CRSC 1 Midterms Reviewer PDF

CRSC 1 Midterms Reviewer Agriculture is derived from Latin words *Ager* and *Cultura*. *Ager* means land or field and *Cultura* means cultivation. cultivation of land the science and art of producing crops and livestock [for economic purposes] It is also referred as the science of producing crops...

CRSC 1 Midterms Reviewer Agriculture is derived from Latin words *Ager* and *Cultura*. *Ager* means land or field and *Cultura* means cultivation. cultivation of land the science and art of producing crops and livestock [for economic purposes] It is also referred as the science of producing crops and livestock [from the natural resources of the earth.] Branches of Agriculture [Crop] Science [Animal] Husbandry [Veterinary ] [Agricultural] engineering [Fisheries] Agricultural economics [Agro-forestry] Evolution of Agriculture 5.[Crop] Production Stage 4.[Animal] Domestication Stage 3.[Fire/ New] Stone Stage 2.[Hunting/ Old] Stone Stage 1.[Primary/ Primitive] Stage Agricultural Development 1.Pre colonial 2.Colonial 3.Post War Botanical System The classification system groups, in order 'from largest to smallest', are ; -kingdom, -phylum or division, -class, -order, -family, -genus, and -species. Carl Linnaeus also described a [binomial naming system]. most famous for creating a system of naming plants and animals All organisms were given two names --- the genus [continues to evolve]. The [genus-species format] is essential [for naming organisms]. In the two-part naming system known as binomial nomenclature, the genus is the [generic name] and the species is the [specific name.] Agronomic Crops- a variety of plants grown on large scales to produce food, fiber, and other goods for humans and animals; 1.Grains/ Cereals 2.Legume 3.Fiber 4.Forage (something fed to domestic animals) 5.Root and tubers 6.Crops for industrial Processing Horticultural crops- plants that are cultivated for their food, medicinal, or aesthetic value. Branch of Horticulture: 1.Vagetables 2.[Oleculture] Fruit (The cultivation of herbaceous plants for the kitchen) 3.Pomological Ornamental Plantation (plantation that deals with the production of fruit and nuts) Classification of fruits 1.Simple 2.Composite/multiple 3.Agregate (a fruit in which there is one flower, but many ovaries.) Classification according to reproduction 1.Sexual 2.Asexual Climatic factors affecting growth and yield of crops 1.Light 2.Rainfall 3.Temperature Definition and Terms Catch crop- a short seasoned crop (pechay) grown immediately after failure of the main crop (rice) to [utilize residual resources.] Soilage- grasses that are grown, cut and directly fed to animals. Silage- grasses grown, cut, fermented, and preserved before being fed to animals. Companion crops-a plant that is grown near another crop to provide a benefit, such as pest control, weed suppression, or soil fertility. crop sown for another crop and harvested separately. The combination benefits either or both the crops. Trap crop- a crop which is planted [to protect the main crop from pest] by attracting the pest to the crop itself and later destroying it. Green manure- a crop that is [plowed under while still green] and growing to improve the soil eg. Sesbania Cover crops- any crop grown to [provide soil cover,] prevent soil erosion (wind or water), improve soil, and control weeds. Shrub - A woody plant with a relatively short main stem which [gives rise to many branches:] Taxonomy-The science that deals with the [identification and classification of plants.] Biotechnology - the [application] of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge in [managing microorganisms or their parts], or cells and tissue of higher organism for human for medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental applications. Globalizatilon the [integration of world economy] that are influenced by such factors as rapid communication, market liberation, and global integration of the production of goods and services RA 8435 - The promulgation of this law is the [modernization of the agricultural sector in the country] through increased provision of inputs, increased mechanization, and capacity building programs among farmers and fisherfolks. The first agriculture appears to have [developed at the closing of the last Pleistocene glacial period (Ice Age)] Leguminaceae Family- ([Soy Bean)] *Glycine max i*s a legume, with respect to botanical classification, Graminae Family- ([Rice)] *Oryza sativa* is a cereal, with respect to botanical classification, Cucurbitaceae Family- ([Cucumber]) *Cucumis sativus* is a cucurbits (gourd Family), with respect to botanical classification. In C4 plants, photosynthesis takes place in Mesophyll and bundle sheath cell. [Starch] Stored foods are broken down to yield chemical energy through respiration **Respiration rate [i]**[ncreases when temperature increases up to 30-45^o^C] As a cooling mechanism, the [loss of water vapor through the stomata] is facilitated by transpiration. to transport water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant: these materials are transported through specialized conducting systems, called xylem and phloem, by the process called translocation. Xylem- Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.  Phloem- Transports nutrients, primarily sugars, from the leaves to other parts of the plant.  For CAM plants CO~2~ is fixed via a. Calvin-Benson - CAM plants have a special way to save water. They open their pores at night to absorb CO2 and store it as an acid. During the day, they release this stored CO2 and use it to make food through the Calvin-Benson cycle, keeping their pores closed to prevent water lloss. [DEFINITION and TERMS IN PARTS OF PLANTS] Leaf - the major organ of photosynthesis Chloroplasts [within the mesophyll cells are the actual sites of photosynthesis] The [major photosynthetic pigments] are the green chlorophylls Cellular Respiration (3 Stages): 1. Glycolysis - the The first step in oxidative metabolism are carried out in glycolysis. 2. Krebs Cycle (TCA) - It is a stepwise cycle where substrate is oxidized (loss of an electron) and its energy conserved. 3. Electron Transport Chain- [Electrons move through the inner membrane] via a series of carriers of decreasing redox potential. PLANTS CELL PARTS, TERMS AND DEFINTION Cell wall - It is a [rigid layer] which is composed of cellulose, glycoproteins, lignin, pectin and hemicellulose. Plasma membrane - It is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. Cytoplasm/ Cytosol - The liquid or gel matrix within the cell. It is mostly made of water, and also contains ions, proteins, and small molecules. Nucleus - Organelle that contain the genetic information. Site of storage and replication of the chromosomes, composed of DNA and its associated proteins. Ribosomes - It is [found in the cell cytoplasm] in large numbers and essential for protein synthesis a few of them called functional ribosomes can be found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell chloroplasts. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Covered with ribosomes Lamellar Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) \- Tubular Major site of lipid synthesis [Lack of attached surface ribosomes] Golgi Complex - Dynamic structure consisting of one or more stacks of 3-10 flattened membrane sacs. Dictyosome- [individual stack] Mitochondria - Can vary shape from spherical to tubular with smooth outer Membrane. "Powerhouse of the cell" Cellular site of respiration Site of Tricarboxcylic Acid Cycle. Plastid (Chloroplast) Double-membrane enclosed organelles. Rich in glycosglyceride Contain chlorophyll Peroxisome - It is made up of compartments having a granulated matrix. They are found in the cytoplasm of a cell. Lysosomes - The presence of lysosomes in plants has been long debated over with little evidence on their structural presence. "Digestive system of the cell\" Vacuole -- Storage of nutrients and water of Plant cells, Plants have large vacuoles as compared to animal cells. These are large, vesicles filled with fluid, within the cytoplasm of a cell. The largest compartments of plant cells, occupying up to 90% of the volume of the cell. Plasmodesmata - These are [microscopic channels] that assist in communicating and transporting materials across plant cells. Microtubules - It also plays a role in mitotic cell division Cytoskeleton - structure of eukaryotic cells, describing the support system of these cells, the maintenance factors and transport involvements within the cell.