Introduction To Psychology PDF

1 What is Psychology? 3. School Psy. (to assist students) Psychology 3. Education Psy. (X: Teaching - Study of behavior and mental Methods) processes. - Includes: language, sexual behavio...

1 What is Psychology? 3. School Psy. (to assist students) Psychology 3. Education Psy. (X: Teaching - Study of behavior and mental Methods) processes. - Includes: language, sexual behavior, 4. Developmental Psy. (Biological and behavior in social groups. and Cognitive) Theory 5. Personality Psy. (Traits) - Hypothesized statements about RS among events. About descriptive 6. Social Psy. (Behavior in social terms and concepts. settings) Goals of Psychology 7. Environmental Psy. (People and Nature RS) 1. Describe - Using the 5 senses 8. Experimental Psy. (Focuses on - X: Body Language learning, motivation, and sensation with a subject) 2. Explain - As to why he/she react that way? 9. Industrial Psy. (Work and People - Can use interview/examinations Competencies) - X: Depression Scale (Usually persistent of 2 weeks or 6 months 10. Organizational Psy. (Behavior in to 1 year) organizational culture) 3. Predict 11. Human Factors Psy. (Making - How did these behavior happen? things ergonomical and user friendly) and How to avoid trigger points? 12. Consumer Psy. (Studies 4. Control Shoppers) - How to avoid unwanted behavior or giving solution to a problem. 13. Health Psy. (Stress related - X: Counselling of specific type matters only) Fields of Psychology 14. Forensic Psy. (W/ criminal justice 1. Clinical Psychologists (mainly on system) psychological disorders) 15. Sport Psy. (Motivating Athletes) 2. Counselling Psy. (for adjustments)  Historical Foundations of - Objective Sensations =sight or taste. Psychology- - Subjective Sensations = emotional Historical Foundations of responses, memories, or dreams. Psychology B. Functionalism - By William James (1842–1910) Socrates - "Know thyself” (2,500 - Between conscious experience and years ago) An ancient Greek behavior philosopher. - A behavior will deteriorate if it has | Introspection - careful no function, and will remain examination of one’s own otherwise. thoughts and emotions—to | X: Crying = need for gain self knowledge. something or expression of sorrow. Aristotle - Lived 2,400 years ago, C. Behaviorism a Greek Philosopher. Contributions - By B.F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) and to Contemporary Psychology: John B. Watson (1878 - 1958) 1. Science = treats information - Learning Behavior along with + gathered by senses and - reinforcements. 2. Enumerated 5 senses 3. Nature of cause and effect D. Gestalt Psychology 4. People is different due to their rational thought - By Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, 5. Outlined laws of and Wolfgang Kohler associationism - Perception 6. People seek pleasure and | X: An image of a person avoid pain (remains today) running towards you = reaction depends context, whether you are in Democritus - Aroung 400 BCE. an Airport or an Alley. He suggested that we could think of E. Psychoanalysis behavior in terms of a body and a mind. - By Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) | behavior is influenced by - Focuses on the Unconscious mind external stimulation. and one’s hidden desires. | is there free will or choice? Contemporary Perspectives A. Structuralism in Psychology - By Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) - Argues that the mind consists of three basic elements: A. Biological Perspective | sensations, feelings, and - By Charles Darwin images = Experience - RS between the brain, hormones, - Begins with Small Idea = heredity, and evolution. Hypothesis = Proving H. = THEORY - A step by step process B. Cognitive Perspective Sampling Examples - Rooted from Socrates 1. Random Sampling - Focuses on mind, mental processes, 2. Stratified Sampling memories, and decisions. - Related to Introspection - Rooted from structuralism, Methods of Observation functionalism, and Gestalt 1. Case Study - Used to investigate psychology. rare occurrences. | X: PICA Eating Disorder, and such. C. Humanistic-Existential Perspective 2. Survey - X: Questionnaires used - Grounded in the work of Carl to investigate people’s answer Rogers (1951) and Abraham Maslow towards questions about their (1970) attitudes or behavior. | Humanistic = Personal exp. Unifies one’s personality 3. Naturalistic Observation - | Existentialism = Our free will Observing people in their natural to choose the right conduct habitats—every day/”in the field” Correlation D. Psychodynamic - This is conducted once the Perspective psychologist observed the behavior - Dominated during the 1940’s to of their samples. 