Reviewer for ITCL PDF

**Reviewer for ITCL** **Lesson 1** What is computing device? - is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequence of arithmetic or logical operation automatically. - consist of a standalone unit or several interconnected units. It can also be a device that provides a specific...

**Reviewer for ITCL** **Lesson 1** What is computing device? - is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequence of arithmetic or logical operation automatically. - consist of a standalone unit or several interconnected units. It can also be a device that provides a specific set of functions **DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES** 1. **Personal computer** - a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. - intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician 2. **Desktop computer** - most common type of personal computer. They are typically large and bulky, and they are designed to be placed on a desk or table. - offer the most computing power and flexibility, and they are often used for gaming, video editing, and other demanding tasks 3. **All in one computer** - type of personal computer that has all of its components integrated into a single unit - This makes all-in one computer more compact and space-saving than traditional desktop computers. 4. **Laptop computer** -- smaller and more portable than desktop computers. They are designed to be carried around with you. - Laptop computers offer less computing power than desktop computers, but they are still capable of handling most tasks. 5. **Notebook computer** - type of laptop computer that is even smaller and more portable. They are often called ultra books or ultraportable. - Notebook computers offer the least computing power of the three types of personal computers 6. **Workstation computer** -- use by professional or engineers, architecture and other professional who need a lot of computing power - typically, more expensive than other types of personal computers. 7. **Tablet computer** - touchscreen devices that are smaller than laptops. They are often used for browsing the internet, checking email, and watching videos - Don't offer much computing power as laptop 8. **Hand held computer** -- Computer that designed to fit in your hand. They often use for gaming browsing and checking email. - Don't offer much computer power as other computing device 9. Smartphones - are mobile phones that also function as personal computers. They are typically equipped with a touchscreen display, a keyboard, and a variety of software applications 10. **Super computers** - s a computer with a very high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer - performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS) 11. **Mainframe Computer** - also very powerful computers, but they are not as powerful as supercomputers. Mainframes are used for large-scale data processing and transaction processing - used to host critical applications, such as banking systems and air traffic control systems. Mainframes are typically more expensive 12. **E-book reader device** - used to read electronic books - typically have a large, high-resolution screen that is easy to read in bright sunlight or low light. 13. **Multimedia Computers** - is a computer that is designed to handle tasks involving multimedia content, such as playing videos, viewing images, and listening to music 14. Personal digital assistant (Pda) - typically had a touchscreen display and could be used for tasks such as scheduling appointments, taking notes, and managing contacts **What is Computer Component** - Inside every computing device, no matter the size and power, you will find many of the same components **Lesson 2** **PARTS OF THE INTERNAL COMPUTER** 1. **Motherboard** - It is the personal computer component that acts as the backbone for the entire computer system - is the main circuit board of the computer - Sometimes called the system board or mainboard - Power issues: Motherboards can experience power problems if they are not receiving enough power from the power supply unit (PSU) - Overheating: Motherboards can overheat if they are not properly cooled - Short circuit: A short circuit can occur when two electrical conductors come into contact with each other, causing a sudden surge of current - Incompatible components: If you try to install incompatible components on the motherboard, it can cause problems - Damaged components: The motherboard can be damaged by physical damage, such as dropping the computer or spilling liquid on it. - BIOS or firmware errors: The BIOS or firmware is the software that is stored on the motherboard. **Tips to prevent motherboard problems** - Use a high-quality power supply unit that provides enough power for all of the components in your computer. - Keep your computer well-ventilated to prevent overheating. - Avoid installing incompatible components on the motherboard. - Handle your computer with care to prevent physical damage. - Update the BIOS or firmware regularly to fix any known errors. 