Reviewer in Ethics PDF

REVIEWER IN ETHICS by:chisak DEFINITION OF ETHICS Ethics- means the rational reflection on what is right and wrong, what is just and unjust, and what is good and bad regarding human beh...

REVIEWER IN ETHICS by:chisak DEFINITION OF ETHICS Ethics- means the rational reflection on what is right and wrong, what is just and unjust, and what is good and bad regarding human behavior. CULTURAL RELATIVISM Cultural relativism- the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Example: If you are in Japan, you should bow to the people because it signifies a way to show respect and to express deep gratitude. ETHICAL RELATIVISM Ethical Relativism- the belief that there are no universal standards for what is right and wrong; something that may be considered "right" in one society could be regarded as "wrong" in another. Example: 1. Monogamy refers to the marriage of two people at a time – historically one husband and one wife in CHRISTIAN AND CATHOLIC (it is considered as right) 2. Polygamy is the marriage of either a husband to multiple wives or a wife to multiple husbands in MUSLIM FILIPINOS (WHICH IS ALSO RIGHT BECAUSE IT IS THEIR CULTURE) but in the catholic, it is very wrong they will call you a “Babaero, Lalakero”. MORAL ABSOLUTISM Moral Absolutism- claims that there are certain universal moral principles (truthfulness, loyalty, respect) by which all peoples’ actions may be judged. It is a form of deontology/obligation/duty. Example: The golden rule (always treat others the way you want to be treated)  MORAL AGENT Moral Agent- a person who can recognize/ discern right from wrong and be held accountable for his or her actions. Example: you crashed a car that seemed expensive and as an accountable person in that situation you paid the car that you crashed for it to be repaired by the owner. MORAL DILEMMA Moral Dilemma- a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable. Example: you have an online class tomorrow first thing, and you are thinking if you are going to spend playing ML all night or go to sleep so that you can attend your class tomorrow early. CULTURE CULTURE- Reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people should behave and interact with others. Refers to the outlook, attitude, values, goals, and practices shared by a group, organization, or society. CULTURE IS ALWAYS SOCIAL AND COMMUNUAL- Laws, rules, and standards of attitudes and behaviors are set and promulgated/known by the community to promote a relationship that binds them together. CULTURE DEFINE THE NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES AND BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIETY It defines which particular principle and behavior should be kept to serve the best of the community. Example: shared beliefs, or values, and the human behaviors that support these values within a given society CULTURE DEVELOPS RESTRICTIONS AND SETS BOUNDARIES- These serve as protection among members themselves and the atmosphere that promotes the welfare of the community. CULTURE CONDITIONS IN MIND- Culture helps generate the character and identity of its people including their moral character. Culture identifies the authorities or the governing individuals or groups- The moral judgments of those authorities are considered essential in the moral issues of the community. KINDS OF CULTURE MATERIAL CULTURE- Refers to the physical aspect—objects, material goods, artworks Examples: clothing, artwork, magazines, shoes, tools NON-MATERIAL CULTURE- It includes creations and abstract ideas that are not embodied in physical objects. In other words, any intangible products created and shared between the members of a culture over time are aspects of their non-material culture. In other words, refers to the abstract aspect—ideas, norms, values. Examples: languages and words, dress codes, etiquette, rituals, business and social transactions, religion, laws, punishments, values, and ethics. FREEDOM AND MORAL ACTS The Foundation of Moral Act— - According to Immanuel Kant we can make sense of moral appraisal and responsibility only by thinking about human freedom - Good moral actions make us freer; bad moral actions make us a slaves to our sin. There are two types of freedom of moral acts 1. Freewill- ( the idea that we can have some choice on how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior. ) EXAMPLE: you are choosing what u are going to wear for your school today. 2. Freedom- ( the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint/a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits. ) EXAMPLE: right to learn, right to voice out, right to vote  HUMAN ACTS VS ACTS OF HUMAN Human Acts- are actions done intentionally, freely, and deliberately by a person. EXAMPLE: I sing a song Acts of Human- acts of a person without the proper use of reason. EXAMPLE: jumping into the river to save a person drowning without knowing to swim/not. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE LANGUAGE- A group of words or ideas having a common meaning and is shared in the asocial situation. Example: Tagalog, English, Japanese, SYMBOLS- Anything that is used to stand for something else. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or image Example: A red octagon is a common symbol for "STOP, A red rose often symbolizes love and compassion. NORMS - the rules and the guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual. gives us restrictions about something which to do and which not to do. Example: Greeting people upon meeting them, eating manners about what is right and wrong while eating. NORMS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO: FOLKWAYS- It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture. These are the behaviors that a person use generally in his daily life. Examples: shaking hands when greeting someone, and taking off one's hat indoors. MORES- a Latin word and the plural of mos which means customs or belief of a person. More refers to “what is necessary to be and what necessary is not to be. Mores are serious norms.” Examples: lying, cheating, causing harm, alcohol use, and drug use. VALUES- the good idea and thinking of a person. Examples: kindness, accountability, respect BELIEFS-responsible for the spiritual fulfillment of needs and wants. Example: Good things often take time, Failure does not exist LAWS- written and enforced rules that guide behavior. Laws are different from mores in that they are guided by authority instead of a society’s moral belief. Example: The Anti-Rape Act of 1997, The Animal Welfare Act of 1998