1950’s - Concious choice and Self-Direction Correlation Method - Whether somethings has rs with E. Perspectives on Learning another thing. - Social Cognitive Theory by John B. Correlation Coefficient Watson - Repetition, reward, and self efficacy - Numerical presentation of the - We learn from mistakes (of other Correlation. and our own) Positive Correlation F. Sociocultural Perspective - Both Variable Increases - Focuses on Gender, Ethnicity, and Differences Negative Correlation - Variable A increases and the Scientific Method Variable B Decreases  3. Examine definitions of terms The Experimental Method 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments 1. Independent Variable - Can be 5. Be cautious in drawing manipulated conclusions from Evidence 2. Dependent Variable - Depends 6. Be especially skeptical of on the IV anecdotes 7. Consider alternative Blinds and Double-Blinds interpretations of research evidence Experimental groups - whose members 8. Do not oversimplify obtain the treatment 9. Do not overgeneralize Control groups - whose members do not 10. Apply critical thinking to all obtain the treatment, while other conditions areas of life are held constant 2 Biology and Blind - in experimental terminology, unaware of whether or Psychology not one has received a treatment. Double-blind - study a study in The Nervous System which neither the subjects nor the - Involved in thought processes, observers know who has received heartbeat, visual motor coordination, the treatment. and so on. - It is composed of cells, most Placebo - a bogus treatment of which are neurons that has the appearance of being Genuine (Fake Treatment) Neurons: Fabulous Forest Neurons - a specialized cell (more Ethics in Psychological Research than 100 Billion) of the nervous - X: Animals’ Experiment = Last system that receives and transmits Resort only | Must be with Higher Benefit messages. than Harm Glial Cells - cells that remove dead Critical Thinking - a way of neurons and waste products from evaluating the claims and comments the nervous system. of other people that involves Dendrites - root-like structures, skepticism and examination of evidence. attached to the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or Principles of Critical incoming messages, from other neurons. Thinking 1. Be skeptical Axon - transmits impulses to other 2. Insist on evidence neurons from bulb-shaped structures called axon terminals or Firing terminal buttons All-or-None Principle - Every Myelin - a fatty substance that time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural Refractory Period - it is insensitive Impulses. to messages from other neurons Afferent Neurons - Can be 2 to 3 and will not fire. Recovery during which sodium is prevented from feet in length. Sensory. passing through the neuronal membrane. Efferent Neurons - Motor or reaction. Synapse - The junction which a neuron relays its message to Synaptic Cleft - The vacuum or another neuron across space between one neuron (Axon terminals) and another neuron (Dendrites). Neurotransmitters - The chemical keys to communication. A chemical The Neural Impulses substances involved in the Neural Impulses - AKA the transmission. “Messages”. Electrochemical | Receptor Site - a location discharge of a nerve cell or neuron. on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a Polarize - to ready a neuron for neurotransmitter. firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the Acetycholine (ACh) - Controls body fluid outside the cell membrane. muscle contractions. Resting Potential - when it is not Hippocampus - Formation of responding to other neurons. memory. Depolarized - to reduce the resting Dopamine - The ability to perceive potential of a cell membrane from pleasure, voluntary movement, and about -70 millivolts toward zero. learning and memory. Action Potential - the electrical Norepinephrine - Both a NT and as impulse that provides the basis for a hormone. Excitatory NT which the conduction of a neural impulse speeds up the heartbeat and other along an axon of a neuron. body processes. Serotonin - A NT involved in emotional arousal and sleep. Linked to depression, aggression, and insomnia. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) - An inhibitory NT that apparently helps calm anxiety. Endorphin - Inhibitory NT that occur naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions and effects.