Reviewer Lesson 6-9 PDF

KEY POINTS TO REVIEW Material Self itself into a novel identity politics in which Diderot Effect (from the French philosopher Denis...

KEY POINTS TO REVIEW Material Self itself into a novel identity politics in which Diderot Effect (from the French philosopher Denis business itself plays in forging identities Diderot)- This phenomenon suggests that one conducive to buying and selling.” innocent purchase can unexpectedly spiral into Agrarian Orientation - From their perspective, food an endless cycle of complementary is not so much bought as they are planted and consumption. eventually harvested. William James (1842-1910) – says that: o It it’s Rolans Barthes - To see someone not seeing is the wildest possible sense, a man’s life is the sum of best way of seeing intensely what he doesn’t what he can call his. see. o An individual selfhood can be broken Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1913)- Meanings are down into several fragments, with the based off conventions and are, by nature, material self being one. arbitrary. Words, therefore, are unmotivated o Human is composed of three parts – soul, signs, with no fixed definitions. body, and clothes. Semiotics – the study of signs and symbols. o Material Loss – shrinkage of personality; we die a little every time we lose some of our personality. Hermann Lotze in Microcosmus asserted that each time we wear garments of varying kind is a a chance for us to bring them into relationship with the surface of our body and inject them with the very “consciousness of our personal existence”. Benjamin Barber – consumerism has attached  Figure1. Semiotics diagram (Harvey, 2014) The relationship between the two is never stable Anchorage – underlines the importance of text in and can change overtime, either synchronically (at a given point) or diachronically (over a making sense of an image. relative period of time.) Relay – puts an emphasis on a more Meanings assigned to words are said to be complementary relationship between the two. relational; that is, one cannot be defined as BUYER DECISION PROCESS BY PHILIP KOTLER complete isolation from others (Barry, 2022) Paradigmic Chain – a continuum of words with identical functions that can serve as substitutes for each other, though some may not be as neutral when used. Langue – language as a structure that dictates and conventions. Parole – Any given linguistic fragment or item extracted from that very source. Example of Langue Parole: Calvinist Principle - “If we are to pass through earth, we ought undoubtedly to make such a use Example: Suppose someone listens to a word in Hindi. of its blessings as will rather assist than retard in That someone does not know Hindi. Hindi as a Langue our journey.” – John Calvin (the grand structure) remains intact someone knows it or not. However, someone from our example will o For Calvin, it is through consumption of have to depend on Hindi as a Langue to be able to use material goods that people can truly it (Parole). fulfill God’s desires (Van Tassel and McAharen, 1696) In Action: You understand the word “small” only o He believed that consumption and because you understand the word “large”. Small wealth accumulation are divine acts, he and large, both words, are part of Langue. Your understanding of the word small is Parole. specified that it must be done in moderation. Marxist Perspective – No production without a need. But consumption reproduces that need. o Karl Marx – it is the society that determines the Denotation consciousness; economic imperatives dictate - Object language how we think or decide. - Literal meaning of something. o Material Life – with its modes of Conotation production, defines the processes of the - Culture-specific meaning of and ideologies self; social, political, or spiritual (Marx, 1964). o Comodity Fetishism - In this context, this can pertain to how certain goods are given high monetary value with no regard for the labor that went into its creation, thus effectively becoming but  fetishized commodities stripped off their human essence (Felluga,2005). o Alienation KEYWORDS OF MATERIAL SELF Ascetism – a lifestyle of radical simplicity, often characterized by mental and physical discipline (McGuckin, 2011) Class consciousness – the self-awareness of ruling class to a specific class. Proletariats – workers who have no means of production of their own and are forced to sell their labor power to buy stuff and pay bills. Ruling Class – centralizes power to itself and performs the majority of political functions in a given society. KEY POINTS TO REVIEW Spiritual Self Every individual, has a spiritual belief and action which manifest the belief of that person. practices that create a pattern in their lives and The strength of the spiritual self is determined by set the standard for one’s morality. the depth of that person’s belief. The religious practice, on the other hand is the  o St. Tomas Aquinas - each living thing has a RELIGIOUS BELIEFS soul and that Physical death is not the end. o o For the Christians, the belief is that man was Hinduism - the atman ( “ breath” or soul”) is the created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). universal, eternal life, of which each individual The Christian God would be the most soul (jiva or jiva-atman) partakes. o Buddhism common belief in the Philippines. He is the negates the concept not only of the individual all-knowing, all-good, Alpha and Omega. He self but of the Atman (The Soul Itself) as well. is also God the Father, God the Son and the o The Muslims also believed that the soul Holy Spirit. existed at the same time as the body but o For Buddhism and Hinduism, man’s goal is to that it will survive bodily death which will reach Nirvana. then have a life of its own. o In the case of the Muslims, the name o Animism is a belief of our ancestor that souls Muslims itself means one who surrenders are quasi-physical and can exist outside the and submit to Allah and his laws. For Islam, body. A soul can be transferred from one the second largest religion in the body to another and persists after death of Philippines, God is Allah. Jesus is not the body as “multo” (ghost). considered as the Messiah, but as one of According To A Study Done By Sosis, The Main