GNED 02 Ethics Reviewer PDF

Reviewer for GNED 02 Lesson 1: The Ethical Dimension of Human Existence Ethics -The word ethics comes from the Greek ethos which means customs or habits. -Ethics is also often called moral philosophy. -The word moral is from the Latin mores which also means customs or ha...

Reviewer for GNED 02 Lesson 1: The Ethical Dimension of Human Existence Ethics -The word ethics comes from the Greek ethos which means customs or habits. -Ethics is also often called moral philosophy. -The word moral is from the Latin mores which also means customs or habits. -Thus, ethics means the science of customs or habits of society. -A code of moral standards of conduct for what is “good” and “right” as opposed to what is “bad” or “wrong” Did you know? -It is a normative science. Normative sciences seek to determine norms, ideals, or standards, in this case, of human conduct and character. -It is not a natural or positive science but a regulative science. -It is not a practical science nor does it teach us how to live a moral life, rather, it merely ascertains the moral ideal. -Ethics is not an art. Art consists in the acquisition of a skill but morality consists in an attitude of the will when there is no overt action. -Ethics is a science because it aims at systematic explanation of rightness and wrongness. The Foundations of Ethics 1. Reason- The ability to think critically and logically about moral dilemmas and their implications. 2. Emotion- The empathy, compassion, and sense of justice that guide our moral intuitions. 3. Religion/Spirituality- The belief systems and teachings that provide a framework for ethical conduct. 4. Culture- The societal norms, traditions, and customs that shape our moral values and decision-making. Moral Theories and Philosophical Frameworks 1. Utilitarianism-The ethical theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being. 2. Deontology- The ethical framework based on duty, rules, and the inherent rights of individuals. 3. Virtue Ethics- The approach that emphasizes the cultivation of moral character and virtuous traits. Ethical Dilemmas and Decision-Making 1. Identify the Issue- Clearly define the ethical dilemma and the competing values or principles at stake. 2. Gather Information- Collect relevant facts, consider different perspectives, and understand the context. 3. Evaluate Alternatives- Carefully weigh the possible courses of action and their potential consequences. The Role of Conscience and Moral Reasoning 1. Conscience- Our inner moral compass that guides us towards ethical behavior and decision-making. 2. Moral Reasoning -The process of using logic, principles, and values to navigate complex ethical situations. 3. Moral Dilemmas - Situations where there is no clear right or wrong answer, requiring careful consideration. Ethics and the Individual 1. Personal Values - The moral principles and beliefs that shape an individual's ethical worldview and decision-making. 2. Moral Character- The virtues, integrity, and moral fiber that guide an individual's actions and behavior. 3. Moral Autonomy- The capacity to make independent ethical judgments and take responsibility for one's actions. 4. Moral Development- The lifelong process of evolving and refining one's ethical beliefs and decision-making skills. Ethics in the Workplace 1. Corporate Social Responsibility -The ethical obligation of businesses to consider the impact of their actions on society and the environment. 2. Ethical Leadership - The ability of leaders to set the tone and champion ethical behavior within an organization. 3. Ethical Dilemmas- Challenging situations faced by employees, such as conflicts of interest or whistle-blowing. 2 Kinds of Valuation 1. Aesthetics- is derived from the Greek word aesthesis (“sense or feeling”) and refers to the judgements of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what we see, hear, smell, or taste. 2. Etiquette- is often used to refer to a proper way (or right way) of doing things, but a technical valuation (or right and wrong technique of doing things) may not necessarily be an ethical one. - The term "morals” refers to specific beliefs or attitudes that people have or to describe acts that people perform. - Thus, it is sometimes said that an individual's personal conduct is referred to as his morals, and he falls short of behaving properly, this can be described as immoral. - However, we also have terms such as "moral judgment or moral reasoning' which suggest a more rational aspect. The term "ethics" can be spoken of as the discipline of and understanding ideal human behavior and ideal ways of thinking. - Thus, ethics is acknowledged as an intellectual discipline belonging to philosophy. Source of Authority 1. Positive Law - Refers to the different rules and regulations that are posited or put forward by an authority that require compliance. 