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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of agriculture as defined in the content?

  • To produce crops and livestock for economic purposes (correct)
  • To create recreational spaces
  • To cultivate ornamental plants
  • To enhance biodiversity in ecosystems

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

  • Transports nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant
  • Stores CO2 for photosynthesis
  • Produces energy through cellular respiration
  • Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves (correct)

Which of the following is a branch of agriculture that deals specifically with the breeding and care of animals?

  • Crop Science
  • Agricultural economics
  • Veterinary Science
  • Animal Husbandry (correct)

In CAM plants, when do the pores open to absorb CO2?

<p>At night to reduce water loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'binomial nomenclature' refer to in botanical classification?

<p>A two-part naming system for organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification system for fruits, which type is described as originating from one flower but having multiple ovaries?

<p>Aggregate fruits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major organ responsible for photosynthesis in plants?

<p>Leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are agronomic crops primarily grown for?

<p>Food, fiber, and other goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the mitochondria in plant cells?

<p>Generating energy through respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which climatic factor is NOT mentioned as affecting crop growth and yield?

<p>Humidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a plant cell is responsible for the rigid structure?

<p>Cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catch crop?

<p>A short-season crop grown after the failure of a main crop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of horticulture deals specifically with the production of fruits?

<p>Pomology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does the Krebs Cycle take place?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in plant cells?

<p>Protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a trap crop?

<p>To attract pests away from the main crop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cover crops play in agriculture?

<p>Providing soil cover and preventing erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family does the soybean belong to?

<p>Leguminaceae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does respiration rate change with temperature?

<p>It increases until temperatures reach 30-45°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of green manure?

<p>To improve soil fertility when plowed under (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common function do xylem and phloem serve in plants?

<p>Transporting water, nutrients, and substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does globalization primarily refer to in the context of agriculture?

<p>The integration of world economies and influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant classification does Oryza sativa belong to?

<p>Cereal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Agriculture

The science and art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes, using natural resources.

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system for organisms (genus-species) using Latin.

Catch Crop

A short-season crop grown after a main crop fails to use up leftover nutrients.

Soilage

Grasses grown, cut, and fed directly to animals.

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Silage

Grasses grown, cut, fermented, and then preserved for animal feed.

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Agronomic Crops

Plants grown to produce food, fiber, and other goods for humans and animals.

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Horticultural Crops

Plants grown for food, medicine, or aesthetic (beauty) purposes.

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Botanical Classification

A hierarchical system of grouping organisms from kingdom to species.

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Companion Crop

A plant grown near another crop to improve it through pest control, weed suppression, or soil fertility.

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Trap Crop

A crop planted to attract pests away from the main crop, allowing for easier pest control.

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Green Manure

A crop plowed under while still growing to improve soil fertility or structure.

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Cover Crop

A crop grown to protect soil from erosion and improve its health.

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Taxonomy

The science of identifying and classifying plants.

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Biotechnology

Applying scientific knowledge to manage microorganisms, cells, or tissues for practical purposes (agriculture, medicine, etc.).

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Respiration Rate

The rate at which living things break down stored food to release energy.

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Transpiration

The loss of water vapor through the stomata of leaves, acting as a cooling mechanism.

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Xylem

A plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.

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Phloem

A plant tissue that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant.

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What is CAM photosynthesis?

A type of photosynthesis that allows plants to conserve water by opening their stomata (pores) only at night to absorb carbon dioxide and store it as an acid. During the day, the stored carbon dioxide is released and used in the Calvin cycle while the stomata remain closed to prevent water loss.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that are the sites of photosynthesis.

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What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to release energy. It occurs in three stages: 1) Glycolysis, 2) Krebs Cycle (TCA cycle), and 3) Electron Transport Chain.

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Cell Wall

A rigid protective layer that surrounds plant cells, providing structural support and protecting the cell from bursting.

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Plasma Membrane

A thin, semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.

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Mitochondria

Double-membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for cellular respiration, often called the 'powerhouse of the cell'.

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Study Notes

Agriculture

  • Derived from Latin words ager (land/field) and cultura (cultivation)
  • Science and art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes
  • Utilizes natural resources of the earth
  • Branches include crop science, animal husbandry, veterinary, agricultural engineering, fisheries, agricultural economics, and agro-forestry

Branches of Agriculture

  • Crop science
  • Animal husbandry
  • Veterinary
  • Agricultural engineering
  • Fisheries
  • Agricultural economics
  • Agro-forestry

Evolution of Agriculture

  • Primary/Primitive Stage
  • Hunting/Old Stone Stage
  • Fire/New Stone Stage
  • Animal Domestication Stage
  • Crop Production Stage
  • Pre-colonial
  • Colonial
  • Post-War

Botanical System

  • Classification system groups organisms from largest to smallest
    • Kingdom
    • Phylum/Division
    • Class
    • Order
    • Family
    • Genus
    • Species

Naming Systems

  • Carl Linnaeus created a binomial naming system (genus-species) for plants and animals
  • Essential for classifying organisms

Agronomic Crops

  • Grown on large scales for food, fiber, and other goods.
    • Grains/Cereals
    • Legumes
    • Fibers
    • Forage
    • Root and tubers
    • Industrial processing-crops

Horticultural Crops

  • Cultivated for food, medicinal, or aesthetic value
  • Branches of horticulture:
    • Vegetables.

Crop Production

  • Catch crops: Short-season crops grown after a failed main crop to utilize residual resources
  • Soilage: Grasses cut and directly fed to animals
  • Silage: Fermented and preserved grasses fed to animals
  • Companion crops: Crops grown together to provide benefits like pest control or soil fertility
  • Trap crops: Crops planted to attract pests, away from the main crop
  • Green manure: Crops plowed under to improve soil

Classification of Fruits

  • Simple
  • Composite/Multiple
  • Aggregate

Climatic Factors affecting Crop Growth

  • Light
  • Rainfall
  • Temperature

Biotechnology

  • Application of indigenous/scientific knowledge in managing microorganisms or their parts
  • Used for medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental purposes

Globalization

  • Integrates world economies through communication, market liberalization, and production of goods.

RA 8435

  • Modernizes the agricultural sector.

Plant Parts

  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
  • Phloem: Transports nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant
  • CAM plants: Save water by opening pores at night to absorb CO2 and storing it for release during the day

Photosynthesis

  • C4 plants-Photosynthesis takes place in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
  • Respiration-chemical energy released from stored food.

Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle (TCA)

Plant Cell Parts

  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm/Cytosol
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth/rough)
  • Golgi Complex
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • Plastids
  • Peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microtubules
  • Plasmodesmata

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