2. **Central Processing Unit (CPU)** - It is the brain of the computer and is responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer programs. Also called "Processor". - A processor\'s speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. - The gold you see on the CPU is only a thin plating that is applied to the pins to protect them from corrosion and improve their conductivity. - Gold is a good choice for plating CPU pins because it is a very malleable metal that can be easily shaped. It is also a good conductor of electricity 3. **AMD and INTEL Processor** - AMD CPUs are a better value for money, while Intel CPUs offer better performance for gaming at high resolutions. **AMD** - Ryzen 5 5600X: This is a mid-range CPU that offers excellent value for money. It has 6 cores and 12 threads, and it is based on the AMD Zen 3 architecture - Ryzen 9 5900X: This is a high-end CPU that offers great performance for gaming and productivity. It has 12 cores and 24 threads, and it is also based on the AMD Zen 3 architecture. - Core i5-12600K: This is a mid-range CPU that offers good performance for gaming and productivity. It has 6 cores and 12 threads, and it is based on the Intel Alder Lake architecture. - Core i9-12900K: This is a high-end CPU that offers the best performance for gaming and productivity. It has 16 cores and 24 threads, and it is also based on the Intel Alder Lake architecture. 4. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. **Common problems of PSU** - Overheating: PSUs can overheat if they are not properly cooled - Power surges: Power surges can occur when there is a sudden spike in voltage in the power supply. - Faulty capacitors: Capacitors are used to store electrical energy in PSUs. - Damaged components: The PSU can be damaged by physical damage - Old age: PSUs can wear out over time. As they age, they become less efficient and more likely to fail. **Tips to prevent PSU problems** - Use a high-quality PSU that is rated for the power requirements of your computer. - Keep your computer well-ventilated to prevent overheating. - Avoid using power strips or extension cords with your computer. - Use a surge protector to protect your computer from power surges. - Inspect your PSU regularly for signs of damage. - Replace your PSU if it is old or damaged. 5. **Random memory access (RAM) -** is your system\'s short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. - This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you\'re working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you\'ll need to save it to avoid losing it - RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don\'t have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs open. **symptoms of RAM problems:** - Blue screen of death: A blue screen of death (BSOD) is a fatal error that can occur when the computer encounters a problem that it cannot handle. - Random crashes: The computer may randomly crash or restart. - Performance issues: The computer may experience performance issues, such as slowness or unresponsiveness - Corrupted data: Data on the computer may become corrupted. 6. **Hard disk drive (HDD)** - where your software, documents, and other files are stored. the data will be saved even you turn off or unplug the computer. 7. **Solid state drive (SSD)** - is a type of storage device that uses flash memory to store data. SSDs are much faster than traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) - SSDs are also much more durable than HDDs and are less susceptible to physical damage. - Physical damage: HDDs can be damaged by physical forces, such as dropping the computer or spilling liquid on it. - Overheating: HDDs can overheat if they are not properly cooled. - Head crashes: Head crashes occur when the read/write heads come into contact with the platters - Bad sectors: Bad sectors are areas on the platters that are unreadable - Firmware corruption: The firmware is the software that controls the HDD. - Old age: HDDs can wear out over time. 8. **Expansion card** - Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect). 9. **Video card** - The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card 10. **Sound card -** The sound card also called an "audio card" is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. 11. **Network card -** The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi -Fi). 12. **Bluetooth card -** is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It\'s often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. 