Reviewer for Ethics FINALS PDF

Reviewer for Ethics 1) Authority of the solemnizing officer; Part 1: Marriage and Sexuality 2) Valid marriage license; and A. NOTION AND NATURE OF MARRIAGE 3) Marriage ceremony by the con...

Reviewer for Ethics 1) Authority of the solemnizing officer; Part 1: Marriage and Sexuality 2) Valid marriage license; and A. NOTION AND NATURE OF MARRIAGE 3) Marriage ceremony by the contracting parties before solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that Marriage they take each other as husband and wife in the presence - Is union between man and woman as a result of of at least (2) witnesses of legal age. mutual attraction and mutual love. PURPOSES OF MARRIAGE - Is both legal (it is solemnized in accordance with law) and moral (it is entered into by both parties giving 1) Mutual love, companionship, and support. free and voluntary consent). 2) Procreation, support and education of children; and - The purpose of union is not only for mutual love, care and support but also for the procreation of 3) Everlasting life of happiness with God in heaven. children to perpetuate the human species. SACRAMENT OF MATRIMONY The family code of the Philippines (1998) instituted by Christ at the wedding at Cana. - Defines marriage as “a special contract of ST. PAUL permanent union between man and woman entered into in accordance with law for the In his letter to the Ephesians, he quotes Holy Scriptures establishment of conjugal and family life.” on marriage “Because of this, man shall leave his father - It is the foundation of the family-the basic unit of and mother to be united with his wife, and the two shall society. become one flesh.” (Eph. 5:31) - As a contract and a foundation, it is an indissoluble social institution. POPE PIUS XI From Catholic view Declares “By matrimony, therefore, the souls of the contracting parties are joined and knit together more - Marriage is a contract, an institution and a directly and more intimately than are their bodies, and sacrament in that God established marriage as that not by any passing affection of sense of spirit, but the natural means of procreating and educating by a deliberate and firm act of the will; and from this his choicest earthly creatures. union of souls by God's decree, a sacred and inviolable Essential Requirements for Marriage bond arises. (On Christian Marriage no. 7) 1. the contracting parties must be male and female, CATHOLIC CHURCH both single or unmarried. There is no marriage Teaches that Christian Marriage as a call to holiness, a for the same sexes. way of holiness. 2. True love must be the motivating force for the contracting parties. Marriage as a sacrament does sanctify the man and 3. The contracting parties must be of legal age, at woman who enter into it under God’s blessings. least 18 years of age. 4. The contract must be done out of free and ▪ Family – is the basic unit of society voluntary act. ▪ Marriage – has to be permanent and stable 5. The contract must be permanent and indissoluble. Marriage is for life, till death for the ▪ Marriage – a union for complete human completion partners. and fulfillment. FORMAL REQUISITES FOR MARRIAGE ▪ It is human nature that the rearing of children and care of children need the permanent loving union of the Promulgated by the 1998 Family Code of the Philippines father and mother under which the children grow and (Art. 3, p. 8) learn to love. ▪ Broken homes result to juvenile delinquency Status of performing one’s obligations as spouses and parents is limited only to what is legal. FORMS OF MARRIAGE 1. MARRIAGE AS LIVE-IN Duties are done because it is legally so required. Not true marriage in the strict sense of the word the husband and the wife have to perform all these obligations simply because it is their obligation. Men and women who enter and live together as husband-and-wife w/o legal contract our civilized Marriage has contract and its limitations society requires, or other ceremonies requisite of their 3. MARRIAGE AS COVENANT union. Relationship and duties go beyond limits of marriage Basically a private one since there’s no official as contract. recognition by partner’s respective families, relatives, and community as a whole. Covenant – word is taken from the relationship between Yahweh and the Hebrews, His Chosen People, Marriage relationship is temporary in nature, which as they journeyed in the desert to the Promise Land. mean there is no permanent commitment between the two lovers. Husband and wife go beyond their legal obligations mutually giving themselves to each in fidelity and love. The fact that the partners do not legalize their relationship to make it permanent could possibly mean There is that surrender of self even to the point of the following: sacrificing one’s personal interests for the sake of the other. 