural environments, in order to provide the attraction to tourists. **ECONOMIC ACTIVITY** provides economic opportunities and chances for local people, even in the remotest areas, to be involved in the global economy **SOCIAL WELFARE** contributes to the welfare of people, particularly the poor. **TOURISTS** considered as the primary consumers of tourism products and services, including the environmental aspect. **LOCAL COMMUNITIES/RESIDENTS** described as a diverse set of people in geographical and political boundaries. **PUBLIC SECTOR** represent the view of taxpayers and electors. **TOURISM INDUSTRY** very complex as it contains many dimensions---some of which don't even consider themselves as part of the industry. **GENERATING ZONE** entities that generate or produce tourism products and content such as travel agents, tour operators, and travel media. **TRANSITION ZONE** composed of the travel sector, such as airlines and rail companies. **DESTINATION ZONE** contains the greatest variety of tourism industry organizations as it includes many forms of hospitality **OTHER PLAYER** **VOLUNTARY SECTOR ORGANIZATION** composed of pressure groups, voluntary trusts, charities, and industry organizations that address concerns about the impacts of tourism. **MEDIA** A wide sector of the media is directly involved in tourism. **ENVIRONMENT IN TOURISM PERSPECTIVE** **ENVIRONMENT** can define as the 3 way **As the surrounding** pertains to an individual's surroundings for the duration of his/her life **As objective system of nature** associated with the natural environment which precedes and succeeds society **As perceived surrounding of a living organism** somethings that gives a sense of belonging and home. Natural Environment -- e.g., caves, mountains, beaches, seas, and oceans Wildlife -- e.g., flora and fauna and wild animals Farms -- e.g., agricultural and poultry farms Built Environment -- e.g., infrastructure, villages, cities, and buildings Natural Resources -- e.g., water and air Weather/Climate -- e.g., tropical climate, dry climate, storm, and winter season Natural Phenomena -- e.g., eclipses, tides, and volcanic eruptions **ECOSYSTEM** complex relationship and linkage between organisms **TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM** include forests, desert, grassland, and mountain ecosystems **AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM** include marine **ENVIRONMENTAL IMOACT OF TOURISM** **POSITIVE IMPACTS** **ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT** can be a cause for the development of lands of a potential destination. **SPECIES REGENERATION** Infrastructure building for tourism purposes can also help build and enhance habitats for different animals and species **ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION** can be a catalyst to start programs for environmental protection. This can be done by establishing policies that will limit the number of visitors and activities that can damage the natural resources. **PRESERVATION OF BUILDING AND MONUMNETS** Structures that hold significant or historical value to a destination may be preserved through the help of tourism. **NEGATIVE IMPACTS** **LAND DEGRATION** defined as "the temporary or permanent lowering of the productive capacity of land." **WASTE** considered as a big contributor to environmental degradation through the production of wastes. **AIR POLLUTION** caused by the release of harmful gases that affect the health of the Earth's atmosphere. **WATER POLLUTION** caused by commercial and industrial sources that discharge wastewater **LIGHT POLLUTION** described as "the excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light" **GLARE** considered as a public health hazard and can cause loss of contrast and temporary blindness in people **LIGHT TRESPASS** described as the unwanted light that enters one's property, often causing a person to lose sleep. **SKY GLOW** combination of all the reflected and upward-directed lights **VISUAL POLLUTION** described as the loss of aesthetic appeal often caused by the presence of unpleasant or distracting sights. **NOISE POLLUTION** mostly generated by the transportation sector and industrial equipment. **CLIMATE CHANGE** Tourism is quite associated with climate change as many of its components and industries operating under or in accordance with its objectives leave a heavy carbon footprint **BEACH ENROACHMENT AND CROWDING** caused by resort owners who fully exploit beach fronts. **WATER STRESS** If not properly regulated, tourism can contribute to the depletion of natural resources. **HABITAT FRAGMENTATION** caused by the destruction of natural and native vegetation to make way for the construction of tourism infrastructures **ANIMAL SPECIES EXTINCTIONS** couple of ways where tourism can contribute to the extinction of animal species. One is by exploiting animals as food products. **DAMAGE TO CORAL REEFS** caused by tourism water activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling. **ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT** **-** concerned with the environment surrounding a business \- serves as the representation of the structure, sequence, and process for the implementation of environmental corporate policy **DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER (DA0) No. 2013-19** \- executive department of the government responsible for the welfare of the country's natural resources, provided guidelines for the Ecotourism Planning and Management in the country. \- aims to recognize and operationalize ecotourism, which is defined as "a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area aimed to foster and enrich both the host community and visitor satisfaction." **ECONOMY IN TOURISM PERSPECTIVE** **ECONOMY** the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money **TOURISM MULTIPLIER EFFECT** the revenue generated by inbound tourism that flows into a country, region, or location which injects new resources into the economy **DIRECT EFFECT** caused by tourist expenditures in commodities such as accommodation, transportation, food, and attractions. **INDIRECT EFFECT** comes in the form of tourism investments, government spending for tourism development, and purchase made from suppliers of the commodities used for tourism. **DYNAMIC EFFECT** refers to the long term and large scale effects of tourism such as skill enhancements for better chances of landing a job, availability of better social services. **INDUCED EFFECT** refers to the broader contribution of tourism through the expenditure of people who are directly and indirectly employed by the tourism industry such as food, beverage, clothing, and recreation. **POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS** **JOB CREATION** tourism has a wide job market ranging from entry-level positions **LIVELIHOOD** creates opportunities for small-scale businesses, of which is beneficial to the economy. **SHARE OF TOURISM INCOME** pertains to the economic impact of tourism in which the places of origin and transit routes going to the destination also take its share of tourism-generated income. **TAXES AND FEES** government earns from tourism by imposing various fees in processing tourism-related documents **NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS** **LEAKAGE** mostly accustomed to supplies sourced outside a tourist destination. **SEASONALITY OF JOBS** Some argue that tourism employees are subject to low job security. **OVERDEPENDENCE** tourism presents investment opportunities, local communities tend to rely on the industry as the main source of their income and economic improvement**.** **OPPORTUNITY COST** Tourism development, when prioritized by the government, can take a huge part of the national budget. **TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TOURISM** **TOURISM CONSUMPTION** total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at the destination **VISITOR** defined as a person traveling for both leisure and business. **EMERGENCE OF NEW DESTINATIONS** Tourism for the past few years has continued its progress through the emergence of new destinations. **FILLING THE ECONOMIC IMBALANCE** World tourism can contribute to the establishment of a new international economic order that will help to eliminate the widening economic imbalance between developed and developing countries and ensure the steady acceleration of economic and social development and progress, in particular in developing countries. **TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMIC GROWTH** **FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNING** can contribute to the balance of payments, especially for developing countries. **SOURCE OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT** Tourism generates employment and livelihood opportunities, especially for local communities who are dependent on tourism as their main source of income. **PROMPTS LOCAL COMPETITION AND INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE** Tourism encourages infrastructure development of other economic sectors and human capital development which provides people, especially local communities, with programs that will help develop technical skills. **TOUR AND TRAVEL** **TRAVEL AGENCY** **-**very important component of the tourism industry that helps facilitate travel. \- It operates as a legally appointed agent, representing the principal in a certain geographic area. **TRAVEL AGENT** person who represents a travel agency. \- direct point of contact for a traveler who is researching and intending to purchase packages and experiences through an agency \- specialist in certain types of travel \- can help travelers when they seek advice about their trips. **TYPES OF TRAVEL AGENT** **IATA TRAVEL AGENTS** **-** can help travelers when they seek advice about their trips \- they are trusted by the airlines to issue tickets, directly oversee the rebooking, reissuance, or revalidation of tickets **NON-IATA TRAVEL AGENTS** \- they are not accredited by IATA. -Not authorized to issue tickets. **TYPES OF TRAVEL AGENCY** **INDEPENDENT** offers a limited number of services, which may be specialized, that has a reputation for personal service and that can be family-owned or owned by an individual **MINIPLE** located in a certain region **MULTIPLE** located in many different areas of a particular country that are on main high streets or inside shopping centers. **E AGENT** also known as the online travel agent that can also be a major tour operator. **HOLIDAY HYPERMARKET** comprised of huge retail travel agencies that can