Reviewer in Life Threating (Midterm) PDF

CELLULAR ABERRATION Note: benign tumors usually end with the suffix “oma”, except for lymphoma, hepatoblastoma, CAUSES:...

CELLULAR ABERRATION Note: benign tumors usually end with the suffix “oma”, except for lymphoma, hepatoblastoma, CAUSES: neuroblastoma, myeloma, melanoma. These are Such aberration arises from infection of cells by already malignant. Solid tumor – an abnormal mass that does not viruses, bacteria or other microbes contain cyst or liquid. DNA damage failed repair mechanisms Example of conditions: breast cancer, mutagens, carcinogens including UV light colorectal, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, uterine, brain, lung cancer toxins and other chemicals cellular damage Liquid – mass that contain liquid. ageing, thus embracing a wide variety of mechanisms Example: Lymphomas (Hodgkin and non- causing cellular aberration. Hodgkin), leukemia TERMINOLOGIES Lung and bronchus, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers are responsible for nearly 50% of all deaths. Cancer – a disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation Lung cancer is the most aggressive form of cancer. of the cellular DNA. Smoking and tobacco use are the major causes of it. Low-dose In cancer, the abnormal cell forms a clone and CT scans, which can detect cancer earlier, have improved begins to proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth- survival rates for those with lung cancer, even among heavy regulating signals in the environment surrounding the smokers. Oct 26, 202 cell. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in Hyperplasia women. There are two techniques for early detection of breast Metaplasia cancer that women can use in unison: regular mammogram Dysplasia screenings and monthly breast self-exams. Anaplasia Neoplasia – new growth; tumor: can be benign or The USPSTF recommends biennial screening malignant; uncontrolled cell growth that follows no mammography for women aged 50 to 74 years. However, physiologic demand. women may choose to begin biennial screening between the Benign – not malignant; an abnormal growth that is ages of 40 and 49 years. stable, treatable and generally not life-threating. TYPES OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM Malignant – cancerous; cells that are invasive and tend to metastasize, uncontrollable or resistant to Carcinoma therapy; rapidly spreading. Sarcoma Invasion – refers to the growth pf the primary tumor Myeloma into the surrounding host tissues. Leukemia Metastasis – the dissemination or spread of Lymphomas malignant cells to distant sites by direct spread of tumor cells to body cavities or through lymphatic and Carcinomas: Making up about 90% of all cancer blood circulation. cases, carcinomas originate in your epithelial tissue, such as the skin or linings of your organs. Common carcinomas include malignant neoplasms of your skin, breast, prostate, bladder, cervix, endometrium (lining of your uterus), lung, colon and rectum. Sarcomas: This type of cancer begins in your connective tissues, like your bones, cartilage, muscle, tendons and fat. Unlike many other types of cancer, sarcomas are more common in young adults. The most common type of sarcoma is soft tissue sarcoma. Myelomas: Also called multiple myeloma, this type of cancer forms in the Plasma cells (immune cells) of your bone marrow. The two main types of myelomas are smoldering (early, precancerous stage) and active METASTASIS (cancerous stage). Leukemias: Also called blood cancers, leukemias TERMS are cancers of bone marrow. This disease is often associated with the overproduction of immature Carcinoma – term used for malignant tumors of blood cells, which leads to anemia, fatigue and blood epithelial in origin (bronchogenic carcinoma, clotting problems. invasive ductal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, Lymphomas: This type of cancer develops in the adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell glands or nodes of your lymphatic system. carcinoma) Lymphomas can occur anywhere in your body, but Sarcoma – term used for malignant tumors of they’re most commonly felt as lumps in your neck, mesenchymal/connective tissue in origin underarm or groin areas. (rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma) CAUSES OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM Smoking Genetics Obesity Excessive alcohol use Chemical toxins Excessive exposure to radiation Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV)rays. TERMS Angiogenesis – the growth of new capillaries from the host tissue by the release of growth factors and enzymes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Mutation – an alteration in a DNA nucleotide sequence – the order of the four bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G) Mutations can alter both the sequence of a gene and its regulatory sites. Tumor suppressor genes – normally suppress or negatively regulate cell proliferation by encoding proteins that block the action of growth-promoting proteins. DNA-repair genes – the “caretaker genes” – genes involved in controlling or regulating genetic instability to ensure integrity of genetic information. Oncogenes – genes that encode proteins (oncoproteins) whose action promotes cell proliferation. