Curriculum Review PDF

LESSON 1: THE TEACHER AND THE CURRICULUM Curriculum -written document or a plan of action to accomplish goals; a body of subjects or a subject matter. -dynamic as the changes that occur in society. CURRICULUM FROM DIFFERENT POV Traditional POV - listing of subjects, teacher center...

LESSON 1: THE TEACHER AND THE CURRICULUM Curriculum -written document or a plan of action to accomplish goals; a body of subjects or a subject matter. -dynamic as the changes that occur in society. CURRICULUM FROM DIFFERENT POV Traditional POV - listing of subjects, teacher centered, narrow sense. Progressive POV - total learning experiences, learner-centered, broader sense. Etymology - Latin word ‘Currere’ which means ‘race course’ or a runway -Instructional & the eductive programme by following whic the students achieve their goals. Traditional POV - Robert M. Hutchins - “permanent studies”, where the rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic and mathematics for basic education are emphasized. The 3Rs should be emphasized and college education should be grounded on liberal education. - Arthur Bestor - focus of the curriculum is the fundamental intellectual discipline of grammar, literature and writing which also include mathematics, science, history and foreign language. - Joseph Schwab - discipline is the sole source of curriculum. - Philip Phenix - Curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge which comes from various disciplines. Most of the traditional ideas view curriculum as written documents or a plan of action in accomplishing goals. Progressive POV - John Dewey - reflective thinking is important. It is a tool to unify all the curricular elements, such as aims, goals, and objectives; subject matter/content; learning experiences; and evaluation approaches. - Hollis Caswell and Doak Campbell - “all experiences children have under the guidance of the teachers”. curriculum should contain all the experiences needed by the children to learn, and a teacher should only act as a guide or facilitator.(Bilbao et.al., 2020) - Othaniel Smith, William O. Stanley and J. Harian Shores - “a sequence of potential experiences set up in the schools for the purpose of disciplining the children and the youth while doing group activities.”(Bilbaoet.al., 2020) - Colin J. Marsh and George Willis - experiences are done in the classrooms. LESSON 2: Types of Curricula in School TYPES OF CURRICULA 1. Recommended Curriculum – used by all schools. Examples: (DepEd), (CHED), TESDA.(mga associations ng govt and non-govt.) 2. Written Curriculum – course of study, modules, syllabi, scope and sequence, instructional guides. 3. Taught Curriculum – written curriculum has to be implemented. Teachers and the learners will put life to the planned activities. 4. Supported Curriculum –supported by available resources provided by a teacher to make teaching and learning experiences meaningful. Examples: computer, laptop, laboratory. 5. Assessed Curriculum – refers to a tested or evaluated curriculum. A series of evaluations done by the teacher to determine the extent of teaching or to tell if the students are progressing. Examples: diagnostic assessment, formative assessment, summative assessment. 6. Learned Curriculum – learning outcomes are achieved by the students. Results of the tests and changes in behavior which can either be cognitive, affective, or psychomotor. Example: a student who developed his/her comprehension skills, learners demonstrated higher order and critical thinking skills. (Bilbao et.al., 2020) 7. Hidden Curriculum – unintentional lessons or influences that modify behavior or affect learning outcomes. These arise from the school environment, social media, parental pressures, peer influence, and external events like calamities. (wala sa plano pero nangyari, like suspended ang klase kc may bagyo). 8. Null curriculum - topics, knowledge, or skills that are deliberately excluded or ignored in formal education. (planado pero hindi itinuro, like types of tailoring kay sir ferds hehe). Lesson 3: Foundations of Curriculum Duration A. Philosophical Foundations of curriculum Philosophy is a form of thinking that is meant to guide question and to prescribe a way of life. Branches of Philosophy - Metaphysics - Epistemology - Axiology - Logic Metaphysics - eludicates the nature of reality, of what exist in the world, what is like and how it is ordered. (what u see is what u believe). Epistemology - study of knowledge. (agree ang lahat sa mga opinions, lahat sa kanila ay tama) Axiology - study of goodness or the worth of something or classifying things. what is good, bad, right, or wrong. Logic - nature & structure of arguments. Four Educational Philosophies (report ni mj) PERENNIALISM - latin word ‘perennis’ means eternal. A teacher-centered educational philosophy that focuses on everlasting. Cultural literacy, universal truths, aims to develop critical thinking. PERENNIALISM (sa sinend ni ma’am) Aim/s Role of Education Educates the rational person; to cultivate the intellect Focus in the Curriculum Classical subjects, literary analysis and curriculum is constant. Curriculum Trends Use of great books and return to liberal arts. ESSENTIALISM - teacher-centered, emphasizes learning skills through traditional subjects like reading. - Traditional, focus on core acad subjects, passive learning. - Concept of freedom. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) - which recognizes a person as free to decide the course of his or her own life and actions. Sartre believed in two types of reality: existence in itself, and existence for itself. Karl Jaspers (1883-1969) - According to Jaspers, confronting anxiety requires authentic self-realization, where individuals embrace their freedom, take responsibility, and choose their own life path. A key theme in his existentialism is the concept of transcendence. ESSENTIALISM (sa sinend ni ma’am) Aim/s Promotes the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a competent person. Role of Education Teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of specialization. Focus in the Curriculum Essential skills of the 3R’s and essential subjects of English, Science, History, Math and Foreign Language. Curriculum Trends Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy. Progressivism (student-centered) - John dewey - implementation of an economy in which students are rewarded for complying with adult expectations.  