also be in huge shopping centers. **HOMEWORKER** refers to home-based travel agents or people who are working from home---both part time or full time **SPECIALIST** specializes in particular types of holidays **HISTORY OF TRAVEL AGENCY** **COX & KINGS (1758)** \- first travel agency and is considered as the longest travel and tours company in the world. \- founded by Richard Cox who was chosen to be the general agent to the regiment of Foot Guards in India under the command of Lord Ligonier. \- He went on a partnership in the year 1765 with Mr. Drummond, whose family ran the London Bank, and had flourished their partnership becoming agents for eight (8) more regiments. **THOMAS COOK (1841)** \- known as the "father of travel agency." \- the first person to organize a packaged tour, especially for travel by groups. In 1926, Thomas Cook opened his headquarters in the very fashionable Berkeley Street in London. **AVIATION DEVELOPMENT (1920s)** **-** This era helped travel agencies boom as a business because of commercial aviation \- Many of the brands that are familiar today, such as the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (also known as Qantas), Delta, American Airways (today's American Airlines), and Pan American World Airways (PanAm), were formed at this time. **POST WORLD WAR II (1947-1953)** -Countless travel agencies were already present since Cox & Kings, which was believed to be the first travel agency. -middle-class people were the target market of the travel agents. -Travel agencies became more popular particularly to the high-class society who wanted a hassle-free vacation. \- People began to realize that it was very convenient and practical for them to have a package holiday tour rather than doing all things by themselves, like planning and preparing. **AIRLINE RESERVATION (1960s)** **-** On a parallel track with the growth of the airlines was the growth of travel agencies. Many travel agencies became important sales and booking channels for the airlines. \- As airline routes and booking processes became more complicated, travel agents became a more popular method for consumers to book their airline tickets. -travel agents wanted more access to airline schedules and fares so they could sell tickets more efficiently and automate their side of the booking process. **PRESENT TIME** **-**There are various travel agencies nowadays. As the time changes, the demand also changes with different trends. Travelers expect more options and a customized approach in their travel needs. Changes in booking and reservation can also be observed. **ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF A TRAVEL AGENCY** **PROVIDE INFORMATION AND EXPERTISE** travel agency can serve as the source of information, especially for first-time travelers. It can provide a brief history, culture of the people, and specialties of a traveler\'s target destination. **RECOMMEND A PARTICULAR DESTINATION, SUPPLIERS, PRODUCTS, AND SERVICES THAT TAILOR FIT THE NEEDS OF CLIENT** travel agency can recommend a specific mode of transportation or an airline schedule that best suits the client\'s location preference, budget, and the purpose of the travel itself. **ASSIST IN SECURING TOURIST OR BUSINESS TRAVEL DOCUMENTS** travel agency can assist in securing the necessary travel documents. **PASSPORT** is an official travel document provided by the government of a country which proves that the owner is a citizen of that particular country. **VISA** an official document or mark made on a passport that will enable one to enter or leave a particular country. **Take care of travel arrangements by placing a reservation, obtaining confirmation, and issuing corresponding tickets or tour vouchers** travel agency can determine the total cost of the travel arrangements and the issuance of the transportation documents and tour vouchers. **ASSIST IN CASE OF REFUNDS AND CANCELLATIONS** travel agency may assist a client to secure the refund from the supplier of services. **ENSURE THE CLIENT SAFETY** travel agencies found a way to avoid being liable and any form of misuse or misconception by asking their clients to sign a waiver**.** **MAKE TIME-SAVING ITINERARIES** travel agencies can help clients maximize their tour/trip, most especially for those who have limited time. **ITINERARY** travel document that serves as a record of the schedule, timetable, agenda, program, tour, destination, accommodation, and mode of transportation for a trip or tour. **SKILLS REQUIRED IN TRAVEL AGENCY MANAGEMENT** **VERBAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION** ability to speak clearly and directly, to establish and use networks **ABILITY TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY AND WITH A TEAM** ability to know how to define one's role as a member of a team and identify the strengths and weaknesses of team members. **PROBLEM-SOLVING** ability to develop creative, innovative, and practical solutions, to show independence and initiative to identify and solve problems **INITIATIVE** can translate ideas to action **PLANNING AND ORGANIZING** can manage time wisely and set prioritize **INTEREST AND WILLING TO LEARN** has enthusiasm for continuous learning. **TECHNOLOGY-SAVVY** has foundation of basic information technology **ABILITY TO THINK ON ONE'S OWN