13. **Flash drive (USB drive) -** e is a small, portable storage device that uses flash memory to store data. It is typically connected to a computer or other device via a USB port 14. **Multi card Reader & Writer --** is a device that can read multiple types of memory cards, such as SD cards, microSD cards, CompactFlash cards, and XQD cards. This allows you to transfer photos, videos, and other files from your camera or other device to your computer quickly and easily 15. **Cooling fan -** is a device that uses rotating blades to move air and cool an object. It is commonly used in computers, electronics, and other devices to prevent them from overheating 16. **Liquid Cooling System -** is a device that uses rotating blades to move air and cool an object. It is commonly used in computers, electronics, and other devices to prevent them from overheating 17. **Heat sink -** is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, heat sinks are used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets and RAM modules. - is a hardware interface that you can use to connect devices to a computer. The port transfers electronic signals between the device and the system unit. 1. **Computer Back Panel -** Although the connectors on the computer\'s back panel may appear to be a jumbled mess, they follow a standard structure 2. **Connector shape -** In computer connectors, the term \"gender\" refers to the physical shape of the connector. A male connector has a protruding pin or pins, while a female connector has a hole or holes to receive the pins. 3. **Connector shape -** Ports can have different physical shapes, such as round, rectangular, square, and oblong, although there is some standardization of physical properties and functions. 4. **Computer connection -** are the physical links between a computer and other devices. They allow the computer to communicate with other devices and share data. 5. **Ps/2 port and connector -** PS/2 connector is developed by IBM for connecting mouse and keyboard. It was introduced with IBM's Personal Systems/2 series of computers and hence the name PS/2 connector. PS/2 connectors are color coded as purple for keyboard and green for mouse. - PS/2 is a 6-pin DIN connector 6. **Serial port connector --** A serial port is a physical interface that allows a computer to communicate with other devices one bit at a time. It is one of the oldest types of interfaces and was once commonly used to connect printers, external modems, and other peripherals to a PC. - The serial port uses a 9-pin (DE-9) connector or a 25-pin (DB25) connector. Originally, the standard used 25 pins. 7. **Parallel port connector -** is a type of interface found on early computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals. The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple bits of data at once (parallel communication), as opposed to serial communication, in which bits are sent one at a time. - The parallel port uses a 25-pin (DB-25) connector. The pins are numbered 1 to 25, starting at the top left corner of the connector. The most commonly used pins are 2 through 9, which are used to send data. 8. **Power supply port connector -** Luckily, they are designed in such a way that you cannot go wrong when installing them. The cable simply won't fit in the connector slot when you try to connect the wrong header - **P1 (PC Main / ATX connector) -** The primary task of the Power Supply Unit (PSU) is to provide your motherboard with power. This is done via the 20-pins or 24-pins connector. - **Berg connector -** Used to supply power to floppy disk drives and some tape drives - **P4 (EPS connector) -** With overclocked cpu's drawing as much as 200W a need to provide power directly to the CPU was created. Nowadays it is the P4, or EPS connector, to provide the cpu with power - **PCI-E connector (6-pin en 6+2 pin) -** The motherboard can provide a maximum of 75W through its PCI-E interface slot. Faster dedicated graphics cards require much more power. To solve that issue the PCI-E connector was introduced. - **Molex (4 Pin Peripheral Connector) -** Molex connectors have been around for a very long time and can deliver 5V (red) or 12V (Yellow) to hardware peripherals. In the past these guys were often used to connect Hard drives, CD-ROM players, etc. - **SATA Connector -** is the guy that made the Molex obsolete. All modern DVD-players, hard disk drives and SSDs are powered by SATA power. 9. **USB Port Connector -** is a type of connector that is used to connect USB devices to a computer or other host device. USB stands for "Universal Serial Bus", and it is a standard interface that allows devices to be connected and disconnected easily - USB Type - A port is a 4-pin connector. There are different versions of Type -- A USB ports: USB 1.1, USB 2. 0 and USB 3. 0. USB 3.0 is the common standard and supports a data rate of 400MBps 10. **USB Standard -** USB 2.0, released in April 2000, is the most commonly implemented standard. It can communicate at up to 480 Mbps. The original USB 1.1 standard is still commonly found in devices and systems. - USB 3.0, also called SuperSpeed USB, is the latest USB standard released in November 2008. It features a maximum transfer rate of 5.0 Gbps. It is 10 times faster than the USB 2.0 standard **Common Types of USB Connector** 1. **USB-A connector:** This is the most common type of USB connector. It is rectangular in shape and has four pins. - The pinout is common to all standards of Type -- A. 2. **USB-B connector:** This type of connector is often used for printers, scanners, and other devices that require more power than a USB-A connector can provide. USB-B connectors are rectangular in shape and have five pins. 3. **USB-C connector:** This is a newer type of USB connector that is becoming increasingly common. It is reversible, so you don\'t have to worry about plugging it in the wrong way. - The port of USB Type -- C consists of 24 pins. Latest USB Specifications (USB4) is an USB-C only specification i.e., only USB type C devices can be used with USB4 specifications. 