2. Divine command Theory - The idea that is obliged to obey God. 3. Cultural relativism- To conform to what we experience, which is the reality of the difference in how culture makes their ethical valuation. Sense of Self 1. Subjectivism-The recognition that individual thinking is at the heart of all moral valuation 2. Psychological Egoism- Describes the underlying dynamic behind all human actions. 3. Ethical Egoism - Make our own needs and our own Interest, as the single overriding concern.  Lesson 2: Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number What is Utilitarianism? - a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm 1. Maximizing Happiness -Utilitarianism aims to promote actions that lead to the greatest overall happiness and well-being. 2. Consequentialism- It focuses on the consequences of actions rather than the intentions or motives behind them. 3. Impartiality- Utilitarianism emphasizes treating everyone's happiness equally, regardless of their social status, race, or other factors. The Core Principles of Utilitarianism 1. Principle of Utility- Actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they produce unhappiness. 2. Hedonistic Calculus- Utilitarianism often employs a system for measuring pleasure and pain, considering factors like intensity, duration, and certainty. 3. Greatest Happiness Principle- The goal is to maximize happiness not just for individuals, but for the whole community. Bentham and the Felicific Calculus 1. Factor-Description 2. Intensity- How strong is the pleasure or pain? 3. Duration- How long does the pleasure or pain last? 4. Certainty- How likely is the pleasure or pain to occur? Mill's Argument for Higher and Lower Pleasures 1. Lower Pleasures- Sensory pleasures that are immediate and easily satisfied, such as eating, and drinking. 2. Higher Pleasures- Intellectual and moral pleasures that are more complex and fulfilling, such as learning, creating, and helping others. Utilitarianism and Decision-Making 1. Identify Options-Consider all possible courses of action. 2. Assess Consequences- Evaluate the potential happiness and unhappiness each option might produce. 3. Choose the Best Option- Select the option that maximizes overall happiness for the greatest number of people. Objections to Utilitarianism 1. Measuring Happiness- It is difficult to objectively measure happiness and compare the happiness of different individuals. 2. Justice and Rights- Utilitarianism can sometimes lead to unjust outcomes or the violation of individual rights. 3. Intentions and Motives- Focusing solely on consequences can overlook the importance of good intentions and ethical motives. Utilitarianism and Justice 1. Distributive Justice- How resources and benefits should be distributed fairly among members of a society. 2. Retributive Justice- The idea that punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed. 3. Procedural Justice- The fairness and impartiality of the processes used to make decisions and resolve disputes. Utilitarianism and Individual Rights 1. Protecting Individuals- Utilitarianism's focus on maximizing overall happiness can sometimes lead to the sacrifice of individual rights for the sake of the greater good. 2. Balancing Interests- Finding a balance between the needs of the individual and the needs of the community is a complex challenge 3. Equality of Rights- Utilitarianism can sometimes lead to unequal treatment if it prioritizes the happiness of a majority group over the happiness of a minority group. PRINCIPLE OF THE GREATEST NUMBER - Utilitarianism emphasizes that the greatest happiness should be pursued for the greatest number of people, not just for a select few. This principle highlights the importance of considering the well-being of all members of society when making moral decisions. Jeremy Bentham: The Utilitarian Philosopher - Jeremy Bentham was a British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer known for his influential work on utilitarianism, a moral philosophy that emphasizes maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering. - Birth and Family- Born in London in 1748 to a wealthy family, Bentham received a privileged education. - Education at Oxford- He studied law at Queen's College, Oxford, graduating in 1766. - Early Writings- Bentham began writing about law and philosophy during his early years. Bentham's Philosophical Contributions 1. Utilitarianism- Bentham's most famous contribution is his development of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy that promotes actions that bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. 2. Social Reform- He applied utilitarian principles to advocate for social reforms, such as prison reform, education reform, and the abolition of slavery. 