Levels of Organization and Anatomical Terms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of physiology?

  • The study of body structures
  • The study of diseases
  • The study of chemical processes in the body
  • The study of the function of living organisms (correct)

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?

  • Coronal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane (correct)
  • Sagittal plane

What term describes a body position lying face down?

  • Lateral
  • Prone (correct)
  • Proximal
  • Supine

Which suffix best represents the organization level that contains the smallest living parts of the body?

<p>Cellular level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms indicates a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?

<p>Medial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the control center in a feedback loop?

<p>To compare current conditions to the homeostatic state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the cavity that is located in the lower part of the ventral body cavity?

<p>Abdominopelvic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?

<p>Opposition to a change in the internal environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in cells?

<p>To aid in movement and sensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular terms?

<p>Increase in cell size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure controls all organelles in the cytoplasm?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

<p>Transporting proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Golgi apparatus?

<p>It processes and packages chemicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

<p>Digestion of cellular waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of cell division do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs during Anaphase in cell division?

<p>Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue has a matrix that is the consistency of firm plastic?

<p>Cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the translation process?

<p>Amino acid chain or protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is characterized by cylindrical, striated, and voluntary cells?

<p>Skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers of cells that appear cubelike when relaxed?

<p>Transitional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is primarily composed of strong collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows?

<p>Fibrous connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do dendrites and axons attach to in a neuron?

<p>Cell body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for supporting nervous tissue?

<p>Glia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cells produce mucus in epithelial tissue?

<p>Goblet cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the skin is true?

<p>Eccrine glands contribute to temperature regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are referred to as the building blocks of bone tissue?

<p>Osteons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a keloid?

<p>Thick scar tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

<p>Kidney tubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane type lines a body surface that opens to the exterior?

<p>Mucous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding skin conditions?

<p>Albinism and vitiligo both show skin pigment absence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a body temperature-regulating function of the skin?

<p>Increased blood flow to surface vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a separation of the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue occur?

<p>By a burn injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of keratin in the skin?

<p>It enhances skin strength and toughness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the layer of epithelial tissue located beneath the fingernail?

<p>Nail bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane is defined as a connective tissue membrane?

<p>Synovial membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skin infection is specifically caused by a papillomavirus?

<p>Warts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a pressure sore?

<p>Decubitus ulcer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is not considered an eccrine gland?

<p>Sebaceous gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about apocrine glands is true?

<p>They are predominantly found in the axillae and around the genitals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Meissener corpuscle?

<p>It detects light touch in the skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is known for containing dead cells?

<p>Stratum corneum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the hypodermis?

<p>It provides a cushion to protect underlying tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sebaceous glands?

<p>To produce an oily substance called sebum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Positive Feedback Loop

A process that amplifies changes in the internal environment.

Diffusion

Substances spread evenly throughout a space.

Filtration

Movement through a membrane due to pressure.

Osmosis

Water moves from high to low water concentration.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures on a cell's surface.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy for the cell.

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Prophase

First phase of cell division; spindle fibers form and chromatin condenses.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during cell division.

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Homeostasis

The relative consistency of the body's internal environment.

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Anatomical Position

The standard position for describing body parts, with body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

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Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

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Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

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Ventral Cavity

The front/anterior body cavity that contains organs like the heart and lungs.

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Tissue Level

A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.

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Superior

Toward the head or above.

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Effector (in Feedback Loop)

The part of a feedback loop that actually makes the change or adjustment within the body to maintain homeostasis.

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Anaphase

Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell during cell division.

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Telophase

Phase of mitosis where two nuclei appear, chromosomes become less distinct, and the cell begins to divide.

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Interphase

Stage of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

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Transcription

Process of copying DNA instructions into RNA, occurring in the nucleus.

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Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins using RNA instructions, end result is amino acid chain.

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Cartilage

Connective tissue with a firm plastic-like matrix.

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Blood

Connective tissue with a liquid matrix.

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Collagen

Strong fiber in dense fibrous connective tissue.

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Serous membrane example

The pleura in the thoracic cavity is an example of a serous membrane.

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Visceral peritoneum location

The visceral peritoneum covers the organs in the abdominal cavity

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Nail bed tissue type

The layer of epithelial tissue under the fingernail is called the nail bed.