4. **Micro USB connector:** This type of connector is often used for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Micro USB connectors are smaller than USB-A and USB-B connectors. 5. **Mini USB connector:** This type of connector is similar to a micro-USB connector, but it is slightly larger. Mini USB connectors are often used for cameras and other devices. 11. **Firewire Connector -** is a high-speed serial bus interface standard developed by Apple Computer. It was originally known as IEEE 1394, but is now more commonly referred to as FireWire. - FireWire is used to connect a wide variety of devices to a computer, including: - Digital video cameras - External hard drives - Scanners - Printers - Audio devices - Musical instruments 12. **Thunderbolt Connector -** is a high -speed interface that is designed to connect a wide variety of devices to a computer. It was developed by Intel and Apple, and it is based on the PCI Express (PCIe) and DisplayPort standards. 13. **Audio Ports Connector -** are used to connect speakers or other audio output devices with the computer. The audio signals can be either analogue or digital and depending on that the port and its corresponding connector differ 14. **Surround Sound Connectors or 3.5 mm TRS Connector -** It is the most commonly found audio port that can be used to connect stereo headphones or surround sound channels. A 6-connector system is included on majority of computers for audio out as well as a microphone connection 1. **3.5mm audio jack:** This is the most common type of audio connector. It is used for headphones, microphones, and speaker - audio jack is a small, round connector with two or three rings. The two-ring connector is used for headphones and speakers, while the three-ring connector is used for microphones 2. **RCA connector:** This type of connector is used for connecting audio devices to home theater systems and other audio equipment. - This type of connector is used for connecting audio devices to home theater systems and other audio equipment. 3. **Optical audio connector:** This type of connector is used for connecting audio devices to digital audio receivers and other audio equipment. 15. **3-Pin XLR Connector -** are by far the most common style, and are an industry standard for balanced audio signals. The great majority of professional microphones use the XLR connector 16. **VGA Connector -** stands for Video Graphics Array. It is a standard analog video interface that was introduced in 1987 by IBM. VGA is still widely used today, 17. **DVI Connector -** stands for Digital Visual Interface. It is a standard digital video interface that was introduced in 1999. DVI is still widely used today - There are three types of DVI: DVI port with integrated analogue and digital signals. DVI-D supports only digital signals and DVI-A supports only analogue signals 18. **Mini-DVI Connector -** is developed by Apple as an alternative to MiniVGA port and is physically similar to one. Have 32 pin port - Micro-DVI is a proprietary video output port introduced by Apple in 2008 on the original MacBook Air. It is a smaller version of the standard DVI connector and has 17 pins. 19. **Display Port Connector -** is a digital display interface with optional multiple channel audio and other forms of data. developed with an aim of replacing VGA and DVI ports as the main interface between a computer and monitor. The display port has 20 pins - DisplayPort 1.4a is the latest (in production) version of DisplayPort Specification with support for 4K (3840 x 2160) at 120 Hz or 8K (7680 x 4320) at 60 Hz 20. **Mini-Display Port Connector (mDP) -** is a miniaturized version of the DisplayPort standard. It was introduced in 2008 and is used on a variety of devices, including laptops, external monitors, and projectors. - Mini DisplayPort can support resolutions up to 4096x2160 pixels and refresh rates up to 60Hz. 21. **RCA Connector -** can carry composite video and stereo audio signals over three cables. 22. **Component Video Connector -** is an interface where the video signals are split into more than two channels and the quality of the video signal is better that Composite video 23. **S-Video Connector -** is used for transmitting only video signals. The picture quality is better than that of Composite video but has a lesser resolution than Component video. 24. **HDMI Connector -** stands for High-Definition Multimedia Interface. It is a standard digital video and audio interface that was introduced in 2002. HDMI is the most popular video interface in use today and is supported by a wide variety of devices - HDMI can support resolutions up to 8K (7680x4320 pixels) and refresh rates up to 120Hz. - The latest version of HDMI is 2.1 with much improved bandwidth, resolution and support from video card manufacturers. While HDMI 2.0 has a data bandwidth of 18 Gbps, the HDMI 2.1 has a staggering 48 Gbps of bandwidth. **Micro & Mini-HDMI Connector** - **Mini HDMI -** With HDMI 1.3 Version, a new HDMI Port and Connector combination is released called the Mini HDMI. Physically, it is smaller than a regular HDMI Port but has same 19 Pin - **Micro HDMI -** HDMI developers introduced a new HDMI Connector and Port called Micro HDMI with HDMI Version 1.4. Micro HDMI also has 19 pins (just like regular HDMI and Mini HDMI) but the pinout is different. Micro HDMI is often used in cameras, single board computers 25. **Rj-45 Connector -** Ethernet is a networking technology that is used to connect your computer to Internet and communicate with other computers or networking devices. 