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES Hallmark characteristics of a mutated tumor suppressor gene is loss of function through: 1. Loss of genetic material 2. Loss of information Examples: o APC, MEN1, p53, RB, and WT1 – affect DNA transcription. o BRCA1 and BRCA2 – play roles in DNA repair. o RB, p16 and TP53 – critical for the operation of the cell cycle, suggesting that many tumor suppressor genes act as “gatekeeper” genes. SOME EXAMPLES OF GENES IN CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY ALDH2 – alcohol-related cancers APC – colorectal cancer CCND1 – head and neck cancer COMT – breast cancer CYP1A1 – lung, oral, and breast cancers, child leukemias GSTM1 – bladder and breast cancers; lung cancers HRAS – breast, ovarian, lung and colorectal cancer risk LTA – myeloma MCIR – melanoma  HOW SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER? Doctors believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. When you inhale cigarette smoke, which is full of cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), changes in the lung tissue begin almost immediately. At first your body may be able to repair this damage. But with each repeated exposure, normal cells that line your lungs are increasingly damaged. Over time, the damage causes cells to act abnormally and eventually cancer may develop. TYPES OF LUNG CANCER Doctors divide lung cancer into two major types based on the appearance of lung cancer cells under the microscope. Your doctor makes treatment decisions based on which major type of lung cancer you have. The two general types of lung cancer include: Small cell lung cancer: Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in heavy smokers and is less common than non-small cell lung cancer. THE CELL CYCLE Non-small cell lung cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer is an umbrella term for several types of lung A malfunction of any of these regulators of cell cancers. Non-small cell lung cancers include growth and division can result in the rapid squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large proliferation of immature cells. cell carcinoma. In some cases these proliferating immature cells are considered cancerous (malignant) RISK FACTORS Knowledge of the cell cycle events is used in the Smoking. Your risk of lung cancer increases with the development of chemotherapeutic drugs, which are number of cigarettes you smoke each day and the designed to disrupt the cancer cells during different number of years you have smoked. Quitting at any stages of their cell cycle. age can significantly lower your risk of developing CANCER OF THE LUNGS lung cancer. Exposure to secondhand smoke. Even if you don't Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the smoke, your risk of lung cancer increases if you're lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your exposed to secondhand smoke. chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release Previous radiation therapy. If you've undergone carbon dioxide when you exhale. radiation therapy to the chest for another type of Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing worldwide. lung cancer. People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung Exposure to radon gas. Radon is produced by the cancer, though lung cancer can also occur in people natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water who have never smoked. The risk of lung cancer that eventually becomes part of the air you breathe. increases with the length of time and number of Unsafe levels of radon can accumulate in any cigarettes you've smoked. If you quit smoking, even building, including homes. after smoking for many years, you can significantly Exposure to asbestos and other reduce your chances of developing lung cancer. carcinogens. Workplace exposure to asbestos and other substances known to cause cancer — such as SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS arsenic, chromium and nickel — can increase your Signs and symptoms of lung cancer may include: risk of developing lung cancer, especially if you're a smoker. A new cough that doesn't go away Family history of lung cancer. People with a parent, Coughing up blood, even a small amount sibling or child with lung cancer have an increased Shortness of breath risk of the disease. Chest pain COMPLICATIONS Hoarseness Losing weight without trying Shortness of breath. People with lung cancer can Bone pain experience shortness of breath if cancer grows to Headache block the major airways. Lung cancer can also cause fluid to accumulate around the lungs, making it Smoking causes the majority of lung cancers — both in harder for the affected lung to expand fully when you smokers and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. But inhale. lung cancer also occurs in people who never smoked and in Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding those who never had prolonged exposure to secondhand in the airway, which can cause you to cough up blood smoke. In these cases, there may be no clear cause of lung (hemoptysis). Sometimes bleeding can become cancer. severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding.  Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads to the lining Exercise most days of the week. If you don't of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a exercise regularly, start out slowly. Try to exercise bone, can cause pain. Tell your doctor if you most days of the week. experience pain, as many treatments are available to control pain. CANCER OF THE STOMACH Fluid in the chest (pleural effusion). Lung cancer WHAT IS STOMACH CANCER? can cause fluid to accumulate in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity Stomach cancer develops when cells in any part of (pleural space). the stomach grow and divide abnormally. Tumors can begin Fluid accumulating in the chest can cause shortness anywhere in the stomach but most begin in the glandular of breath. Treatments are available to drain the fluid tissue on the stomach's inner surface. This type of cancer is from your chest and reduce the risk that pleural an adenocarcinoma of the stomach (gastric cancer). effusion will occur again. Rare types of stomach cancer include small cell Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body carcinomas, lymphomas, neuroendocrine tumors and (metastasis). Lung cancer often spreads gastrointestinal stromal tumors. (metastasizes) to other parts of the body, such as the brain and the bones. Stomach cancer is a relatively common cancer in Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, Australia, however the number of people diagnosed has been headaches, or other signs and symptoms depending falling. on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it's generally not curable. It is estimated that more than 2,500 people were Treatments are available to decrease signs and diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2023. The average age at symptoms and to help you live longer. diagnosis is 70 years old. PREVENTION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Don't smoke. If you've never smoked, don't start. a painful or burning sensation in the abdomen Talk to your children about not smoking so that they heartburn or indigestion (dyspepsia) can understand how to avoid this major risk factor for a sense of fullness, even after a small meal lung cancer. Begin conversations about the dangers nausea and/or vomiting of smoking with your children early so that they loss of appetite and/or weight loss know how to react to peer pressure. swelling of the abdomen Stop smoking. Stop smoking now. Quitting reduces unexplained tiredness or weakness your risk of lung cancer, even if you've smoked for blood in vomit years. Talk to your doctor about strategies and stop- black-coloured faces. smoking aids that can help you quit. Options include nicotine replacement products, medications and CAUSES: support groups. Some factors that can increase your risk of stomach cancer Avoid secondhand smoke. If you live or work with a include: smoker, urge him or her to quit. At the very least, ask him or her to smoke outside. Avoid areas where smoking tobacco people smoke, such as bars and restaurants, and seek being aged over 60 out smoke-free options. infection with the bacteria Test your home for radon. Have the radon levels in Helicobacter pylori your home checked, especially if you live in an area a diet high in smoked, pickled and salted foods and where radon is known to be a problem. High radon low in fresh fruit and vegetables levels can be remedied to make your home safer. For alcohol consumption information on radon testing, contact your local being overweight or obese department of public health or a local chapter of the pernicious anemia (low red blood cells) American Lung Association. chronic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) Avoid carcinogens at work. Take precautions to a family history of stomach cancer protect yourself from exposure to toxic chemicals at partial gastrectomy for ulcer disease (after about 20 work. Follow your employer's precautions. For years) instance, if you're given a face mask for protection, always wear it. Ask your doctor what more you can inheriting a genetic change that causes the bowel do to protect yourself at work. Your risk of lung disorders familial adenomatous polyposis or damage from workplace carcinogens increases if you hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. smoke. DIAGNOSIS OF STOMACH CANCER Eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables. Choose a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables. If your doctor thinks you may have stomach cancer, Food sources of vitamins and nutrients are best. you will be referred for further tests. The main test is Avoid taking large doses of vitamins in pill form, as an endoscopy (also known as a gastroscopy). The they may be harmful. For instance, researchers doctor will use a thin, flexible tube with a camera hoping to reduce the risk of lung cancer in heavy (endoscope), which passes into the mouth, down the smokers gave them beta carotene supplements. throat and esophagus into the stomach in order to Results showed the supplements actually increased look at the digestive tract. the risk of cancer in smokers. If any suspicious-looking areas are detected, a small amount of tissue from the stomach lining may be removed (biopsy) and examined under a microscope.  