Word Formation Processes PDF

LING Word Formation Processes- one of the branches of lexicology, which explores the construction of words. -It refers to the means of creating new words that observe certain structural formulas and semantic configurations.(Gonzales, J,2021) Derivation- process of forming words by adding derivati...

LING Word Formation Processes- one of the branches of lexicology, which explores the construction of words. -It refers to the means of creating new words that observe certain structural formulas and semantic configurations.(Gonzales, J,2021) Derivation- process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to the base or root word to form a new word.- produces new words having similar grammatical form, Examples: Adding suffixes such as:-hood( status)- Ex. Brotherhood, motherhood Back Formation- opposite of word formation. new lexemes are created by removing affixes and shortening some words.Examples: Original word Back Formation Babysitter babysit Clipping- process of word formation in which an existing word is reduced or shortened usually to a single syllable without changing the meaning of the word. This was originally done to save time and space. The meaning of the original word is kept.Examples:Alligator-gator Coinage- word-formation process where a certain word is created through brand of the items that people usually use until it becomes a generic name. Example:Aspirin, Heroin Blending- blend of two or more words to generate a new one. Parts of two or more words are combined to build a new word meaning of which is often a combination of the original words. Techniques in creating word blend1. Taking both the beginnings of a word such as cyborg from cybernetic and organism.2. Taking the whole word and combining it with a part of another just like the blended word guestimate from the word guess and estimate.Examples:Slithy (lithe+slimy) , telethon (telephone+marathon) Compounding- combination of two or more lexemes. compound words may be written as two words joined by a hyphen or one word. The meaning of the new words is taken from the combined meaning of the two parts. Examples:Notebook note (note+book) noun+nounHowever, there are instances that the new formed word has a specific meaning that is different from the base word.Blueberry (blue+berry) adjective+ noun Conversion- new lexeme by shifting the word category without adding affixes.\ Examples:My friend bottled(v) the soda and canned (v) the sardines.Billy filled the soda(n) and sardines in a can(n).He microwaved(v) his dinner by heating his food in the microwave (n).My mother eyed(v) my swollen eye(n).Conversion from noun to verb includes:Bottle-to bottle google --to google Other Conversions- occurs from and to other grammatical forms.\ Green to green- (adjective to verb) We need to green our environment. Acronyms- words formed from the initials of certain names. Examples:COVID19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019 Social Media Acronyms- Due to social media communications, acronyms have evolved into pseudonyms. this consists of a sequence of representative characters. Examples CQ- (seek you)IOU- (I owe you) Eponyms- created from the names of real or fictitious characters. These evolve in some degree of change in the meaning of the word. Examples: atlas- AtlasBoycott-Charles C. Boycott Calquing- called translation. It is translated from the original to another language that fits the characteristics of the new word. Sometimes the changes fall on the sound or articulation of the words. Words are usually calqued from other languages aside from English. Examples:blue-blooded-(sangre azul) Spanish Borrowing- also called loan words, are common in the English language Examples:balcony, opera, violin, spaghetti, macaroni (Italian) Nonce words- They are new words created for the nonce or single occasion.\ cotton-wool- (to stuff or close (the eras) with cotton-wool) Morphology- The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.-The word itself consist of two morphemes, morph + ology.-The suffix --ology means "science of" or "branch of knowledge concerning."-The meaning of morphology is "the science of (word) forms."-is a part of our grammatical knowledge of a language Morpheme-may be presented by a single sound, such as the morpheme, a meaning "without" as amoral and asexual, or by a single syllable, such as child and ish in child+ish.-the linguistic unit- is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning or grammatical function that cannot be further analyzed. It is often called a linguistic sign, not to be confused with the sign languages. Bound and Free Morphemes Prefixes and Suffixes 2 components of morphology 1. Knowledge of the individuals 2. Knowledge of the rules Free morphemes- boy, desire, gentle and man may constitute words by themselves Bound Morphemes- each affix precedes or follows other morphemes English examples of suffix morphemes are --ing(sleeping, eating), -er(singer, reader), -ist(typist, pianist) and --ly(manly, friendly). Infixes- Morphemes that are inserted into another morphemes. Circumcises- morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme both initially or partially. These are sometimes called discontinuous morphemes.Bound roots- do not occur in isolation and they acquire meaning only in combination with other morphemes. Derivational Morphology- Bound morphemes like --ify and --cation are called derivational morphemes.