1. Lovers are not ready to face parental responsibilities. Focus in on the person and the personal commitment 2. They are not certain of their love for each other, being made. There is a giving of self here which goes so trial first. beyond certain fixed obligations. 3. They must find out if they are compatible to each other or not; and Form of marriage sees husband and wife with an ‘I- 4. There are legal impediments. Thou’ relationship by Martin Buber. in this context the spouses treat each other as subjects Does not have the commitment or assurance for the , as person, not as object. proper care and support of children since parents may separate and desert them anytime, they wish. There is openness and acceptance of the other for what he or she is. They grow as they journey together in 2. MARRIAGE AS CONTRACT life. The relationship bet. husband and wife are legalized Marriage cannot be considered as covenant unless it by the state and/or by the church or by custom involves its divine author, God. ceremonies, and therefore binding and permanent. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE There is commitment until death. The family code of the Philippines 1998 Fr. Morga has this to say on promises of the promulgated the rights and duties between the husband and wife, they are the following: contracting parties: 1. There is the promise of fidelity 1. The husband and wife are obliged to live 2. There is the vow of presence together, observe mutual love, respect and 3. There is the promise of mutual financial support fidelity, and render mutual help and support. 4. There is the promise to care in sickness 2. The husband and wife shall fix the family 5. There is the promise to give themselves to the domicile. In case of disagreement, the court shall raising of children. decide.  3. The spouses are jointly responsible for the EFFECTS OF LEGAL SEPARATION support of the family. The expenses for such Marriage separation shall have the following support and other conjugal obligations shall be effects on the spouses (art 63, FCP) paid from the community property and, in the 1. The spouses shall be entitled to live separately absence thereof, from the income or fruits of from each other, but the marriage bonds shall their separate properties. In case of insufficiency not be severed; or absence of said income or fruits, such 2. The absolute community or the conjugal obligations shall be satisfied from the separate partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but properties. the offending spouse shall have no right to any 4. The management of the household shall be the share of the net profits earned by the absolute right and the duty of both spouses. The expenses community or the conjugal partnership, which for such management shall be paid in accordance shall be forfeited in accordance with the with the provisions of Article 70. provisions of Article 43(2); 5. When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties to the conjugal union or commits acts 3. The custody of the minor children shall be which tend to bring danger, dishonor or injury to awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the the other or to the family, the aggrieved party provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and may apply to the court for relief. 6. Either spouse may exercise any legitimate 4. The offending spouse shall be disqualified from profession, occupation, business or activity inheriting from the innocent spouse by intestate without the consent of the other. The latter may succession. Moreover, provisions in favor of the object only on valid, serious, and moral grounds. offending spouse made in the will of the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of LEGAL SEPARATION law. Allowable only in the Philippines since divorce here is not allowed. VOID AND VOIDABLE MARRIAGES Marriage could be void or voidable. Article 35 of Grounds for separation by Family Code of the Ph: the family code of the Philippines provides the following 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct circumstances or reasons for void or voidable marriage: directed against the petitioner, a common child or child of the petitioner. 1. Those contracted by any party below eighteen 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the years of age even with the consent of parents or petitioner to change religious or political affiliation guardians; 3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the 2. Those solemnized by any person not legally petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, authorized to perform marriages unless such to engage in prostitution or connivance in such marriages were contracted with either or both corruption or inducement. parties believing in good faith that the 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do imprisonment of more than 6 years, even pardoned so; 5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the 3. Those solemnized without license, except those respondent. covered the preceding Chapter; 6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of respondent. 4. Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not 7. Contracting of a subsequent bigamous marriage in the failing under Article 41; Philippines or abroad. 5. Those contracted through mistake of one 8. Sexual infidelity or perversion. contracting party as to the identity of the other; 9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the and petitioner. 6. Those subsequent marriages that are void under 10. Abandonment of the petitioner by respondent Article 53. without justifiable cause for more than a year. 7. MARRIAGE ANNULMENT A marriage may be annulled for any of the 4. Concealment of drug addiction, habitual following causes at the time of the marriage (family code alcoholism or homosexuality or lesbianism art 45) existing at the time of the marriage. 1. That the spouse for whom the marriage is sought B. HUMAN SEXUALITY MALE AND FEMALE to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and Two human sexes that God created, complimenting the marriage was solemnized without the each other. consent of the parents, guardian or person Divine plan of God: That man and woman be his co- having substitute parental authority over the creator in the generation and perpetuation of the human party, in that order, unless after attaining the age species. of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with ▪ God ordains sex as sacred and holy. the other and both lived together as husband and wife; SEX 2. That either party was of unsound mind, unless Must be done only within the context of marriage, one such party after coming to reason, freely purpose of which is the procreation of children. cohabited with the other as husband and wife; A force that permeates, influences, and affects every 3. That the consent of either party was obtained by act of a person’s being at every moment of existence. fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full Not a partial or mere genital in the person knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, The totality of human being freely cohabited with the other as husband and In reality is “manness” or “womanness” of the person. wife; 4. That the consent of either party was obtained by SEXUAL ACT force, intimidation or undue influence, unless Must be done only by married people. the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other SEXUAL PERVERSION as husband and wife; Sex performed outside the confines of marriage 5. That either party was physically incapable of CORAZON L. CRUZ of Marital Sexuality consummating the marriage with the other, and States that in the first place, it must be established that such incapacity continues and appears to be God intended the propagation of the human race incurable; or through sexual intercourse. The act is vital to marriage. 6. That either party was afflicted with a sexually- transmissible disease found to be serious and In the second place, God intended that there should be appears to be incurable. an accompanying pleasure in the conjugal act. Art. 46. Of the same code provides that any of the HUMAN SEXUALITY following circumstances shall constitute fraud referred to The way of being in, and relating to, the world as a in Number 3 of the preceding Article: male or female person…it is the mode or manner by which humans experience and express both the 1. Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final completeness of their individualities and their judgment of the other party of a crime involving relatedness to each other as male and female. moral turpitude; 2. Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the SEXUALITY time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man The expression of manifestation of one’s being a man other than her husband; or being a woman. 3. Concealment of sexually transmissible disease, Destined to complete human relationship regardless of its nature, existing at the time of the marriage; or SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 3. Sex among Christian is essentially unselfish The expression of the conjugal will of a man and a because it is to be directed toward others, woman to parenthood, the celebration of physical, ultimately to the offspring that God may give mental and spiritual intimacy. husband and wife and to one’s marriage partner. ▪ Each one compliments and supplements the need of 4. When sex is used for Selfish Purposes, it is a the other. deviation from Christian Standards. Such sex ▪ Man’s physical strength supplements the physical perversion may be done in various form. weakness of the woman. a. Intended artificial contraception ▪ Woman’s feminine emotion is complimentary to man’s where one of the purposes of sex, rationality. procreation of children, is denied. b. Adultery and fornication where the COMPLIMENTARY OF THE TWO SEXES care, love and support of resulting - What man has, the woman lacks and may need it. And vice versa. children are not guaranteed; and - What woman has, the man lacks and may need c. When sexual union is done merely to it. satisfy one’s selfish desires. Sexuality generates in the subjects certain values: 5. There must be a morally good reason for any 1) Self- liberating – sexuality is genuinely expressive of action that brings about sexual stimulation. one’s authentic self. Direct sex actions, whose primary intention is to 2) Other-enriching – sexual act is a form of expressing arouse sexual pleasure, are the privilege only of one’s concern for the beloved’s well-being and interest. married people. 