Child-centered learning Hands-on, experiential learning Holistic development Critical thinking and problem-solving Collaborative and social learning PROGRESSIVISM (sinend ni maam) Aim/s Promotes democratic and social living. Role of Education Knowledge leads to growth and development of lifelong learners actively learn by doing. Focus in the Curriculum Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum is focused on student’s interest, human problems and affairs. Curriculum Trends School reforms, relevant and contextualized curriculum, humanistic education. RECONSTRUCTIVISM - It questions the existing standards in order to provide new perspectives to the social, political, economical and other related issues. Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) - He believed that education had the responsibility to mold human beings into a cohesive and compassionate society. John Dewey - we need “a theory of experience in order that education may be intelligently conducted upon the basis of experience”. RECONSTRUCTIVISM (sinend ni maam) Aim/s Improves and reconstruct society education for change. Role of Education Teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational projects Focus in the Curriculum Focuses on the present and future trends and issues of national and international interests. Curriculum Trends Equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global education. B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM Pyschology - study of mind and behavior. - Curriculum is influenced by psychology. - Psychology provides information about the teaching & learning process. - It also seeks answers to how curriculum can be organized. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES - Behaviourist - Cognitive - humanistic Behaviourist psychology (Teacher-centered) - Human behavior consists of reflexes & behaviors learned. - Associated with habits, & routines that set by teacher. Proponents under behaviorist psychology Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) - American psychologist - Theory of connectionism - behavioral reactions to certain stimuli are learned through trial & error, which modifies the brain connections between the stimuli & the most satisfying responses. Theories of learning a. Law of effect - Actions followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated. - Actions followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. b. Law of exercise (the more na ginagawa nila yung isang bagay, the more na mas mapapractice nila yung ability nila to solve similar problems in the future.) - Repeated practice can strengthen learning, but reinforcement is necessary to make it effective. Practice without meaningful feedback may not lead to successful learning. - Connections between stimuli and responses are strengthened with practice (repetition). - If an action is not repeated, the connection weakens. c. Law of readiness - learner's preparedness to learn or perform a task. Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) - Tyler Model of Curriculum - linear model that contains four (4) concepts; - determining objectives, - identifying experiences, - organizing experiences, - evaluating effectiveness. Hilda Taba (1902-1967) - Created a multi-purpose teaching model that utilizes the use of multiple processes: listing, grouping, labeling, regrouping, and synthesizing. - Taba’s Curriculum Model - long process of curriculum delevopment - Her work focused on improving and organizing instructional methods to enhance learning outcomes. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Classical Conditioning Theory which means learning through association wherein process involves two stimuli which are linked to arouse a response from a person who learned. - Laws of Conditioned Reflex. Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990) - The Father of Operant Conditioning. - Learning is a process of conditioning in an environment of stimulus, reward, and punishment  - He conducted numerous experiments to illustrate these principles, often using a device called the "Skinner box" or "operant conditioning chamber." Albert Bandura (1925-2021) Social Learning Theory - observation, imitation, and modeling in the learning process. Robert Gagne (1916-2002) - known for his work in instructional design and the development of educational theories. - His most notable contributions include the "Conditions of Learning" and the "Nine Events of Instruction." COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (report ni jijie) - focus on how individuals process information, monitor and manage their thinking. Advocates of Cognitive Psychology Jean Piaget (1896-1980) - Cognitive Development stage (from birth to maturity) Assimilation (incorporation of new learning) Accomodation (Learning modification and adaption) and; Equilibiration (Balance between previous and later learning) Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) - Cultural transmission and development stage, children can perform cognitive actions prior to developmental stage - Social Constructivism. - Pedagogy create learning process that lead to development. Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences; humans have different ways of processing information and these ways are relatively independent of one another. Felder and Silverman - he proposed the four dimensions of learning styles such as intuitive, verbal, reflective, and global. Daniel Goleman - he gave emphasis that emotion contains the power to affect action which he called Emotional Quotient. GOOD LUCK GUYSSS!!! WE CAN ACE DIS ^^