3. Legal Philosophy- Bentham significantly impacted legal philosophy with his emphasis on codifying laws and promoting clarity and transparency. The Principle of Utility 1. Happiness Maximization-The principle of utility states that actions should be judged based on their consequences and whether they promote happiness or well-being. 2. Moral Calculus- Bentham developed a "moral calculus" to quantify happiness and suffering, allowing for the objective comparison of different actions. 3. Individual vs. Collective- The principle of utility is concerned with the overall happiness of society, not just individual happiness. Panopticon: The Ideal Prison 1. Panopticon Design- The Panopticon was a prison design conceived by Bentham, featuring a central tower that allows a single guard to observe all prisoners without being seen. 2. Surveillance and Discipline- This design aimed to instill discipline through constant surveillance, encouraging prisoners to behave properly even when they believed they were being watched. 3. Influence on Modern Society- The Panopticon's principles of surveillance have influenced modern institutions, such as schools, factories, and even the internet. Bentham's Views on Reform and Social Change 1. Prison Reform - Bentham believed that prisons should focus on rehabilitation and deterrence, arguing against harsh punishments and advocating for humane treatment. 2. Education Reform- He emphasized the importance of universal education, arguing that knowledge and education are essential for individual and societal progress. 3. Social Welfare- Bentham advocated for government intervention in social welfare, proposing policies to address poverty, inequality, and other social problems. Criticisms and Controversies 1. Criticism- Details 2. Individual Rights - Critics argued that utilitarianism could justify sacrificing individual rights for the greater good. 3. Happiness Quantification- The idea of quantifying happiness was seen as subjective and potentially misleading. 4. Surveillance and Privacy- The Panopticon was criticized for its potential to erode privacy and promote excessive surveillance. Bentham's Influence on Political and Legal Thought 1. Legal Codification - Bentham's work on legal codification influenced the development of modern legal systems, emphasizing clarity and consistency in laws. 2. Criminal Justice Reform- His ideas on prison reform and humane treatment of offenders influenced the development of modern criminal justice systems. 3. Political Philosophy- Bentham's utilitarianism influenced political thought, shaping debates about the role of government and the distribution of resources. The Legacy of Utilitarianism 1. Public Policy- Utilitarian principles continue to inform public policy decisions, such as healthcare, education, and social welfare programs. 2. Ethical Debates - Utilitarianism remains a prominent ethical theory, sparking ongoing debates about its strengths and limitations. Conclusion: Bentham's Lasting Impact - Jeremy Bentham's work continues to influence political, legal, and ethical thought today. His legacy is a reminder that seeking happiness and well-being for the greatest number is a crucial pursuit. John Stuart Mill in Utilitarianism - John Stuart Mill, a 19th-century philosopher is renowned for his contributions to utilitarianism. He was a prominent advocate for individual liberty and social reform. This presentation explores Mill's influential ideas on ethics and happiness. - Early Life- Born in London in 1806, Mill received an intensive education from his father, James Mill, a renowned philosopher and economist. - Education and Influences- He was exposed to radical ideas and immersed in classical literature, shaping his intellectual development. - Political and Social Activism- Mill actively engaged in political debates and advocated for social reforms like women's suffrage and individual liberty. Mill's critique of Benthamite utilitarianism - Bentham's Utilitarianism- Jeremy Bentham, a predecessor of Mill, emphasized maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain as the sole ethical goal. - Mill's Refinement- Mill criticized Bentham for failing to recognize the qualitative difference between pleasures, arguing for the pursuit of higher pleasures. The greatest happiness principle 1. Maximizing Happiness- Actions are right as long as they promote happiness, understood as the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 2. Ethical Foundation- Mill's utilitarianism provides a practical and objective framework for making ethical decisions. 3. Social Impact- This principle encourages policies and actions that benefit society as a whole, prioritizing collective well-being. Mill's concept of higher and lower pleasures 1. Lower Pleasures- These are sensual and immediate gratifications, often associated with bodily comforts and basic needs. 