Lesson 1 - What is Philosophy? PDF

What is Philosophy? MODULE 1 LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students will be able to: ❑ Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view ❑ Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection ❑ Realize the value of doing philosophy in ob...

What is Philosophy? MODULE 1 LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students will be able to: ❑ Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view ❑ Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection ❑ Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life ❑ Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from holistic perspective The use of the term philosophy is attributed to Pythagoras as he is said to be the first to use it when he differentiated the three classes of people who attend the ancient Olympic Games as: Lovers of Gain BEST CLASS freepik.com Lovers of Honor Lovers of Knowledge https://d33e3vv6sjfy9c.cloudfront.net/media/2188/original/1de48c1d9114a24 https://www.floridacareercollege.edu/wp- 4357a.jpg content/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/The-Do%E2%80%99s-and- Don%E2%80%99ts-for-Successful-Studying-Florida-Career-College.jpg  What is Philosophy? Etymologically, the word “philosophy” comes from two Greek words, Philo, meaning “to love”, and Sophia, meaning “wisdom”. APPROACHES OF PHILOSOPHY  01 Philosophical approach is systematic. It follows certain steps or it employs certain SCIENTIFIC procedures. In other words, it is an organized body of APPROACH knowledge just like any other sciences.  Philosophy investigates things, nor NATURAL by using any other laboratory LIGHT instrument or investigative tool, neither on the basis of supernatural OF REASON revelation, otherwise it becomes 02 theology; instead, the philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or so- called unaided reason.  03 This sets the distinction between philosophy from other STUDY OF sciences. All other sciences ALLTHINGS concern themselves with a particular object of investigation.  What is Philosophy? Philosophy is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things. Consider these principles: PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE a thing, idea, or person always – Everything must either be has a name, a concept, and a or not be; there is no middle characteristic for that thing to ground conceivable. exist. PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON – it denies that a thing can be – Nothing happens without a and not be at the same time. sufficient reason for its being and existence.  THREE CONCEPTS OF PHILOSOPHY That people, though unconsciously, have a philosophy in life: “The fundamental values are some basic assumption about things, persons, institutions, and others which from presuppositions that influence one's beliefs, decisions, and actions.” The activity of reflecting on and analyzing one’s beliefs or reasons for actions or decisions could be a kind of philosophy as well. Philosophy could also be constructed as a belief or a value system that shows a universal and comprehensive character as a result of reflection and analysis in a more comprehensive and systematic manner. Another view on philosophy is as a study of subjects which can be understood on how they are talked about. In other words, philosophical understanding is not making some discovery about the word, but deciding on how to talk. Talking about subject means: 1.) Investigating the meaning of concepts or proposals of a new term in order to advance some area of philosophical inquiry. 2.) Critiquing the use of these terms 3.) A combination of both. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY https://www.stocklib.com/ Metaphysics is traditionally defined as branch of physics that deals with the most general and abstract questions, such as those pertaining to the nature of existence, the categories of space and time, the existence of God, or the immortality of the human soul. https://www.stocklib.com/ METAPHYSICS 01 Ethics, which is derived from the Greek term ethos meaning “custom,” is concerned about human conduct. As a normative study, it deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior. It is considered as prescriptive as it prescribes what people ought to do rather than describes what people do. 02 ETHICS https://www.stocklib.com/ Five Main Positions of Ethics 1.Natural Law or Divine Command – What principles guide humanity toward happiness and ultimate destiny? A strong sense of individualism does not exist in this framework, but rather, the collective is emphasized. 2.Teleological Theory – What are consequences that emphasize pleasure? The authors of this theory are Stoics, Epicureans, and Jeremy Bentham What is good for the greatest number of people is the best choice and the moral choice. 3.Deontological Ethics (Duty Ethics or Kantianism) – What 02 is my moral duty? Immanuel Kant is the author of this ethical theory that is also be known as his categorical imperative, yielded unqualified absolutes ETHICS https://www.stocklib.com/ A person is bound to duty and does not focus on what a person thinks of feels about a situation. 4.Virtue Ethics – What does it mean to live a good life beyond material want? Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are some of the proponents of this theory Ignores the consequences, duties, and social contracts but focuses on the character development of individuals and their acquisition of good virtue ethics 5.Relativism – What does my culture or society think is acceptable? Actions are morally right within a particular society when they are approved by law, custom, or other conventions of the society 02 ETHICS https://www.stocklib.com/ Aesthetics comes from the Greek word aisthetikos, which means “sensitive” or “perceptive.” In this branch of philosophy, the philosopher is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is beautiful. 03 AESTHETICS Importance of Aesthetics: 1.It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful. 2.It helps us to live more genuinely and completely. A work of art helps is to rise from purely existence into the realm of intellect and the spirit. It brings us in touch with our culture. 03 AESTHETICS Epistemology comes from the Greek word epistēmē, which means “knowledge.” This branch of philosophy deals with various problems concerning knowledge. Among the major concerns in epistemology are the origin of knowledge—whether empiricism (given by experience) or rationalism (given by the mind prior to experience)—and the verification or confirmation of knowledge. 04 EPISTEMOLOGY Logic is the branch of philosophy that looks into whether there are rules or principles that govern reasoning. As a study of reasoning, logic incorporates the analysis of the methods of deduction and induction to provide the rules on how people ought to think logically. https://www.stocklib.com/ 05 LOGIC  Your turn! Pre Philosophical & Pre Socratic Period Socrates & the Socratic School Western Philosophy Eastern Philosophy