26. **Rj-11 Connector -** is another type of Registered Jack that is used as an interface for telephone, modem or ADSL connections **Lesson 4** **What is peripheral devices?** - also known as an auxiliary device (External Devices), is any hardware device that is connected to a computer or other digital device but does not contribute to the computer\'s primary function, such as computing **INPUT DEVICES** 1. **Keyboard -** A keyboard is an input device that allows users to input text and symbols into the computer. It is the most common input device. 2. **Mouse -** is an input device that allows users to point and click on objects on the screen. It is the second most common input device. 3. **Natural or ergonomic keyboards -** usually split the keyboard in half so each hand can comfortably use its own set of keys. 4. **Trackball mouse** - is a type of pointing device that uses a ball to control the cursor on the screen. The ball is located on the top of the mouse and is moved with the fingers or thumb. 5. **TrackPoint -** is a small, red pointing stick located in the middle of the keyboard. 6. **Stylus -** is a pen-shaped instrument that is used to interact with a touchscreen device or graphics tablet. 7. **Touchpad -** is an input device that is found on laptops and other portable devices. It allows users to point and click on objects on the screen by moving their fingers on the touchpad 8. **Scanner** - A scanner is an input device that scans documents and images into the computer. 9. **Microphone -** is an input device that records sound into the computer. 10. **Webcam -** is an input device that captures video and images from the computer. 11. **Game controller -** is an input device that is used to play games. It allows users to control the game by moving the controller or pressing buttons 12. **Barcode reader -** is an input device that scans barcodes into the computer. - **Mechanical input devices**: Mechanical input devices use physical movements to input data into the computer. Examples of mechanical input devices include keyboards, mice, and touchpads. - **Optical input devices**: Optical input devices use light to input data into the computer. Examples of optical input devices include scanners and webcams - **Electrical input devices**: Electrical input devices use electrical signals to input data into the computer. Examples of electrical input devices include microphones and barcode readers. **OUTPUT DEVICES** 1. **Monitors -** Monitors are used to display text, graphics, and video. They are the most common output device for computers 2. **Printers -** are used to create hard copies of documents and images 3. **Speakers -** are used to play audio 4. **Headphones -** are used to listen to audio privately 5. **Projectors -** are used to display images on a large screen 6. **Head-mounted displays (HMDs) -** are devices that are worn on the head and display images in front of the user\'s eyes 7. **Braille displays -** used by people who are blind or visually impaired to read text 8. **GPS devices -** are used to determine the user\'s location. **INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES** 1. **Flash drive -** also known as a USB drive, thumb drive, or pen drive, is a portable data storage device that uses flash memory 2. **External Hard Disk -** might connect to your computer via USB or FireWire 3. **Memory card -** is a small, portable storage device that uses flash memory to store data. 4. **Fax machine -** is a device that scans a document and converts it into a digital signal that can be transmitted over telephone lines to another fax machine. **Lesson 5** **COMPUTER SOFTWARE -** is a set of instructions, data, or programs that run on a computer to perform specific tasks. It is the intangible part of a computer system, in contrast to the hardware, which is the physical components of the system. **2 MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE** 1. **System Software -** is responsible for managing the computer\'s hardware and resources, and providing a platform for application software to run on. 2. **Application Software -** is used to perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processing, web browsing, and playing games. **OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE** - **Utility software -** is used to perform specific maintenance and support tasks on the computer system. I. **antivirus software** II. **disk defragmenters** III. **system backup** IV. **software** - **Middleware -** e is software that acts as an intermediary between system software and application software I. **web servers,** II. **application servers** III. **messaging servers.