2. Higher Pleasures- Intellectual, artistic, and moral pleasures are considered higher, offering more enduring satisfaction and contributing to personal growth. 3. Qualitative Distinction- Mill believed that a life filled with higher pleasures is inherently more valuable, even if it might involve more effort and sacrifice. The role of individuality and liberty in utilitarianism 1. Individuality- Mill emphasized the importance of individual liberty and self-development, allowing individuals to pursue their own happiness. 2. Liberty and Utility- He argued that respecting individual liberty is ultimately beneficial for society, fostering creativity and innovation. 3. Harm Principle- Individuals should be free to act as they please, as long as their actions do not harm others. Utilitarianism and the pursuit of happiness 1. Happiness as a Goal- Mill believed that happiness is the ultimate goal of human life, and that actions should be judged based on their contribution to happiness. 2. Moral and Ethical Obligations- Utilitarianism guides individuals towards actions that promote overall happiness, even if it involves personal sacrifice. 3. Social Well-being- A society that values and promotes happiness is a flourishing and fulfilling society for its members. Addressing criticisms of utilitarianism 1. Justice and Fairness- Critics argue that utilitarianism can lead to unjust outcomes, as the pursuit of happiness for the majority may come at the expense of a minority. 2. Practicality- It can be difficult to predict the consequences of actions and determine which actions will truly maximize happiness. 3. Intentions vs. Outcomes- Critics point out that utilitarianism focuses on outcomes, disregarding the importance of intentions and moral character. Utilitarianism's influence on modern ethical thought 1. Decision-making- Utilitarian principles are applied in various fields such as public policy, business ethics, and legal reasoning. 2. Ethical Frameworks- Utilitarian thought continues to influence contemporary ethical debates, providing a framework for analyzing moral dilemmas. Conclusion: Mill's lasting legacy in utilitarianism 1. Enduring Impact- Mill's work on utilitarianism has had a profound and lasting influence on moral and political philosophy. 2. Modern Relevance- His ideas about happiness, individual liberty, and social progress continue to resonate in contemporary discussions on ethics and society. 3. Legacy- Mill's contributions to utilitarianism have shaped ethical thinking and continue to inspire debate and reflection on the pursuit of happiness and a just society. Lesson 3: Natural Law Natural law- is a philosophical theory that states that humans have inherent rights, moral values, and responsibilities that are based on human nature and not on culture or customs. It's based on the idea that humans are born with a moral compass that guides their behavior and distinguishes right from wrong. Introduction to Natural Law Theory 1. Historical Roots- Natural law principles can be traced back to ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, including Plato and Aristotle. 2. Theological Foundations- In the Western tradition, natural law theory is closely tied to Catholic and Christian theology. 3. Reason and Nature- The theory holds that moral truths can be discovered through reason and by studying human nature. Key Principles of Natural Law 1. Universality- Natural law principles are believed to be universal and applicable to all people, regardless of culture or belief system. 2. Objectivity- Natural law is based on objective moral truths, not subjective opinions or cultural relativism. 3. Immutability- The fundamental moral laws of natural law are considered to be eternal and unchanging. The Role of Reason in Natural Law 1. Rationality- Natural law theory emphasizes the use of reason to discern moral truths from the nature of the world and human beings. 2. Practical Reasoning- This involves applying logical thinking to determine the right course of action in specific situations. 3. Ethical Deliberation- Reason is used to weigh moral considerations and arrive at sound ethical judgments. Natural Law and Human Nature 1. Innate Tendencies- Natural law theory holds that there are inherent human inclinations and drives that form the basis for moral behavior. 2. Self-Actualization- Living according to natural law allows individuals to fully realize their potential and achieve human flourishing. 3. Universality- The moral truths of natural law are believed to be rooted in the common nature shared by all humans. 4. Teleology- Natural law theory emphasizes the inherent purpose and end goals of human existence. Natural Law and Moral Absolutes 1. Moral Absolutes- Natural law theory proposes that there are universal and immutable moral absolutes that must be upheld. 