3) Honest – human sexuality must be open and true expression of deep relationship bet. husband and wife. PERVERSION OF SEXUALITY 4) Faithful – As sexuality liberates and liberates, it PERVERTED SEXUALITY facilitates stable relationship and fidelity bet. marital When sexual act is done not in its natural course, act lovers. is performed outside of marriage, done abnormally with 5) Life-serving – sexuality facilitates God’s plan of individuals other than the spouse, or the purpose of sex multiplying and perpetuating the human species through is distorted or denied. procreation of children. 6) Joyous – Being God’s gift to man, marital sexuality is to 1. PREMARITAL SEXUALITY be enjoyed by the loving parents. Sex act done by two lovers who have the plan to marry each other soon but cannot wait for reasons. SEXUAL PLEASURE AND ITS MORALITY 2. FORNICATION To guide the individuals in the morality of sexual Done by two unmarried lovers without the intention pleasure, the catholic church provided certain normative of marrying each other. Purpose of sex act is purely for principles. pleasure (legitimate only for husband and wife) 3. EXTRA-MARITAL SEX ACT 1. Sexual organs are good and beautiful because Performed by a husband or wife with another they have been given to men and women by God individual other than spouse. Immortal as it violated for a most noble purpose, the continuation of a fidelity human race. 4. HOMOSEXUALITY AND LESBIANISM - Genesis 1:27-28 – “Be fruitful, multiply, fill the These acts are deviations from the natural and Earth and conquer it” therefore against the very nature of the performers. 2. Sexual organs are good and beautiful because of 5. RAPE its fold God given purpose for the generation of A sexual act forced against the consent of the woman children, and as an expression of true mutual under threat of death, and done against 6th and 9th love between the spouses. commandments of God 6. INCEST An applied study of ethical issues and values not only A sexual intercourse between father and daughter, in medicine and biology but also in the behavioral mother and son, grandfather and granddaughter, and the sciences. like. A violation of God’s will ▪ Life, Health, and Death – primary and major 7. LIVE-IN predicaments with which bioethics deals. It remains unstable in nature since the partners are ▪ Biomedical Scientists – had embarked researches on not bound by law to the promise of fidelity to one human biological matters in the U.S and England in 1960s another. ▪ Daniel Callahan – Prolific bioethics philosopher ▪ Vow of Fidelity – guarantee the security of the children ▪ Florentino T. Timbreza – a Filipino who published a book on Bioethics. MARITAL SEX PROBLEMS 1. SEXUAL INCOMPATIBILITY BIOMEDICAL ISSUES Could be the aggressiveness of one partner and the 1. Artificial Insemination opposite of it in other, which causes frustration or 2. Body organ transplant suffering on the spouses. 3. Sex change 2. IMPOTENCE 4. Human cloning MORAL PROBLEMS AGAINST HUMAN LIFE Referred to the inability of the husband to perform 5. Contraception as means of birth control sexual intercourse with the wife due to some 6. Abortion psychological problems and physical deficiency in his 7. Euthanasia organ. 8. Drug Abuse 3. FRIGIDITY 9. Suicide Referred to the lack of sexual response or feeling on the part of the wife due to some physical, mental, or 1.) ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION cultural reasons Extraction and depositing of man’s spermatozoa in the 4. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) vagina, cervical canal, or uterus of the woman through Diseases transmitted through sexual contact and may the use of instruments to bring about desired conception damage marital sexual relation that cannot be attained through sexual 5. STERILITY intercourse. Biological inability of either spouse to procreate May be done to married couple whose reproductive offspring due to some deficiency in the reproductive process is defective organs. Strictly speaking, not a sexual problem but Semen extraction for insemination purposes can be included as it affects marital sexual life. done in: ▪ Impotence, Frigidity, and STD – if not remedied and remain incurable, these can be a ground for annulment. a) Ejaculation by masturbation b) Ejaculation by condom-intercourse c) Coitus interruptus Part 2: Marriage and Sexuality d) Anal massage of the prostate gland Bioethical Issues and their Moral Implications e) Direct puncture of the epididymis BIOETHICS The study of the morality of certain issues involving ▪ Homologous insemination (AIH) – semen is extracted human life ranging from the artificial means of from husband to be injected into wife’s vagina or uterus producing babies or preventing or controlling their to fertilize her ripe ovum for the intended conception. birth, human experimentation, to certain acts against life ▪ Heterologous insemination (AID) – semen extraction is itself. done to donor other than the husband, as agreed upon by parties; violative of the unity of marriage due to the intervention of third party. 3. It is selfishness on the part of the mother to have FOR INSEMINATION WITHIN THE COUPLE: a child but depriving him/her of love and 1. Impotence of the husband-ejaculation cannot company of his/her father due to self- occur due to non-erection. convenience. 2. Defective urethra of the husband through which urine and semen pass; 2.) BODY ORGAN TRANSPLANTS 3. Deficiency of sperm count, that is defective 1) Autograft – transplant of an organ from one part of the quality of sperm, and body to another within the same person. 4. Some physio-psychological abnormalities which 2) Homograft – grafting of an organ of a person to hinder normal intercourse between husband and another individual of the same species. wife. 3) Heterograft – transplant of an organ from one FOR INSEMINATION INVOLVING AN OUTSIDE DONOR: individual to another species. Dr. Leonard Bailey – did this 1. Sterility of the husband; in California in 1894. 2. Hereditary disease of the husband; 4) Isograft – transplantation bet. identical twins. 3. Wife’s defective oocytes; and ▪ 1905 – first cornea transplant 4. Damage fallopian tube of the wife. ▪ Dr. David Hume – performed first kidney transplant in 1951. ETHICAL THEORIES & MORAL JUSTIFICATIONS ▪ Dr. Murray and Dr. John Merill – did successful kidney ▪ Naturalists – based their arguments on natural law transplant predominantly led by the Catholic Church. ▪ Dr. Paton – first Eye bank for sigh restoration in 1944. ▪ Natural moralists – claim that the fidelity and conjugal ▪ Dr. Christian Barnard – first heart transplant in 1967 marital union of husband and wife in marriage is deemed ▪ Dr. Honorata Giongco-Baylon – performed bone desecrated in the procreation marrow transplant in Ph ▪ Situational moralists – led by Joseph F. Fletcher; hold ▪ Dr. Sherman L. Silber – first testicle transplant in 1977 the artificial insemination is a right of childless couples to overcome childlessness. MORAL IMPLICATIONS ▪ Utilitarianist ethicians – claim that both AIH and AID - Transplant for providing a lack of organs to an can enhance ‘more good than harm, more happiness that individual so that the body can function normally unhappiness, more pleasure than pain for a childless and efficiently couple.’ - Medically therapeutic in nature and purpose. ▪ Moral pragmatists – view artificial insemination as the The act becomes immoral when it is abused, that is, most practical, beneficial, and useful technique. Seem to when the purpose is other than therapeutic. overlook the morality of the means. What is important for them to prevail is the outcome, the 3.) SEX CHANGE OPERATIONS procreation of the child desired. Correctional to the defects of nature, and therefore, ▪ Timbreza – took Genesis 1:28 as springboard for his therapeutic, then there is moral justification for the viewpoint” be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and operation subdue it”. Surgery is done to help them in their ‘wrong’ sex organs to give them belonging. This act is morally unfair for three reasons: ▪ Hermaphrodite – a person who is biologically possesses 1. A sperm which is part of a human body is not for two sex organs of male and female. commercial purposes 4 TYPES OF SEX CHANGE OPERATION: 2. The right of the child to have a natural father, 1) Male-to-female who must be the husband of his wife, to live with 2) Female-to-male and care for him in a normal family is denied. 3) Hermaphrodite-to-male 4) Hermaphrodite-to-female 4.) HUMAN CLONING 7) Intrauterine device (IUD) – device made of stainless The latest human intervention in the course of nature steel or plastic. This method is abortifacient, not A technological process by which an identical replica contraceptive. Prevents the developing fetus from of an organism is produced by replacing the nucleus of an implanting itself in the uterus and so it dies, disintegrates unfertilized ovum with the nucleus of a body of organism. and An identical duplicate produced through nucleus joins menstrual flow. transplantation. 