the prophets who was shown one of the Benefit Of Religion Promotion Of Cooperation gospels- Taurah,(Quran 4:171). As An Effective Social Mechanism (Sosis, o Protestantism was introduced to us by 2004). Americans. Salvation through Christ Jesus o Rituals (patterned behavior) are forms was deeply emphasized and one must be of communication which signifies born again and accept Jesus Christ as the commitment to other members of the Lord and Savior. group. o Iglesia ni Cristo believes that God is not the o It gives assurance that they will not be Holy Trinity but a singular Being. free riders. o Buddhism has been felt too and it is believed to have found its way here during the 6th - 7th century. Worship is done as sign of Edward Tylor – magic is not part of religion as respect rather than veneration. there is no spirit involved. Animism – Inanimate objects may be worshipped, James Frazer (1890), magic is the initial step like trees, plants, sun, sea or it could also be all before it becomes a religion, which then will of them at the same time. evolve into science. o Tawo of Bicol - communicate by staying in its Emile Durkheim (1912) on the other hand, says invisible form or it can enter another that religious rituals involve the community person’s body. whereas, magic gravitates on the needs and o Pagali - From the study conducted by wants of an individual only. Mckenna (1996), a muslim woman was Witchcraft on the other, is a different matter. It asked how they justify holy war, “The Pagali generally refers to individuals who Has a are large crocodiles. Spirit crocodiles still innate ability to do evil. Witchcraft is exist because they assisted the fighters generally associated with immoral and during the rebellion. antisocial such as greed, vengeance, and envy (Stein and Stein, 2011). Concept of Dungan – Spirit or Soul o Early Greek Philosophers, namely Socrates Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist who was imprisoned and Plato (The Republic, 381 BC) have for three years in a concentration camp during elevated the position of the soul by saying World War II provides three ways of that man is soul only. discovering the meaning of life.  Logotheraphy – finding the meaning of life Frankl whose aim is the striving of o by creating a work or doing a one’s meaning identifies in his/her deed; life. Meaning in one’s life is the most o experiencing some thing or powerful motivation for survival and encountering someone and continued life. o by the attitude we take toward Magic – methods that somehow unavoidable suffering interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about particular outcomes. Soul – also considered as spirit which is seen as that part of human beings that will exist even after death Ritual - patterned, recurring sequence of events. Religious Rituals – ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature. Witchcraft – anything that involves KEY TERMS IN LESSON 7 doing something evil. Logotheraphy – developed by Victor - KEY POINTS TO REVIEW Political Self According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Art 4, Sec identity between the democratic practice and the 1, these are the citizens of the Philippines: Those who beliefs and practices of the Filipinos. are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the Therefore, there is a need to write our definitions adaptation of this Constitution; of democracy. It has to be a definition that will tell us this is OUR government, written by the 1. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of sweat of its people and guarded by their hearts. the Philippines; “Democracy is a process, fundamentally a way of 2. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino life, a means of relating with other individuals, mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon groups and the state, and a collective process of reaching the age of majority; and decision-making in order to attain political liberty, social justice and equity” (Diokno, 1997. 3. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law P19) Dr. Jose P. Rizal - person of enlightenment and According To Art. 2 Sec. 5 of the 1987 Philippine education and one of the Ilustrados; Has an Constitution., Three Things Should Be Provided objective to prove that Filipinos are not Indios By The Government Before We Can Enjoy due to race jealousy. Democracy. "Indio" is a Spanish colonial racial term for the 1. Maintenance of peace and order natives born in Philippines. They are originally as 2. Protection of life, liberty and property indigenous people in the Philippines used by the 3. Promotion of general welfare Spaniards. There is a negative connotation attached to it equivalent to "Idiot". A TYPICAL GOOD CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES Antonio De Morga – his book was discovered by 1. Diligent Taxpayer Rizal as he did his research about the proofs that 2. Honest Voter Filipinos are not Indio. 3. One who follows traffic rules Americans – the colonizers who brought the idea 4. Defends who cannot defend themselves of democracy in the Philippines. 5. Cares for the Environment Democracy - The inception of democracy was 6. Honors equality between men and derived from the colonizer’s (specifically the women Americans) traditions and continued by the elite. 7. Deliberative process This ideology was handed down to us by the 8. Asserts one’s rights Americans and we have been taught to pattern PHILIPPINE POLITICAL CULTURE- A PROBLEM OF ourselves according to their brand of VARIATION government. ⎯ In assessing the Philippine political culture, it is The idea of democracy did not emerge from our necessary for us to understand the cultural identity but it was forced on us and rigidly background of the citizens and when I say citizens, shaped this would include the majority and the countless, us and our identity according to the definition names minority out there. This is important given by our colonizers, most especially the US. A because as has been discussed earlier, one of the true democracy is a rule coming from the people do problems is the was we prioritize the immediate not understand it- how can they that they are the community we are in- in this case the family. Thus, ones who rule? The problem lies now in the lack of if the citizens feel removed from the bigger  community in which they belong, then we cannot us to establish a democratic culture, the following accept nationalism in them values are necessary: Respect for and affirmation of the TWO CATEGORIES OF COMMUNITY individual. 