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Arrector pili muscle effect

The arrector pili muscle causes goosebumps/goose pimples.

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Synovial membrane function

A connective tissue membrane that lines the space between bones in movable joints.

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Apocrine gland location

Sweat glands found mostly in the armpits and genitals

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Stratum Corneum function

Outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead cells.

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Dermal papillae structure

Peg-like projections in the dermis layer, often parallel.

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Regeneration

The growth of new tissue.

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Meissner's corpuscle function

Skin receptor for detecting light touch.

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Keloid

A thick scar in the lower skin layer.

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Hypodermis composition

Layer of fat below the dermis, also known as subcutaneous tissue.

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Glia

Supporting cell of nervous tissue.

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Cell Body

Structure where axons and dendrites attach.

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Neuroglia

Supportive cells in nervous tissue.

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Axon

Nerve impulse transmission away from cell body.

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Neuron

Conducting cell in the nervous system.

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Dendrite

Nerve impulse transmission toward the cell body.

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Second Degree Burn

Burns characterized by blisters, severe pain, and swelling.

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Rule of Nines

Method to determine the body surface area burned.

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Study Notes

Levels of Organization

  • Chemical level: Includes atoms and molecules
  • Cellular level: Smallest living parts of the body
  • Tissue level: Cells working together for a task
  • Organ level: Cells performing tasks together
  • Organ system level: Most complex unit in an organism
  • Organism: Living thing; highest level

Anatomical Terms

  • Superficial: Nearer to the surface
  • Deep: Further away from the surface
  • Medial: Toward the midline
  • Lateral: Toward the side
  • Superior: Toward the head/above
  • Inferior: Toward the feet/below
  • Anterior: Toward the front
  • Posterior: Toward the back
  • Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or origin
  • Distal: Away from the trunk or origin

Physiology and Anatomy

  • Physiology: Studies function of living organisms and their parts
  • Anatomy: Studies structure
  • Pathology: Studies diseases
  • Prone position: Lying face down
  • Supine position: Lying face up
  • Anatomical position: Assumed body position for directional terms

Feedback Loops

  • Control center: Compares current state to homeostasis
  • Effector: Part of system that effects change
  • Homeostasis: Stable internal environment
  • Negative feedback loop: Opposes change
  • Positive feedback loop: Stimulates change
  • Diffusion: Substances scatter evenly
  • Filtration: Water and solutes move through membrane
  • Osmosis: Water moves from high to low concentration

Cells and Tissues

  • Atrophy: Decrease in cell size
  • Anaplasia: Cells fail to differentiate
  • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
  • Epithelial tissue: Covering and lining
  • Mitochondria: Cell respiration
  • Centrioles: Important in cell division
  • Lysosomes: Digestive bags
  • Golgi Apparatus: Packages chemicals
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports proteins
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes membrane
  • Ribosomes: Protein factories
  • Plasma membrane: Made of phospholipids and cholesterol
  • Nucleus: Controls organelles; contains chromatin
  • Nucleolus: Programs ribosome formation
  • Prophase: Spindle fibers form
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align
  • Anaphase: Chromosomes move to opposite sides
  • Telophase: Cell divides
  • Interphase: DNA replication
  • Transcription: Occurs in nucleus for DNA to RNA conversion
  • Translation: RNA to amino acid chain/protein
  • Connective tissue: Cartilage different from other connective tissues
  • Hematopoietic tissue: Red marrow
  • Areolar: Consists of delicate fibers and cells
  • Fibrous connective tissue: Bundles of strong collagen fibers
  • Blood: liquid matrix
  • Bone: Structural building blocks called osteons
  • Adipose: Stores lipids
  • Cartilage: Matrix of firm plastic or gristle

Additional Noteworthy Info

  • Microvilli/Flagella: Cell projections that increase absorption/movement (sperm cells)
  • Tissue typing: Found in the plasma membrane
  • Skeletal/Smooth/Cardiac Muscle: Types of muscle tissue
  • Hair follicles: Begin hair growth
  • Cells of skin: Melanocytes (pigment), keratin, melanin, germinativum

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Description

Explore the various levels of organization in living organisms, from the chemical level to the organism. Additionally, familiarize yourself with essential anatomical terms crucial for understanding body positions and relative locations. Test your knowledge on both concepts with this comprehensive quiz.

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