REVIEWER-IN-ENGLISH-7.docx

**REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 7** **Affixes** are small word particles, usually only a few letters, added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical properties. They are classified into four main types based on their position relative to the root word: **1. Prefixes:** Affixes attached to the beg...

**REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 7** **Affixes** are small word particles, usually only a few letters, added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical properties. They are classified into four main types based on their position relative to the root word: **1. Prefixes:** Affixes attached to the beginning of a root word (e.g., \"un-\" in \"unhappy\"). **2. Suffixes:** Affixes attached to the end of a root word (e.g., \"-ness\" in \"happiness\"). Suffixes are mainly used for grammar purposes: - verb conjugation (work- worked) - plurality (fox - foxes) - possession (Juliana - Juliana's) - reflexive pronouns (them - themselves) - comparatives and superlatives (fast - faster, fastest) - changing word class (swim - swimmer) **3. Infixes**: are a special type of affix that comes in the middle of a word. However, the English language doesn't use infixes. Infixes are more common in other languages, including Greek, Austronesian languages like Tagalog, and Indigenous American languages like Choctaw. **4. Circumfixes**: are pairs of prefixes and suffixes always used together. Circumfixes in English are very rare, but the circumfix of en-- and --en is seen in the common word enlighten, and the circumfix of em-- and --en is seen in embolden. **Context Clues** in poetry are hints or pieces of information within the poem that help readers understand the meaning of difficult words or phrases. These clues can come from the words and sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word, helping readers figure out its meaning without needing to look it up. **TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES** 1. **Definition Clues**: Sometimes the poem will provide a definition for a difficult word right in the next line or within the same line 2. **Synonym Clues:** The poem might use a word that means the same thing as the difficult word to help explain it 3. **Antonym Clues:** An opposite word or phrase is used to show what the difficult word means by contrast 4. **Example Clues:** The poem gives examples that help explain the difficult word. 5. **Explanation Clues:** The poem explains the difficult word in more detail within the surrounding lines **BASIC ELEMENTS OF POETRY** - **Structure and Form** - **Rhyme** - **Rhyme Scheme** - **Meter** - **Poetic Diction** - **Tone** - **Mood** - **Style** - **Motif** 1. **STRUCTURE AND FORM** - Poetry comes in a variety of forms and in each form follows a specific structure. **Structural elements: stanza, verse** - **[Stanza](https://poemanalysis.com/literary-device/stanza/):** is a group of lines set off from others by a blank line or indentation. - couplet- (2 lines) - tercet- (3 lines) - quatrain- (4 lines) - quintain -- (6 lines) - sestet- (6 lines) - septet- (7 lines) - octave- (8 lines) - **Verse:** are [stanzas](https://poemanalysis.com/literary-device/stanza/) with no set number of lines that make up units based on sense. **Poetry forms:** **haiku, free verse, sonnet, limerick** - **Haiku:** is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry containing three sections with 17 syllables arranged in a 5-7-5 pattern. - **Free Verse:** it is a form that has no regular meter, rhyme, fixed line length, or specific stanza pattern. - **Sonnet:** is a fourteen-line poem with a set [rhyme scheme](https://poemanalysis.com/definition/rhyme-scheme/). - **Limerick:** is a [humorous](https://poemanalysis.com/literary-device/humor/) piece of poetry that consists of five lines with the same [rhythm](https://poemanalysis.com/poetic-meter/rhythm/). 2. **RHYME** - It is the repetitive pattern of sounds found in poetry. They are used to reinforce a pattern or rhyme scheme.  3. **RHYME SCHEME** - It is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme. **Kinds of Rhyme Scheme: rhyming couplets (AABB), alternating rhyme (ABAB), enclosed** **rhyme (ABBA), monorhyme (AAAA)** - **Rhyming couplets: AABB** - are a pair of consecutive lines where the last word in each line rhymes with the last word of the next. - **Alternating Rhyme: ABAB** - is another old classic rhyme scheme. Simple, yet precise, the ABAB pattern prompts you to write a quatrain in which the first line rhymes with the third, and the third line rhymes with the fourth. - **Enclosed Rhyme: ABBA** - With this pattern, you create a rhyming sandwich where your first and fourth lines rhyme with each other, while enclosing the second and third lines which rhyme with each other. - **Monorhyme: AAAA** - Each line rhymes together in AAAA format. **4. METER** - It is the basic structure of a line of poetry, whereby stressed and unstressed syllables are used in a predetermined way to create rhythm. In a sense, it's the heartbeat of a poem. **5. POETIC DICTION** - It refers to the operating language of poetry, language employed in a manner that sets poetry apart from other kinds of speech or writing. **Kinds of Poetic Diction: formal diction, informal diction, colloquial diction** - **Formal Diction** - the use of sophisticated language, without slang or colloquialisms. - **Informal Diction** - is more conversational and often used in narrative literature. This casual vernacular is representative of how people communicate in real life, which gives an author freedom to become more realistic. - **Colloquial Diction** - are informal in nature and generally represent a certain region or time. "Ain't" and "y'all" are examples of colloquial expressions **6. TONE** - is usually defined as a literary device through which the author conveys their feelings or opinions about the subject matter they\'re writing about. **7. MOOD** - is the general feeling or atmosphere that a piece of writing creates within the reader.  **8. STYLE** - In Literature, style refers to the way in which an author uses language to convey their ideas and create a unique voice and tone. It encompasses elements such as word choice, sentence structure, tone, and figurative language, among others. **9. MOTIF** - It can be an object, image, sound, idea, or word that can help you determine if what you're reading. Motif aims to draw the reader's attention to the theme. 1. **Character -** is a person, animal, or object/thing presented as a person in a narrative. 2. **Conflict -** is the struggle that the protagonist goes through in a story. 3. **Mood -** is the general feeling or atmosphere that a piece of writing creates within the reader. 4. **Tone -** is usually defined as a literary device through which the author conveys their feelings or opinions about the subject matter they\'re writing about. 5. **Meter -** describes the rhythm (or pattern of beats) in a line of poetry. 6. **Figures of Speech -** is a creative use of language to generate an effect. Some figures of speech, like metaphor, simile, and are found in everyday language. 7. **Context --** refers to a poem\'s language. It makes use of numerous elements, including the poem\'s topic, subject matter, theme, tone, word choices, word order, figurative language, and imagery. 8. **Form --** use variations of a stanza that dictate its poetic form. Poetry is grouped in lines called stanzas. Stanzas are the poetic equivalent to paragraphs in prose. 9. **Diction --** is the choice of words writers use to communicate their ideas. They base their choice of diction on the content, type or piece of writing, and audience. 10. **Society** -- a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. 11. **Poetry** -- is a type of literature that aims to evoke an emotional response in the reader through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. 12. **Prose** - is written language that is unmetered, follows grammar rules, and is organized into sentences and paragraphs. Prose writing typically emulates natural speech, though this is not a requirement. Prose encompasses items such as novels and biographies. **Literary devices** enhance writing by adding **depth**, **emphasis**, and a **richer sensory experience** for the reader. They are **tools and techniques** that poets use to enrich the **meaning**, **imagery**, and **impact** of their work. 1. **Imagery -** Descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid mental pictures for the reader. Examples include **visual imagery (sight),** **auditory imagery (sound), olfactory imagery (smell), gustatory imagery (taste), and tactile imagery or touch.** c\. The pot was red as an apple after savoring a cherry glazed ring pop. 2. **Metaphor -** A comparison between two unlike things, suggesting a similarity or shared characteristic without using \"like\" or \"as.\" A direct comparison between two unlike things b\. The poor wife was a puppet to her abusive husband. c\. The whole world is a stage. 3. **Simile -** A comparison between two unlike things using \"like\" or \"as\" Example: a\. Her smile was as bright as the sun. b\. Character, like embroidery is made stich by stich. c\. Roberto was white as a sheet after he walked out of the horror movie. 4. **Personification -** Giving human characteristics or qualities to non-human objects, animals, or abstract concepts Example: a\. The wind whispered through the trees. b\. Her clothes invited our attention. 5. **Symbolism -** Using objects, colors, or elements to represent deeper meanings or ideas beyond their literal significance. Example: a. A dove symbolizes peace. 6. **Alliteration -** The repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a series of words. Example: a\. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. b\. She sells seashells by the seashore. c\. The gate grated on the gravel.  7. **Hyperbole -** An extreme exaggeration used for effect. Example: a\. I\'m so hungry I could eat a horse. b\. I have a ton of things to do when I get home. c\. Her suitcase was light as a feather.  8. **Onomatopoeia -** A word that imitates the sound it represents. Example: a\. The bees buzzed loudly in the garden. b\. The hissing of the snakes frightened the child. c\. My stomach grumbled in hunger as we entered the restaurant. 9. **Assonance --** The repetition of similar vowel sounds regardless of their location in. Example: a\. "The r**ai**n in Sp**ai**n st**ay**s m**ai**nly in the pl**ai**n." b\. They **seemed **to like the **green peas **salad. c\. A r**o**lling st**o**ne gathers n**o** moss"