Reviewer for Global Religion and Population PDF

Section 1: Religion as a Globalizing Force o Artistic Globalization: The Gandhara art style fused Key Points: Greco-Roman and Indian Reli...

Section 1: Religion as a Globalizing Force o Artistic Globalization: The Gandhara art style fused Key Points: Greco-Roman and Indian Religion and state have historically elements. been intertwined, often working ▪ Introduced the together to achieve spiritual and human depiction of secular goals. the Buddha, Ancient and medieval times show a revolutionizing fusion of religious and state Buddhist interests. Even today, some states iconography. maintain this synergy. ▪ Spread to Central 1. Buddhism as a Globalizing Agent Asia and China, influencing monastic Spread of Buddhism: and architectural o Originated in Northern India, styles. expanded via the Silk Road: ▪ Westward: 2. Christianity and the Crusades Afghanistan, Bengal, and into Central Asia. The First Crusade (1095): ▪ Eastward: China, o Initiated by Pope Urban II to Korea, Japan. reclaim the Holy Land. ▪ Returned to Tibet o Scholars argue it was an and influenced East early form of European Turkestan regions colonialism with: (e.g., Kyrgyzstan, ▪ Territorial ambitions. Tajikistan). ▪ Economic incentives: o Missionary activities by Italian city-states Kashmiri Buddhists helped benefited from trade establish Buddhism in routes in conquered remote regions. Levantine territories. Economic Impact: ▪ Social shifts: o Silk’s role in Buddhist rituals European peasants spurred demand and joined, seeking bolstered trade networks. economic relief or redemption. o Chinese coveted Buddhist relics, creating a trade route Cultural and Political Impact: for artifacts, stimulating o Arab Nationalists labeled the cross-cultural exchanges. Crusades as imperialist Cultural Contributions: invasions.  o Strengthened Western o France: Targeted by Algerian economic power along the extremists protesting secular Mediterranean coast. governance. o USA: Domestic attacks like the Oklahoma City 3. Juergensmeyer’s Stages of Religious bombing, linked to Christian Resurgence militias. Religion responds to crises in globalization Stage 4: Global War (Post-9/11) and secularism, evolving through distinct stages: 9/11 Attacks: Stage 1: Isolated Outbursts (1970s-1980s) o Coordinated by global jihadist networks under Examples: Osama bin Laden. o Iranian Revolution (1979): o Marked the rise of the "War Ayatollah Khomeini on Terror," intertwining overthrew the Shah’s secular religious and secular regime. conflicts globally. o Sikh Separatism in Punjab Stage 5: Non-Violent Uprisings (Arab (1980s): Tens of thousands Spring) killed in a quest for Khalistan. Example: Tahrir Square (2011): o Buddhist Activism in Sri o Protests led by young, Lanka: Opposed Tamil educated activists. separatists. o Religiously inclusive Stage 2: Internationalization of Religious movements (Muslims and Rebellion Coptic Christians united). Afghan Jihad (1980s): o Demonstrated peaceful alternatives to jihadist tactics. o United Muslim radicals globally to resist Soviet forces. Section 2: Religion in Modern Global o Veterans later formed Conflicts networks like al Qaeda. Key Themes in Religious Conflicts Stage 3: Anti-Western Sentiment (1990s) 1. Identity: Focus shifted to global centers of o Religion as a cultural anchor power, particularly the USA and amidst the homogenizing Europe. effects of globalization. Examples:  o Reinforces national and o Top Destination: USA (50.7M ethnic identities (e.g., Jewish migrants). nationalism in Israel). 2. Accountability: Push-Pull Model o Religious leadership Push Factors (Reasons to Leave) provides moral and legal structures, often challenging Economic: secular corruption. o Unemployment, poverty. 3. Security: o Example: Irish Potato Famine o Amid global uncertainty, (1845). religion offers a sense of belonging and divine Political/Religious: protection. o Persecution and war (e.g., Role of Symbolism in Religion and Violence Syrian refugees). Religious symbols (e.g., crescent, Environmental: cross) empower movements. o Rising sea levels in Kiribati, Example: Hamas leaders viewed forcing national migration violence as defending religious planning. dignity, even if militarily unwinnable. Pull Factors (Reasons to Migrate) Economic: Section 3: Global Migration o Higher wages (e.g., Latin Overview of Migration Americans migrating to the USA). 1. Types of Migration: Social: o Internal: Within a country (e.g., rural-to-urban o Political and religious migration in China). freedom. o International: Across borders o Example: Turkey's for work, safety, or "Gastarbeiter" program in permanent residence. Germany. 2. Global Figures: o 272 million migrants (2019): Migration’s Impact Represent 3.5% of the 1. Economic: world’s population. o Remittances bolster sending o Top Origin Countries: India countries’ economies. (17.5M), Mexico (11.8M), China (10.7M).  o "Brain drain" may harm developing nations. 2. Cultural: o Adds diversity but can create cultural tensions (e.g., anti- immigrant movements in Europe). 3. Challenges: o Overcrowded urban centers. o Food security: FAO demands 70% growth in production to sustain population growth by 2050.