8) Morning-after pill (DES) – Abortifacient pill cause uterus lining to shed off, so that if fetus is implanted in 5.) CONTRACEPTION FOR BIRTH CONTROL the lining, the drug will kill it. 9) Prostaglandin – hormone drug taken by mouth, Contraception is the process of preventing conception injection or vaginal insertion effectively causes by the use of artificial means which hinder the meeting contraction of the uterus to eject fetus to die. and union of the husband’s sperm and wife’s ovum for 10) Anti-pregnancy Vaccine – woman is vaccinated to fertilization. cause her to menstruate, in turn causes miscarriage of A. NATURAL METHODS (considered morally allowed) the fetus. 1) Rhythm or Calendar Method – method based on 11) Tubal ligation – direct tying and cutting of the menstrual cycle of the woman’s fertility and non-fertility fallopian tube to hinder the ovum from passing through periods. the uterus and the sperm is prevented. 2) Temperature Method – method is based on basal body 12) Vasectomy – consists of cutting and tying of the temperature used to indicate the time of ovulation. husband’s vas deferens so sperms from testicles are 3) Ovulation or Mucus Method – sign indicating prevented from passing through. ovulation in the woman is the presence of thick mucus 13) Hysterectomy – woman’s uterus is completely discharge from the vagina. removed through operation. Sexual drive of woman is 4) Sympto-thermal Method – ovulation is indicated by diminished if not totally eliminated as a side effect. some pain in the abdomen and the cervix feels firm like the tip of the nose prior to ovulation. MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF CONTRACEPTION 5) Coitus during menstruation – ovum is gone at this - The application of all the above-mentioned period, conception will not occur. Tissues and mucous forms of contraception involves human and secretions of the vagina together with the semen are Christian values. washed away by the menstrual flow. ▪ Humane Vitae – Catholic Church Encyclical; recognizes B. ARTIFICIAL METHODS (considered morally illicit) the responsibility in conscience of parents to determine 1) Condom – sheath of latex rubber is put on penis during the number and spacing of children; gives pastoral sexual intercourse also to prevent STDs. directives to guarantee human and Christian values. 2) Diaphragm – another later rubber membrane fit into ▪ PAUL VI – states that the Church recognizes man’s the vagina to prevent entrance of semen. responsibility in intervening with nature in the 3) Sponge – similar to diaphragm, a rectangular shaped transmission of life. sponge to be inserted in vagina with jelly to cover. ▪ Papal Commission for Birth Control – preparatory to 4) Vaginal tablets and suppositories – these are inserted the Humane Vitae posed some arguments in favor and into the vagina together with chemicals to kill sperms against contraception. entering. Tablets are melted by body heat to produce foam that prevents sperm entrance The valid arguments against it are as follows, quoting two 5) Contraceptive pills – made of hormones, to be taken therefrom (Gorospe:84): by woman every day for 20-30 days. A. THE SACREDNESS OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE – 6) Implanted Pill – A pill consisting of hormones and the act of intercourse as a unique cooperation of cholesterol, implanted in the husband’s skin to make him a human with his creator in initiating human life infertile. Lasts for 3yrs but weakens man’s sex appetite. is sacred.  B. CONTRACEPTION AND OTHER HUMAN 5. Vaginal jellies, creams, and foams BEHAVIOR – the norm against contraception is 6. Contraceptive pills part of an integrated catholic morality on sexual 7. Injections and implants behavior. 8. Intrauterine devices 1. If contraception in marriage is permissible, it 9. Morning after pill is equally permissible outside the marriage. 10. Prostaglandin 2. The practice of contraception leads almost 11. Anti-pregnancy vaccine inevitable to widespread abortion. 12. Tubal ligation 13. Vasectomy On the regulation of birth in which contraception are 14. Coitus interruptions used, Humanae Vitae has this to say: 15. Hysterectomy A. On illicit means: Considered morally allowed are the following: 1. Direct interruptions of generative 1. Rhythm or calendar method process already begun and above all , 2. Temperature method directly willed and procured abortion. 3. Ovulation method 2. Equally to be excluded is direct 4. Sympto-thermal method sterilization, whether perpetual or 5. Coitus during menstruation temporary, whether of the man or of the woman. COUPLE’S DECISION 3. Similarly excluded is very action which Final decision belongs to the couple concerned. either in anticipation of the conjugal act ▪ Canadian Bishops – recognized the couple’s right to or in its accomplishment or in the follow their conscience. 