2. Objective Standards- These moral absolutes are grounded in the objective reality of human nature and the natural world. 3. Moral Duty - Individuals have a moral duty to align their actions with these objective moral standards. Natural Law and the Idea of Justice 1. Equity- Natural law theory advocates for a just and equitable social order based on universal moral principles. 2. Rule of Law- The principles of natural law should form the foundation for a society's legal system and institutions. 3. Balance- Natural law seeks to strike a balance between individual rights and the common good of society. Critiques and Limitations of Natural Law 1. Subjectivity- Criticism that natural law theory relies too heavily on subjective moral intuitions and cultural biases. 2. Lack of Empiricism- Concerns that natural law lacks sufficient grounding in empirical evidence and scientific observation. 3. Conflict with Modernity- Challenges that natural law's emphasis on unchanging moral absolutes clashes with modern pluralistic societies. Application of Natural Law in Contemporary Issues 1. Bioethics- Natural law principles have been applied to debates around issues like euthanasia, abortion, and genetic engineering. 2. Environment al Ethics- Natural law theory informs discussions on human stewardship of the natural world and sustainable development. 3. Social Justice- Natural law's emphasis on universal human rights and the common good shapes perspectives on economic and social inequality. Thomas Aquinas: The Angelic Doctor - Thomas Aquinas, often called the "Angelic Doctor," was a 13th century Catholic philosopher and theologian whose influential writings have had a lasting impact on Western philosophy and Catholic theology. - Childhood- Born in Italy in 1225, Aquinas came from a noble family and received a privileged upbringing. - University Studies- He studied at the University of Naples and later joined the Dominican Order, pursuing advanced studies in philosophy and theology. - Academic Career- Aquinas went on to teach at the University of Paris, where he developed his most influential philosophical and theological works. The Summa Theologica: Aquinas' Magnum Opus 1. Comprehensive Theology- The Summa Theologica is Aquinas' most famous work, a systematic exploration of Catholic theology and philosophy. 2. Influential Structure- The Summa is organized into three main parts, covering God, the human being, and the moral life. 3. Enduring Impact- The Summa remains a central text in Catholic education and a foundational work in Western thought. Aquinas' Philosophical Thought: Reconciling Faith and Reason - Aristotelian Influence- Aquinas drew heavily on the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in developing his philosophical system. - Faith and Reason- Aquinas sought to harmonize the Catholic faith with rational philosophical inquiry, believing they could co-exist and complement each other. - Natural Theology- He developed a natural theology that used reason to demonstrate the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. The Five Proofs for the Existence of God 1. Motion- The observation that all things in motion must be moved by something else, leading to a First Mover. 2. Causation- The principle that every effect must have a cause, pointing to a First Cause. 3. Contingency- The idea that contingent beings must be caused by a Necessary Being, or God. 4. Perfection- The observation that things in the world have degrees of perfection, implying a most perfect Being. 5. Design- The argument that the ordered nature of the universe points to an intelligent Designer. Aquinas' Influence on Catholic Theology 1. Theological Foundations- Aquinas' ideas became foundational to Catholic theology and have shaped Catholic doctrine for centuries. 2. Intellectual Tradition- His works remain required reading in Catholic seminaries and universities around the world. 3. Philosophical Influence- Aquinas' synthesis of faith and reason has had a lasting impact on Western philosophy. Aquinas' Virtues: Intellectual and Moral 1. Intellectual Virtue- Aquinas was renowned for his exceptionalintellect, deep learning, and rigorous logical reasoning. 2. Moral Virtue- He also embodied moral virtues like humility, temperance, and a deep devotion to God. 3. Saintly Character- These virtues, both intellectual and moral, contributed to Aquinas being declared a Doctor of the Church. 4. Legacy and Impact of Thomas Aquinas 1. Philosophical Influence- Aquinas' writings had a profound impact on Western philosophy, reconciling faith and reason. 2. Theological Importance- He is considered one of the greatest theologians in the Catholic tradition. 3. Scholastic Tradition- Aquinas' systematic approach to theological inquiry became the foundation of Scholastic thought. 4. Lasting Legacy- Centuries later, his ideas continue to be studied and debated by scholars around the world.