** - **Programming software -** is used to develop new software applications. I. **include compilers** II. **interpreters** III. **IDEs** - **Collaboration software -** is a type of software that helps teams and individuals to work together on projects, share information, and communicate with each other in real time, regardless of their physical location. - **Productivity software -** is a type of software that is designed to help users to be more productive in their work or personal lives - **Specialized software -** is software that is designed for a specific task or industry. It is often more complex and feature-rich than general-purpose software, and it can be more expensive **EXAMPLE OF PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE** - **Office suites:** Microsoft Office, Google Workspace, LibreOffice, Zoho Office Suite, Apple iWork - **Project management:** Asana, Trello, ClickUp, Wrike, Monday.com - **Communication and collaboration:** Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Chanty, Twist - **Note-taking:** Evernote, Notion, OneNote, Bear, Obsidian - **Time tracking:** Toggl, Clockify, Harvest, TimeCamp, TickTick - **Email clients:** Outlook, Gmail, Spark, Airmail, Mailspring - **File sharing and storage:** Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive, iCloud, Box - **Personal information managers (PIMs):** Outlook, Google Calendar, Any.do, Todoist, Remember The Milk - **PDF software:** Adobe Acrobat, Foxit Reader, Nitro PDF, Nuance Power PDF, PDFelement **EXAMPLE OF COLLABORATION SOFTWARE** - **Communication and collaboration:** Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Chanty, Twist - **Project management:** Asana, Trello, ClickUp, Wrike, Monday.com - **Document and content management:** Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, SharePoint, Confluence - **File sharing and synchronization:** Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive, iCloud, Box - **Video conferencing:** Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex, Skype for Business - **Whiteboarding and brainstorming:** Miro, Mural, Stormboard, Jamboard, Lucidchart - **Code collaboration:** GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket, Mercurial **EXAMPLE OF UTILITY SOFTWARE** - **Antivirus and security software:** Norton, McAfee, Kaspersky, Bitdefender, ESET - **File management software:** Total Commander, WinRAR, 7-Zip, FileZilla, TeraCopy - **Disk management software**: Acronis Disk Director, Paragon Partition Manager, EaseUS Partition Master, GParted, MiniTool Partition Wizard - **System optimization software:** CCleaner, IObit Advanced SystemCare, Glary Utilities, AVG TuneUp, Ashampoo WinOptimizer - **Backup software:** Acronis True Image, Veeam Backup & Replication, EaseUS Todo Backup, Paragon Backup & Recovery, AOMEI Backupper - **Other utility software:** PDF readers, video converters, screen recorders, system information tools, file recovery software, etc**.** **EXAMPLE OF SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE** - **Computer-aided design (CAD) software**: CAD software is used by engineers, architects, and designers to create 2D and 3D models of products, buildings, and other structures**.** - **Geographic information system (GIS) software**: GIS software is used by geographers, cartographers, and urban planners to analyze and visualize geographic data. - **Medical software**: Medical software is used by healthcare professionals to manage patient records, diagnose diseases, and track patient progress**.** - **Financial software**: Financial software is used by accountants, financial analysts, and traders to manage finances, analyze stocks, and forecast market trends. - **Legal software:** Legal software is used by lawyers and paralegals to manage case files, research law, and draft legal documents. - **Other specialized software:** There are also many specialized software programs available for other **industries and professions, such as real estate, construction, education, and manufacturing** - **Graphic design software -** is used to create and edit visual content, such as images, logos, illustrations, and typography 3. **OPERATING SOFTWARE (OS) -** also known as an operating system (OS), is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs **Some of the most popular operating systems include:** Microsoft Windows macOS Linux Android iOS 4. **WEB BROWSER** - is a software application that allows users to access the World Wide Web. It is used to view web pages, which are documents written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript **Some of the most popular web browsers include:** Google Chrome Microsoft Edge Mozilla Firefox Apple Safari Opera 5. **SEARCH ENGINE - i**s a software program that helps users find information on the World Wide Web. - When a user enters a query into a search engine, the search engine returns a list of results, also known as a search engine results page (SERP). The SERP typically includes a list of web pages, as well as other types of information, such as images, videos, and news articles. - Google - Bing - Yahoo - Baidu - Yandex.