FEET** ability to think and react quickly. **MATURITY** has a sense of responsibility. **ABILITY TO CREATE RAPPORT WITH DIFFERENT KIND OF PEOPLE** has no issue to work across different ages irrespective of gender, race, religion, or political persuasion. **CONFIDENCE** ability to express oneself confidently and has self-recognition. **LEADERSHIP** has adaptability or the ability to adjust to change **TRAVEL AGENCY REVENEUS** **PACKAGE TOUR COMMISSION** **-**Selling package tours has become an appealing business option for travel agencies \- They earn commissions or incentives after selling the suppliers\' products and services which are inclusive in package tours. **HOTEL ROOM RESERVATION COMMISSION** \- Travel agencies generally find the sale of hotel rooms for a certain duration as very profitable and attractive than other sources of income **TRANSPORT BOOKING COMMISSION** Earning commissions for reservation of ground transport is a traditional source that a travel agency heavily depends on while booking different types of transports for their own clients. **MICE COMMISSION** **-**Specialized event management companies deal with trade fair, exhibitions, conference, conventions, congress, political rally, and meetings of different scale and size **TRANSACTION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE COMMISSION** \- They also earn commission from the wholesale foreign exchange dealer for the transactions of foreign currencies. **INSURANCE COMMISSION** \- Insurance companies offer commission on the insurance policy. **REVENUE FROM BANK INTEREST** -Travel agencies get time to rotate the money or go for term deposits for which they can get interest or make down payments for borrowing loans from banks. **REVENUE FROM CARD PAYMENTS** \- travel agencies get a percentage if their clients opt for card payment. **ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A TRAVEL AGENCY** **SMALL-SIZED TRAVEL AGENCY** -no more than 10 employees -managers supervising all the three department **MEDIUM-SIZE TRAVEL AGENCY** -had about 20 or so employees with 3 department heads **LARGE-SIZED TRAVEL AGENCY** -has at least 30 employees headed by the managing director or a general manager **TOUR OPERATOR** **TOUR OPERATOR** controls, books, devises the whole trip, and typically combines tour and travel components to create a package holiday. **PACKAGE HOLIDAY** refers to the arranged combination of at least two (2) of the following travel components: transport, accommodation, and other tourist services that account for a significant proportion of the package. **TYPES OF TOUR OPERATOR** **LOCAL TOUR OPERATOR (LTO)** operator caters to both local and foreign travelers visiting the destination where the tour operator is based. **DOMESTIC TOUR OPERATOR (DTO)** provides local associations, schools, companies and corporations and, occasionally, individual travelers their summer outings, out-of-town meetings, and incentive trips to national destinations. **INBOUND TOUR OPERATOR (ITO)** locally based and works to promote the destination as a whole to non-residents traveling to another country. **OUTBOUND TOUR OPERATOR (OTO)** designs and assembles tour packages for the residents of a country where the tour operator company is based---either foreign or local, bound to destinations overseas. **ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF A TOUR OPERATOR** **CONCEPTUALIZES PLANS AND DEVELOPS TOUR PACKAGE** meet the needs of a specific client to address the perceived needs of a target market **Ad-hoc Tour Package** tour operator plans and develops a tour package based on a set of specific travel components provided by a specific request. **Regular Tour Package** tour operator puts together a tour package without considering the specific and special interest or requirements of a certain traveler or group. **NEGOTIATES WITH SUPPLIERS OF TRAVEL SERVICE** having access to negotiated rates from travel suppliers who are more competitive than retail prices. **ASSEMBLES AND INTEGRATES THE VARIOUS TRAVEL COMPONENTS INTO A SINGLE TOUR PACKAGE** **-**tour operator acts as an integrator. -It also contracts the most suitable or competitive travel components of transportation, accommodations, and other services, and combines these into a single tour package **PROVIDES THE MOST CONVENIENT OPTION** tour operators\' capability to provide the most suitable option for the tourists to stay in, visit, or leave the city **TOUR OPERATOR REVENUES** **VARIABLE MARK-UP BASED ON THE CONTRACTED RATE FROM THE SUPPLIER** contracted rate is negotiated based on the tour operator's production track record, its market potential, or influence **SEEKING AND NEGOTIATING FOR FAVORABLE TERMS, CONDITION AND CONCESSIONS** tour operator can gain an advantage which may translate to additional revenues or favorable purchase conditions over its competitors. **CONCESSION** means a thing is granted especially in response to demands. **SALE OF OPTIONAL TOURS, EXCURSION, AND EXTENDED STAYS** This means that the sale of a service which is excluded from the price of the original tour package purchased. **EXCURSION** means a short journey or trip **SHOPPING COMMISSION ON SALES GENERATED** Souvenir shops may grant a tour operator with commissions depending on the number of generated sales.