Religion as a Globalizing Force: Buddhism
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Questions and Answers

What role did silk play in the trade networks associated with Buddhism?

  • It spurred demand and bolstered trade networks. (correct)
  • It was mainly traded for agricultural goods.
  • It was used primarily for clothing materials.
  • It facilitated naval expeditions across the Mediterranean.

Which of the following consequences resulted from the economic impact of Buddhism in Kashmir?

  • Kashmir became entirely isolated from other regions.
  • Agricultural practices declined due to overpopulation.
  • Trade routes for Buddhist relics were established. (correct)
  • Kashmiri peasants led a revolt against foreign traders.

What was a reaction of European peasants joining Buddhist activities?

  • To expand their agricultural production.
  • To establish trade with the Levantine territories.
  • To seek economic relief or redemption. (correct)
  • To participate in political movements.

What did Arab Nationalists label the Crusades as?

<p>Imperialist invasions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Juergensmeyer’s Stages of Religious Resurgence, what does Stage 4 represent?

<p>Global War, particularly post-9/11. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a defining characteristic of the attacks linked to Christian militias in the USA?

<p>They were domestic attacks, such as the Oklahoma City bombing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of coordinated attacks under Osama bin Laden?

<p>To support global jihadist networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements protested against secular governance in France?

<p>Algerian extremists' protests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artistic style resulted from the fusion of Greco-Roman and Indian elements?

<p>Gandhara art (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions benefited from the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road?

<p>China and Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did Pope Urban II initiate in 1095?

<p>The First Crusade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates how religion and state have historically interacted?

<p>The relationship between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of iconography did the Gandhara art style influence?

<p>Buddhist iconography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions was NOT directly influenced by the spread of Buddhism?

<p>Western Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major feature of the First Crusade initiated by Pope Urban II?

<p>Territorial ambitions to reclaim the Holy Land (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the impact of Buddhism's return to Tibet?

<p>It influenced monastic and architectural styles in the region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does religion play during times of global uncertainty?

<p>It offers a sense of belonging and divine protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol is mentioned as empowering religious movements related to violence?

<p>Crescent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant cause of international migration due to environmental reasons?

<p>Rising sea levels in Kiribati. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a type of migration that occurs within a country?

<p>Internal migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of 2019, what percentage of the world's population were migrants?

<p>3.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one economic impact of migration on sending countries?

<p>Remittances bolster sending countries’ economies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge associated with migration is noted regarding urban centers?

<p>Overcrowding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is demanding significant agricultural growth to sustain population increases by 2050?

<p>Food security. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the Iranian Revolution in 1979?

<p>Rise of the War on Terror intersecting with religious conflicts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the protests during the Arab Spring, especially in Tahrir Square in 2011?

<p>Leadership primarily by young, educated activists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature of Sikh Separatism in Punjab during the 1980s?

<p>A quest for Khalistan leading to tens of thousands killed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Afghan Jihad in the 1980s influence later groups like al Qaeda?

<p>It served as a unifying force for Muslim radicals globally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key theme of religious conflicts is highlighted as acting as a cultural anchor?

<p>Identity through religion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Push-Pull Model primarily focus on in terms of migration?

<p>Reasons to leave and factors that attract migrants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment shifted in the 1990s, particularly towards global powers?

<p>Anti-Western sentiment emerging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common Push Factors in migration according to the content?

<p>Unemployment and poverty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Buddhism's Spread

Buddhism originated in Northern India and spread across regions like Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, primarily via the Silk Road.

Gandhara Art Style

A style of art that fused Greco-Roman and Indian elements, particularly in the depiction of the Buddha.

Silk Road

Historically important trade route that facilitated the spread of Buddhism and other ideas and goods; played a crucial role in connecting the East and West.

Buddhist Iconography Fusion

The integration of human depictions of the Buddha into Buddhist art, influencing styles in various regions.

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First Crusade

A religious war initiated by Pope Urban II to reclaim the Holy Land, with underlying territorial ambitions.

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Religion and State Intertwined

A historical trend where religious organizations and governing bodies often collaborated to achieve shared objectives.

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Early European Colonialism

The Crusades are sometimes viewed as an early example of European expansionist policies, with aims beyond simply religious goals.

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Buddhism's Influence in Central Asia

Buddhism spread to Tibet and regions like Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, significantly impacting local cultures.

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Economic Incentives in Missionary Activities

Economic benefits, like trade routes and increased demand for goods, drove missionary efforts in religious expansion.

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Silk's Role in Buddhism

Silk's importance in Buddhist rituals boosted trade among Buddhist regions and influenced cultural exchange.

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Buddhist Relic Trade

High demand for Buddhist relics in China stimulated trade networks and cultural exchange.

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Juergensmeyer's Stage 1 of Religious Resurgence

Religious responses to crises in globalization and secularism begin with isolated outbreaks in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Juergensmeyer's Stage 4 of Religious Resurgence

A globalized phase of religious resurgence marked by significant events like 9/11 and the rise of global jihadist networks.

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9/11 Attacks

A coordinated attack carried out by global jihadist networks, under the leadership of Osama bin Laden, representing a major event impacting global conflicts.

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Economic Impact of Crusades

The Crusades strengthened European economic power, especially along the Mediterranean coast.

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Religious Responses to Crises

Religious groups respond to globalization and secularism through different stages, from isolated incidents to global conflicts.

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Iranian Revolution (1979)

A significant event where Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah's secular regime, leading to the establishment of an Islamic Republic in Iran.