Less commonly used is an endoscopic ultrasound TREATMENT TEAM where the endoscope has an ultrasound probe at the end. GP (General Practitioner) – looks after your general health and works with your specialists to AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF STOMACH CANCER coordinate treatment. Gastroenterologist – specializes in diseases of the After being diagnosed with a stomach cancer, you digestive system. may feel shocked, upset, anxious or confused. These Upper gastrointestinal surgeon – specializes in are normal responses. A diagnosis of a stomach or surgery to treat diseases of the upper digestive esophageal cancer affects each person differently. For system. most it will be a difficult time, however some people Radiation oncologist – prescribes and coordinates manage to continue with their normal daily activities. radiation therapy treatment. You may find it helpful to talk about your treatment Medical oncologist – prescribes and coordinates the options with your doctors, family and friends. Ask course of chemotherapy. questions and seek as much information as you feel Cancer nurse – assists with treatment and provides you need. It is up to you as to how involved you want information and support throughout your treatment. to be in making decisions about your treatment. Other allied health professionals – such as social DIAGNOSTICS workers, pharmacists, and counsellors. CT scan OSTEOSARCOMA Ultrasound scan Osteosarcoma is a kind of bone cancer. It most often PET scan starts in the long bones of the legs or the arms. But it can Laparoscopy happen in any bone. Osteosarcoma is a kind of cancer that Bone scan. begins in the cells that form bones. Osteosarcoma tends to TYPES OF TREATMENT happen most often in teenagers and young adults. Dec 22, 2023 The main treatment for stomach cancer is surgery - a total or partial gastrectomy (removing all or part A “sarcoma” is a type of cancer that develops in of the stomach). Chemotherapy may be given before connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, or muscle. “Osteo” surgery to shrink larger tumors. It can also be used refers to bones. Osteosarcoma most often affects long bones, after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer such as those in the arms and legs. It usually occurs near the returning. ends of your bones (the metaphysis) and near your knee where the fastest growth is taking place (if you’re a teenager). The PALLIATIVE CARE bones and areas most often affected include the: In some cases of stomach cancer, your medical team Femur (thigh bone) near your knee. may talk to you about palliative care. Palliative care Tibia (shin bone) near your knee. aims to improve your quality of life by alleviating Humerus (upper arm bone) near your shoulder. symptoms of cancer. Rarely, in the soft tissues or organs in your abdomen As well as slowing the spread of stomach cancer, or chest. palliative treatment can relieve pain and help manage other symptoms. Treatment may include SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other drug therapies. Osteosarcoma signs and symptoms most often start PREVENTION in a bone. The cancer most often affects the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. The most common symptoms There are some steps you can take to minimize the risk of include: stomach cancer including: Bone or joint pain. Pain might come and go at first. not smoking or quitting smoking It can be mistaken for growing pains. reducing consumption of smoked, pickled and salted Pain related to a bone that breaks for no clear reason. food Swelling near a bone. having a diet high in fresh vegetables and fruit Rapid bone growth: The risk of osteosarcoma treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection may be increases during a child and adolescent’s growth protective. spurts. Exposure to radiation: This might have occurred PROGNOSIS from treatment for another type of cancer. This can An individual's prognosis depends on the type and take a few or several years to occur. stage of cancer as well as their age and general health Genetic factors: Osteosarcoma is one of several at the time of diagnosis. Treatment is most effective if types of rare cancers in young people. This may be the cancer is found in its early stages; stomach cancer related to the retinoblastoma gene, which can be can be cured if the cancer is removed before it associated with eye cancers in young children or spreads. However, because of the absence or with other tumors in children and young adults in vagueness of symptoms in the early stages, stomach which a mutation of the p53 gene is involved. cancers are often not discovered until they are more Bone infarction: This happens when there’s a lack of advanced. blood supply to your bone tissue. This destroys the cells. EARLY WARNING SIGNS syndrome, Paget disease, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, or Werner syndrome. The most common symptoms of osteosarcoma include: HOW COMMON IS OSTEOSARCOMA? Bone pain or