- have clear semantic content. When it is added to a base, it adds meaning. **Inflectional** **Derivational** ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ Grammar function Lexical function No word class change May cause word class change Small or no meaning change Some meaning change Often required by rules of grammar Never required the rules of grammar Follow derivational morphemes in a word Precede inflectional morphemes in a word Productive Some productive, many non-productive Inflection morphology -function words like to, it, and be are free morphemes. Bound morphemes have a strictly grammatical functions. They mark properties such as tense, number, person and so forth. Such bound morphemes are called inflectional morphemes.-represent relationships between different parts of sentences. \\ Bound morphemes maybe affixes or bound roots such as --ceive. Affixes maybe prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes. Semantics- deals with language meaning( Gonzales, 2021). It deals with the conceptual meaning of words and sentences. 2 Related Subfields 1. Lexical semantics- deals with the individual meaning of words. 2. Compositional semantics- concerned with how lexical meanings are combined to form more complex phrasal meanings. References and Sense- Words relate or represent ideas or things. Conceptual Semantics- deals with the most basic concept and form of a word before our thoughts and feelings added context to it. \- opens the door to a conversation on connotation and denotation. Denotation- standard definition of word Connotation- deals with the emotion evoked from a word \- opens the door to a conversation on connotation and denotation. Puns- like to play on words. They deliberately use multiple meanings to reshape the meaning of a sentence. So, what we understand a word to mean can be twisted to mean something else. Semantics- "A language without meaning is meaningless..."- Roman Jakobson- The study of meaning in language.-It deals with the meaning of words (lexical semantics).-And how meaning of sentences (compositional semantics) is derived from words-It is concerned with the conventional meaning of words versus their social or affective meaning. What is the meaning of "mean" -- Meaning as a concept is initially more difficult to define than you might think. The verb mean itself serves as an example for the different meanings a single word can take on: Semantic analysis- process of relating syntactic structures, and occurrences of words, phrases, clauses, paragraphs etc and understanding the idea of what's written in particular text. Semantic anomaly- "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." -- Noam ChomskyIf you find sentence strange (and you should) it is because it is semantically anomalous. An expression is anomalous when the meaning of its individual words are not compatible. -It is important to notice that a semantically anomalous expression may be syntactically well formed. Some important areas of semantic\ theory or related subjects - References - one of the most basic ways of thinking about meaning. The referent of an expression is essentially \'the thing in the world that it points to or talked about'. Sense- efined as its relations to other expressions in the language system. Thus, there are words that have a sense, but no referents in the real world. Sense is also used to describe the semantic content of expressions that describe activities, states, qualities, attributes, relations etc. - Denotation- refers to the literal meaning of the word, the "dictionary meaning" Connotation-the emotional or imaginative association surrounded with the word. - Ambiguity Lexical- presence of two or more possible meanings within a single word.structural- presence of two or more possible meanings within a sentence or sequence of words. - Lexical Semantics- looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax - Synonym- refers to words that are pronounced and spelled differently but contain the same meaning. - Antonym- words that means the opposite of another word. - Hyponymy and hypernymy- refers to a relationship between a general term and the more specific terms that fall under the category of the general term - homophones- type of homonym with terms that are pairs of words that sound the same, but have distinctly different meanings and different spellings. - Homonym- refers to the relationship between words that are spelled or pronounced the same way but hold different meaning - Polysemy- THE CAPACITY FOR A SIGN TO HAVE MULTIPLE MEANINGS.