Levels of Organization and Anatomical Terms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of physiology?

  • The study of body structures
  • The study of diseases
  • The study of chemical processes in the body
  • The study of the function of living organisms (correct)

    • Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?

  • Coronal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane (correct)
  • Sagittal plane

    • What term describes a body position lying face down?

  • Lateral
  • Prone (correct)
  • Proximal
  • Supine

    • Which suffix best represents the organization level that contains the smallest living parts of the body?

    <p>Cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms indicates a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?

    <p>Medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the control center in a feedback loop?

    <p>To compare current conditions to the homeostatic state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the cavity that is located in the lower part of the ventral body cavity?

    <p>Abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?

    <p>Opposition to a change in the internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in cells?

    <p>To aid in movement and sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular terms?

    <p>Increase in cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure controls all organelles in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Transporting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>It processes and packages chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digestion of cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of cell division do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily occurs during Anaphase in cell division?

    <p>Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue has a matrix that is the consistency of firm plastic?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the translation process?

    <p>Amino acid chain or protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is characterized by cylindrical, striated, and voluntary cells?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers of cells that appear cubelike when relaxed?

    <p>Transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue is primarily composed of strong collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do dendrites and axons attach to in a neuron?

    <p>Cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for supporting nervous tissue?

    <p>Glia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cells produce mucus in epithelial tissue?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the skin is true?

    <p>Eccrine glands contribute to temperature regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are referred to as the building blocks of bone tissue?

    <p>Osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a keloid?

    <p>Thick scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

    <p>Kidney tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane type lines a body surface that opens to the exterior?

    <p>Mucous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct regarding skin conditions?

    <p>Albinism and vitiligo both show skin pigment absence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a body temperature-regulating function of the skin?

    <p>Increased blood flow to surface vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a separation of the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue occur?

    <p>By a burn injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of keratin in the skin?

    <p>It enhances skin strength and toughness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the layer of epithelial tissue located beneath the fingernail?

    <p>Nail bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane is defined as a connective tissue membrane?

    <p>Synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin infection is specifically caused by a papillomavirus?

    <p>Warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for a pressure sore?

    <p>Decubitus ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is not considered an eccrine gland?

    <p>Sebaceous gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about apocrine glands is true?

    <p>They are predominantly found in the axillae and around the genitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Meissener corpuscle?

    <p>It detects light touch in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is known for containing dead cells?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the hypodermis?

    <p>It provides a cushion to protect underlying tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sebaceous glands?

    <p>To produce an oily substance called sebum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Levels of Organization

    • Chemical level: Includes atoms and molecules
    • Cellular level: Smallest living parts of the body
    • Tissue level: Cells working together for a task
    • Organ level: Cells performing tasks together
    • Organ system level: Most complex unit in an organism
    • Organism: Living thing; highest level

    Anatomical Terms

    • Superficial: Nearer to the surface
    • Deep: Further away from the surface
    • Medial: Toward the midline
    • Lateral: Toward the side
    • Superior: Toward the head/above
    • Inferior: Toward the feet/below
    • Anterior: Toward the front
    • Posterior: Toward the back
    • Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or origin
    • Distal: Away from the trunk or origin

    Physiology and Anatomy

    • Physiology: Studies function of living organisms and their parts
    • Anatomy: Studies structure
    • Pathology: Studies diseases
    • Prone position: Lying face down
    • Supine position: Lying face up
    • Anatomical position: Assumed body position for directional terms

    Feedback Loops

    • Control center: Compares current state to homeostasis
    • Effector: Part of system that effects change
    • Homeostasis: Stable internal environment
    • Negative feedback loop: Opposes change
    • Positive feedback loop: Stimulates change
    • Diffusion: Substances scatter evenly
    • Filtration: Water and solutes move through membrane
    • Osmosis: Water moves from high to low concentration

    Cells and Tissues

    • Atrophy: Decrease in cell size
    • Anaplasia: Cells fail to differentiate
    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
    • Epithelial tissue: Covering and lining
    • Mitochondria: Cell respiration
    • Centrioles: Important in cell division
    • Lysosomes: Digestive bags
    • Golgi Apparatus: Packages chemicals
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports proteins
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes membrane
    • Ribosomes: Protein factories
    • Plasma membrane: Made of phospholipids and cholesterol
    • Nucleus: Controls organelles; contains chromatin
    • Nucleolus: Programs ribosome formation
    • Prophase: Spindle fibers form
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align
    • Anaphase: Chromosomes move to opposite sides
    • Telophase: Cell divides
    • Interphase: DNA replication
    • Transcription: Occurs in nucleus for DNA to RNA conversion
    • Translation: RNA to amino acid chain/protein
    • Connective tissue: Cartilage different from other connective tissues
    • Hematopoietic tissue: Red marrow
    • Areolar: Consists of delicate fibers and cells
    • Fibrous connective tissue: Bundles of strong collagen fibers
    • Blood: liquid matrix
    • Bone: Structural building blocks called osteons
    • Adipose: Stores lipids
    • Cartilage: Matrix of firm plastic or gristle

    Additional Noteworthy Info

    • Microvilli/Flagella: Cell projections that increase absorption/movement (sperm cells)
    • Tissue typing: Found in the plasma membrane
    • Skeletal/Smooth/Cardiac Muscle: Types of muscle tissue
    • Hair follicles: Begin hair growth
    • Cells of skin: Melanocytes (pigment), keratin, melanin, germinativum

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    Description

    Explore the various levels of organization in living organisms, from the chemical level to the organism. Additionally, familiarize yourself with essential anatomical terms crucial for understanding body positions and relative locations. Test your knowledge on both concepts with this comprehensive quiz.

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