tenderness. A mass or lump (tumor) that is warm and might be Between 400 and 1,000 new cases of osteosarcoma felt through your skin. are diagnosed in the United States each year. Swelling and redness at the site of your tumor. Osteosarcoma accounts for about 3% of all childhood Increased pain with lifting (if it affects your arm). cancers. It is the most common primary bone tumor Osteosarcoma tumors can be categorized as low- in children. Osteosarcoma is the third most common grade, intermediate-grade, or high-grade. Low-grade cancer in adolescence (after lymphomas and brain means that your cancer will grow slowly and remain tumors). where it began (localized), while high-grade indicates PAIN? that it will spread quickly and metastasize. (“Metastasize” is the process of cancer spreading to Does osteosarcoma cause pain? other parts of your body.) Limping (if it affects your leg). Osteosarcomas can cause pain. If there are tumors in the bones of your arm, for example, it may be painful Osteosarcoma tumors can be categorized as low-grade, to lift things. If the tumors are in the bones of your intermediate-grade, or high-grade. Low-grade means that legs, it may cause limping. However, osteosarcomas your cancer will grow slowly and remain where it began can also be painless. (localized), while high-grade indicates that it will spread quickly and metastasize. (“Metastasize” is the process of Why is osteosarcoma pain worse at night? cancer spreading to other parts of your body.) People have reported that, yes, osteosarcoma pain is Most osteosarcoma tumors found in children and worse during activity and at night. It is unclear why teenagers are high-grade. The cells of high-grade this happens. osteosarcoma don’t look like normal bone under a microscope. TREATMENT There are nine types of high-grade osteosarcomas: Surgery: During surgery, the tumor and some of the 1. Osteoblastic. healthy tissue around it will be cut out of the affected 2. Chondroblastic. bone. In most cases involving the arm or leg, surgery 3. Fibroblastic. can be done without amputation. This is called limb 4. Small cell. salvage surgery. These procedures may be possible 5. Telangiectatic. in those whose cancer has not spread beyond its 6. High-grade surface (juxtacortical high-grade). original site. Sometimes, artificial implants or bone 7. Pagetoid. taken from another part of your body can be used to 8. Extra skeletal. replace the bone that was removed during surgery. 9. Post-radiation. Unfortunately, there are some cases where a section or all of an arm or leg must be amputated. You’ll get There is one type of immediate-grade osteosarcoma: a prosthesis (artificial limb) afterwards. Chemotherapy: This is the use of drugs to kill Periosteal (juxtacortical immediate grade. cancer cells. Chemotherapy is given before surgery to And, there are two types of low-grade osteosarcomas: shrink the tumor and kill any cancer cells floating around in the blood, and after surgery to catch any Parosteal (juxtacortial low grade). cancer cells that might still be in your body. Intramedullary or intraosseous well-differentiated Chemotherapy before surgery is called (low-grade central). “neoadjuvant chemotherapy” and typically takes about 10 weeks. Chemotherapy given after surgery Osteosarcoma most often affects pre-teens and teens; the to kill any remaining cancer cells is called “adjuvant average age at diagnosis is 15. More than 75% of the cases are chemotherapy.” The typical duration of adjuvant people less than 25 years old. This may be related to the chemotherapy for osteosarcoma is an additional 18 “growth spurt” most teens experience at that age. weeks. Osteosarcoma can also occur in children and young adults. Rotationplasty: This procedure is used on tumors of Osteosarcoma is slightly more common in African the distal femur, which is the area of the leg just Americans. Before adolescence, it occurs equally in males above the knee. The leg is partially amputated, the and females. After adolescence, it occurs slightly more often tumor is removed and then the lower leg is rotated in boys, possibly because of a longer period of skeletal 180 degrees and reattached, using the ankle as a new growth. knee. This converts the above-knee to a below-knee amputation that is more functional and helps fit a YOU’RE AT A HIGHER RISK OF OSTEOSARCOMA IF prosthesis. Your healthcare provider will discuss the YOU: cosmetic side effects if a rotationplasty is an option. Have gone through radiation treatment. LARYNGEAL OBSTRUCTION &CANCER OF THE Took alkylating agents, which are anticancer drugs. LARYNX Have a certain change in your RB1 gene. Are a teenager. CAUSES: Have any of the following conditions: Bloom Allergies syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Li-Fraumeni Foreign body Heavy alcohol consumption/tobacco use  Family history of airway problems NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CANCER Use of ACE (Angiotensin Converting enzyme) REHABILITATION Infectious process Educates and assists patients to live with and Post surgery appropriately manage chronic illnesses and injuries. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Assists patients in returning to their normal lives following a serious illness or injury. Dyspnea, use of accessory muscles of respiration, Prepares clients and their loved ones for future self- low so2 saturation, cyanosis and ultimately syncope management and decision-making responsibilities by Asphyxia if caused by foreign body. encouraging clients' independence and ongoing goal Neck pain and fever if caused by infection. achievement. Teaches specific rehabilitation nursing techniques to MANAGEMENT: help clients and their families develop the self-care Digital extraction if foreign body is visible skills necessary to move toward full rehabilitation. Or hemlicks maneuver Coordinates nursing activities in collaboration with Antihistamine if anaphylaxis (epinephrine and additional members of the interdisciplinary corticosteroid) rehabilitation team to facilitate achievement of Antibiotics if infectious (bacterial) overall goals. Surgery if stenosis or post op complication Acts as an educational and informational resource and role model for both nursing staff, patients, and CANCER OF THE LARYNX-Malignant tumor in and other clinical staff around the larynx Performs hands-on nursing care by utilizing the nursing process to achieve quality outcomes for Maybe squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma clients. or sarcoma Shares pertinent information occurring in the disease Carcinogens (Tobacco, asbestos, Paint fumes, wood processes underlying disabilities. dust, Cement, Chemicals, tar products, Mustard gas, leather &metals EYE CANCER Other factors: Voice Strain, Chronic laryngitis, Ariboflavinosis, Eye cancer starts in the cell inside your eyeball and Alcohol abuse, familial predisposition, old age, male, nearby structures like the eyelid, tear ducts. All forms Race, weak immune system of eye cancer are extremely rare. The most common type include uveal melanoma, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: which starts in the middle of the eye (uvea) and retinoblastoma. Hoarseness of more than 2 weeks, (harsh, raspy, and Tumors can be benign or malignant. low pitch) Only about 3,400 people in USA have eye cancer Persistent cough, sore throat, pain, burning in the each year. throat when consuming hot fluids or citrus juices, Lump in the neck, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Discharge, TYPES: Foul Breath Cervical Lymphadenopathy, weight loss, pain 1. Intraocular melanoma – arises from the cell called radiating to the ears with metastasis. melanocytes, same as that of the skin cancer, most common. DIAGNOSTICS: a. Iris melanoma – starts in colored part of eye History and Physical Assessment (palpation of vocal b. Ciliary body melanoma – forms in the folds) muscles Indirect Laryngoscopy (flexible endoscope) c. Choroidal melanoma – in the retina Biopsy d. Conjunctival melanoma – cover front CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging portion of eye PET Scanning (Positron Emission Tomography) 2. Eyelid or orbital cancer – in the tissues, muscles and nerves MEDICAL MANAGEMENT: 3. Squamous cell carcinoma – squamous cell of skin Chemotherapy, Radiation, or surgery 4. Basal cell carcinoma – top layer of the skin Radiation better than Partial Laryngectomy to 5. Rhabdomyosarcoma – in muscle tissues preserve Voice. 6. Retinoblastoma – malignant tumor arising from retina laryngectomy for advanced cases, but loss of voice 7. Intraocular lymphoma – rare b-cell lymphoma Chemo good for metastatic stages (from WBC) Laser treatment STRIPPING – removal of the mucosa edge of the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS cord. SURGERIES: Partial Laryngectomy, Supraglottic Painless vision loss Laryngectomy, Hemi Blurry vision Laryngectomy and Total Laryngectomy Total or partial vision loss Speech Therapy (esophageal speech) Seeing flashes of light, squiggy lines or spots Bulging eyeball Eye irritation that does not improve Dark spots in iris that gets bigger Growing lump in the eyelid  Changes in the eyeballs position in socket Enlarge blood vessels RISK FACTORS Age – common in older people Race – melanoma is more common among white than black Eye color and skin tone – light color eyes are more likely to develop uveal melanoma Sex – melanoma more common in male than female Certain inherited conditions – people with dysplastic nevus syndrome who have abnormal moles on skin, brown spots on uvea (uculodermal melanocytosis) Moles Family history Unproven risk factors – too much sun exposure, certain occupations (welders) TREATMENT Topical chemotherapy Targeted therapy Radiation Surgical excision Brachytherapy – Delivered by a plaque made of gold, about the size of a coin with radioactive seeds on the surface. Ophthalmologist surgically applies it unto the surface of the eye, where it emits radiation directly over the tumor. 95-98% success rate. HERBAL TREATMENT FR or FR00359 derived from primrose flower have shown promising capability to halt the exponential growth that makes tumor so resilient and treatment-averse. It targets and traps the corrupted protein in its inactive state. And as an added bonus, this alternative method of action has shown potential for both killing ocular melanomas and reverting tumor cells back to normal.