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Sikh Separatism in Punjab (1980s)

A conflict in which Sikh separatists sought to create an independent state called Khalistan in Punjab, resulting in thousands of deaths.

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Buddhist Activism in Sri Lanka

A movement protesting against the oppression of Tamil separatists, highlighting the power of Buddhist religious leaders and activists.

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Stage 2: Internationalization of Religious Rebellion

The spread of religious conflicts beyond national borders, becoming international movements that connect individuals across countries.

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Afghan Jihad (1980s)

A global struggle against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, uniting Muslim radicals from different countries under a shared faith-based objective.

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Anti-Western Sentiment (1990s)

A shift in focus of religious conflicts towards global centers of power like the USA and Europe, often fueled by a sense of opposition to Western influence.

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Role of Religion in Identity

Religion serves as a strong cultural anchor in a world increasingly dominated by globalization, reinforcing national and ethnic identities.

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Push-Pull Model of Migration

A model explaining migration patterns driven by factors that push people away from their home countries (e.g., poverty) and pull them towards new destinations.

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Role of Religion in Migration

Religion can motivate migration, offering a sense of belonging, protection, or freedom in new environments. It can also fuel conflict, forcing displacement.

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Religious Symbolism and Violence

Religious symbols empower movements and can justify violence. They can be used to unite followers and give a sense of identity even in the face of adversity.

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Global Migration: Internal vs. International

Internal migration occurs within a country, while international migration involves crossing borders. Both can be driven by economic, social, or political reasons.

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Pull Factors of Migration

These are reasons that draw people to a new place, often including opportunities like higher wages, greater freedom, or a better life.

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Economic Impact of Migration

Migrants can contribute to receiving countries through remittances (sending money home) and labor force participation, but developing countries may face 'brain drain' if skilled workers leave.

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Cultural Impact of Migration

Migration brings diversity, enriching cultures but also creating tensions. Anti-immigrant movements can arise from cultural clashes.

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Challenges of Global Migration

Overcrowding in cities, food security concerns (meeting growing demands), and social integration difficulties are issues associated with large-scale migration.

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The Syrian Refugee Crisis

A major example of forced migration due to war and persecution. Millions fled Syria seeking safety and a better life abroad.

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Study Notes

Section 1: Religion as a Globalizing Force

  • Religion and state have historically worked together for spiritual and secular goals
  • Ancient and medieval times show a fusion of religious and state interests
  • This synergy is still seen in some states today

1. Buddhism as a Globalizing Agent

  • Spread of Buddhism:
    • Originated in Northern India and spread via the Silk Road
    • Westward: Spread to Afghanistan, Bengal, and Central Asia
    • Eastward: Spread to China, Korea, and Japan
    • Returned to Tibet and influenced regions like Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
    • Missionary activities helped establish Buddhism in remote areas
  • Economic Impact:
    • Silk's role in Buddhist rituals stimulated demand and trade networks
    • Demand for Buddhist relics created a trade route for artifacts, encouraging cultural exchange
  • Cultural Contributions:
    • Gandhara art style blended Greco-Roman and Indian elements
    • Depictions of Buddha revolutionized Buddhist iconography
    • Spread to Central Asia and China, influencing monastic and architectural styles

Section 2: Christianity and the Crusades

  • The First Crusade (1095):
    • Initiated by Pope Urban II to reclaim the Holy Land
    • Scholars see it as an early form of European colonialism with territorial ambitions
    • Economic incentives, like trade routes in conquered areas, benefitted Italian city-states
    • Social shifts occurred as European peasants sought economic relief or redemption
  • Cultural and Political Impact:
    • Arab nationalists labeled the Crusades as imperialist invasions

Section 3: Juergensmeyer's Stages of Religious Resurgence

  • Religion responds to crises in globalization and secularism, evolving through stages.
  • Stage 1: Isolated Outbursts (1970s-1980s): Events like the Iranian Revolution, Sikh separatism, and Buddhist activism in Sri Lanka highlight this stage.
  • Stage 2: Internationalization of Religious Rebellion: Events like the Afghan Jihad illustrate this stage.
  • Stage 3: Anti-Western Sentiment (1990s): This stage focuses on global centers of power, including the USA and Europe.
  • Stage 4: Global War (Post-9/11): Examples include the coordinated attacks by global jihadist networks, and the rise of the "War on Terror"

Section 4: Religion in Modern Global Conflicts

  • Key Themes in Religious Conflicts:
    • Identity: Religion acts as a cultural anchor amidst globalization.

Section 5: Global Migration

  • Types of Migration:
    • Internal: Migration within a country, like rural-to-urban migration
    • International: Migration across borders for work, safety, or permanent residence.
  • Global Figures:
    • 272 million migrants in 2019, representing 3.5% of the global population.
  • Top Origin Countries: India, Mexico, and China were top origin countries in 2019.
  • Migration's Impact:
    • Economic: Remittances bolster sending countries' economies.
  • Push Factors:
    • Economic (unemployment, poverty), political/religious(persecution, war), and environmental(rising sea levels)
  • Pull Factors:
    • Economic (higher wages), social(religious freedom), and political
  • Challenges:
    • Overcrowded urban centers and food security concerns

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Description

Explore how Buddhism emerged as a globalizing agent, influencing countries from its origins in Northern India to Japan. This quiz covers its historical spread, economic impacts through trade, and significant cultural contributions. Learn about the fusion of religion and politics throughout history and the modern relevance of these dynamics.

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