1. MINORITY Recognition of the inherent dignity of all They are a culturally, ethnically, or racially human beings. distinct group that coexist with but is Concern for the public good. subordinate to more dominant group Willingness to listen to others. (Britannica, Sociology) 2. Majority – They are often characterized by KEY WORDS OF LESSON 8 Tagalog/English speakers and with Citizenship – one’s political identity in one Christianity/Catholicism as the basis of state faith. Constitution – the highest law of the land Democracy – a form of government who’s Art. 2 Sec. 12 ideal is that all the adult members of a state o The state recognizes the sanctity of family should enjoy the right to participate om life and shall protect and strengthen the deciding public matters. family as a basic autonomous social Nationalism – loyalty and devotion to one’s institution… nation. o The participation should not be only National Identity – may be viewed as the through election but more importantly, in set of meanings and predispositions the decision on how they should continue defining one’s attachment or sense of with their way of living without destroying belonging to a national community. their unique culture. Participative Democracy – emphasis on the participation of the members to the “The citizen must be not just free or not just different political processes. responsible; the citizen must be free and Race Jealousy – a consciousness to prove responsible” (Diokno, 1997). that Filipinos are equal with another race. As suggested by Zialcitta(1997, p39-68) in order for KEY POINTS TO REVIEW  Self in the Cyberspace refers to one’s perception of the self, or also known as selfhood or subjectivity. ORALITY - Oral past where people speak of their We are not just individuals but also known as narratives with little to no technological aid. users. MULTIPHRENIA - The idea that countless alternatives to self-expression neuters identity ELEMENTS OF THE DRAMATURGY OF THE SELF formation. – Kenneth Gergen, 1991 1. PERFORMANCE – Based on Erving ABSTRACTION – non-physical properties one Goffman framework, performance gets to try and interact with when consuming explicitly refers to the set of activities in technology. which the self participates in front of In Kimberly Rosenfeld’s estimation, varying others. manifestations of abstraction can be mapped on 2. SETTING – This primarily centers on the a continuum, ranging from the least abstract to scenery where an interaction will take most abstract. place. 3. APPEARANCE – The function of 1. Real-Life Reality - Life away from digital appearance rests mainly on its ability devices and interactions happen on to portray the self’s various statuses, physical level. with 2. Simulation - Offers uncanny one of its several props being a person’s representations of real-world aspects, attire of choice. and can also be used for instructions. 4. MANNER – This pertains to how an actor 3. Augmented Reality - It permits you to sends various signals to the audience to simultaneously interact with both the ultimately inform them in advance of the tangible world and various digital add role he/she seeks or is about to perform. ons for a more enhanced experience. 5. FRONT – This works as a kind of social 4. Virtual Reality - A type of abstraction script that actors follow for a more guided that is completely detached from real performance. life reality. 5. Hyperreality - More of a state of mind; IDENTITY CRISIS inability to distinguish the real from the o Anonymity As identified by Andrew otherwise. According to the cultural Wood & Matthew Smith (2005), theorist, Jean Baudrillard, simulation is anonymity, is an act of communicating the generation by models of a real wherein the sender does not openly without origin or reality: a hyperreal. reveal his/her identity. CYBERSELF IDENTITY - According to Rob Cover (2016), o Pesudonimity - Pseudonymity affords a user with a “self”, a stylized or refashioned one. o Multiphrenia – the idea that countless alternatives to self expression neuters’ identity Online Disinhibition Effect – the removal of social formation. inhibitions and/or restrictions imposed upon people’s behavior when engaging in the web. o Abstraction – the non-physical properties one gets to o Benign Disinhibition – is basically the relatively try and positive side of the said effect. interact with when consuming Centered on online avenues that technology. encourage emotional growth and positive self-disclosure. o Anonymity – the act of o Toxic Disinhibition – pertain to anonymous communicating wherein the consumption of online pornography, sender does not openly reveal disparaging remarks, death threats, his/her identity. blackmails and hate slurs, among others, that a user o Pseudonymity – same as might relish in. anonymity, but the sender takes on alternative personas. o Online Disinhibition Effect – the removal of social inhibitions Online Disinhibition: The Causes and/or restrictions imposed upon people’s behavior when engaging in the web. John Suler posits six factors that often cause online disinhibition that they are as follows: o Dissociative Anonymity (‘’People DON’T Know Me’’) – This is the confidence you feel every time you anonymously engage in online activities. o Invisibility (‘’People Can’t See Me’’) – In this factor, you can sometimes intentionally misinterpret yourself to come across as an entirely different person. o Asynchronicity (‘’See You When I See You’’) – Time is very important element in face-to-face communications. o Solipsistic Introjection (‘’It’s All in The Mind’’) – In this regard, you unconsciously recite in your head both the messages you send and those deployed your way. o Dissociative Imagination (‘’It’s All a Play’’) – this is the faulty belief that online interaction is a game, and whose rules you can easily break with no perceived implications. o Minimization of the Status and Authority (‘’Your Rules Don’t Work Online’’) – Online, people are perceived to be equals. Keywords for Lesson 9