4. Development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an 6.) ABORTION end or as means, to render procreation The practice of this is not a practice of contraception impossible. An intervention to discontinue conception which has B. On licit means: this is summarized as follow: already begun. 1. The use of those therapeutic means truly Intends to eliminate the already formed fetus necessary to cure disease of the Kills zygote, not sperm or ovum, directly or indirectly organism The expulsion of a living fetus from the womb of the 2. It is licit to take into account the natural mother before birth. rhythms immanent in the generative It is the termination of pregnancy, spontaneously or by function, for the use of marriage in the induction prior to viability. infecund period only , and in this way to regulate birth. TYPES OF ABORTION: 1) Natural Abortion – expulsion of the fetus by natural or It is clear that the church perceives all voluntary accidental causes. Also called spontaneous or accidental artificial contraceptive without any therapeutic or abortion. medical purposes, as morally wrong. 2) Direct or Intended Abortion – expulsion of the fetus is deliberately done because the baby is unwanted for The following are considered morally illicit whatever reasons. A crime of murder contraceptives or contraception: 3) Therapeutic Abortion – removal of the living zygote is 1. Condom deliberately done for medical or therapeutic reasons – to 2. Diaphragm save the life of the mother. Can be morally allowed 3. Sponge 4) Eugenic Abortion – performed where the developing 4. Vaginal suppositories and tables child is foreseen to be defective or diseased. To prevent the birth of child who might suffering after all, Suicide is self-killing biologically and socially. Sounds to be charity It is the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s life. 5) Indirect Abortion – expulsion of the fetus is not the Intentional and direct killing of one’s self by his own direct objective but the side effect of a primary act. It is a authority and decision. secondary outcome of a direct act with double effect. Presupposed that the individual is of healthy condition Here applies the Principle of Double Effect, at the time, unlike Euthanasia. where moral act can have double results. Persons who commit suicide no longer see life as worth living in this world. 7.) EUTHANASIA Common causes are: means painless death a) Frustrations and unbearable problems in life. (may be Greek word ‘EU (easy)’ and ‘THANATOS (death)’ personal, financial, and social in nature) Deliberate putting to death, in a peaceful and painless b) Lack of courage and means to overcome them. way, of a patient suffering from a lingering, severe and incurable ailment. 9.) DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION An act of inducing death painlessly in order to abort DRUG the suffering of one afflicted with an incurable or a substance (other than food) than when taken into unbearable sickness. the body, produces a change in it. Popularly known as mercy killing since behind ending Are good in themselves, and good for the health of an of life is to terminate the patient’s suffering out of mercy, individual if they are taken properly. or out of love. ▪ Medicine – if the drugs change helps the body. Looked upon as infamous, harmful to civilization and ▪ Poison – if the drugs change harm the body dishonorable to the Creator NARCOTIC any drug that produces dullness, drowsiness, sleep or 4 TYPES OF EUTHANASIA: insensible condition in the person, and lessens pain by 1) Active-voluntary – active insofar as an act is dulling the nerves as effect. performed by physician or anyone other than the patient Used in medicines in controlled doses strictly under for the ending of his/her life, as requested so. the prescription of a physician. 2) Passive-voluntary – patient simply allowed to die ▪ Opium and drugs – made from the powerful narcotics without any medical method done, voluntary as DRUG ABUSE requested by the patient. When drug is taken for purposes other than the 3) Active-non-voluntary – decided by the doctor, spouse, proper use, and/or taken of proper dosage or relative, some medical act is done for the termination Not only illegal but also immoral of the patient’s life. Without the consent or request of DRUG ADDICT the patient. 4) Passive-non-voluntary – termination of patient’s life is When the drug abuser reaches that state of psychic or done by merely allowing the subject to die without any physical dependence, in which the intake is done on a positive medical means performed. Decision is not of the periodic or continuous basis. patient but of relatives or the doctor. ▪ Drug pushing or trafficking – is a heinous crime punishable by lethal injection to death ▪ Bernard Haring – opposes the legalization of Euthanasia due to some apprehensions. 8.) SUICIDE Derived from Latin word ‘SUI (self)’ and ‘OCCIDERE (to kill, to fall)’