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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of physiology?
What is the primary focus of physiology?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?
What term describes a body position lying face down?
What term describes a body position lying face down?
Which suffix best represents the organization level that contains the smallest living parts of the body?
Which suffix best represents the organization level that contains the smallest living parts of the body?
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Which of the following terms indicates a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?
Which of the following terms indicates a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?
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What is the function of the control center in a feedback loop?
What is the function of the control center in a feedback loop?
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Which term refers to the cavity that is located in the lower part of the ventral body cavity?
Which term refers to the cavity that is located in the lower part of the ventral body cavity?
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What best defines negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?
What best defines negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?
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What is the primary function of cilia in cells?
What is the primary function of cilia in cells?
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Which of the following processes involves the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?
Which of the following processes involves the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?
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What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular terms?
What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular terms?
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Which structure controls all organelles in the cytoplasm?
Which structure controls all organelles in the cytoplasm?
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What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
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What characterizes the Golgi apparatus?
What characterizes the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
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During which phase of cell division do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
During which phase of cell division do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
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What primarily occurs during Anaphase in cell division?
What primarily occurs during Anaphase in cell division?
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Which connective tissue has a matrix that is the consistency of firm plastic?
Which connective tissue has a matrix that is the consistency of firm plastic?
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What is the end product of the translation process?
What is the end product of the translation process?
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What type of muscle tissue is characterized by cylindrical, striated, and voluntary cells?
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by cylindrical, striated, and voluntary cells?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers of cells that appear cubelike when relaxed?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers of cells that appear cubelike when relaxed?
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Which connective tissue is primarily composed of strong collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows?
Which connective tissue is primarily composed of strong collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows?
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What structure do dendrites and axons attach to in a neuron?
What structure do dendrites and axons attach to in a neuron?
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Which cells are responsible for supporting nervous tissue?
Which cells are responsible for supporting nervous tissue?
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What kind of cells produce mucus in epithelial tissue?
What kind of cells produce mucus in epithelial tissue?
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Which of the following statements about the skin is true?
Which of the following statements about the skin is true?
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What structures are referred to as the building blocks of bone tissue?
What structures are referred to as the building blocks of bone tissue?
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What is the composition of a keloid?
What is the composition of a keloid?
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In which location would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
In which location would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
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Which membrane type lines a body surface that opens to the exterior?
Which membrane type lines a body surface that opens to the exterior?
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Which statement is correct regarding skin conditions?
Which statement is correct regarding skin conditions?
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What is indicated by a body temperature-regulating function of the skin?
What is indicated by a body temperature-regulating function of the skin?
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How does a separation of the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue occur?
How does a separation of the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue occur?
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What is the role of keratin in the skin?
What is the role of keratin in the skin?
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What term describes the layer of epithelial tissue located beneath the fingernail?
What term describes the layer of epithelial tissue located beneath the fingernail?
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Which type of membrane is defined as a connective tissue membrane?
Which type of membrane is defined as a connective tissue membrane?
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Which skin infection is specifically caused by a papillomavirus?
Which skin infection is specifically caused by a papillomavirus?
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What is another name for a pressure sore?
What is another name for a pressure sore?
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Which of the following glands is not considered an eccrine gland?
Which of the following glands is not considered an eccrine gland?
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Which of the following statements about apocrine glands is true?
Which of the following statements about apocrine glands is true?
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What is the function of the Meissener corpuscle?
What is the function of the Meissener corpuscle?
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Which layer of the epidermis is known for containing dead cells?
Which layer of the epidermis is known for containing dead cells?
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Which of the following best describes the hypodermis?
Which of the following best describes the hypodermis?
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What is the purpose of the sebaceous glands?
What is the purpose of the sebaceous glands?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Chemical level: Includes atoms and molecules
- Cellular level: Smallest living parts of the body
- Tissue level: Cells working together for a task
- Organ level: Cells performing tasks together
- Organ system level: Most complex unit in an organism
- Organism: Living thing; highest level
Anatomical Terms
- Superficial: Nearer to the surface
- Deep: Further away from the surface
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Toward the side
- Superior: Toward the head/above
- Inferior: Toward the feet/below
- Anterior: Toward the front
- Posterior: Toward the back
- Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or origin
- Distal: Away from the trunk or origin
Physiology and Anatomy
- Physiology: Studies function of living organisms and their parts
- Anatomy: Studies structure
- Pathology: Studies diseases
- Prone position: Lying face down
- Supine position: Lying face up
- Anatomical position: Assumed body position for directional terms
Feedback Loops
- Control center: Compares current state to homeostasis
- Effector: Part of system that effects change
- Homeostasis: Stable internal environment
- Negative feedback loop: Opposes change
- Positive feedback loop: Stimulates change
- Diffusion: Substances scatter evenly
- Filtration: Water and solutes move through membrane
- Osmosis: Water moves from high to low concentration
Cells and Tissues
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size
- Anaplasia: Cells fail to differentiate
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
- Epithelial tissue: Covering and lining
- Mitochondria: Cell respiration
- Centrioles: Important in cell division
- Lysosomes: Digestive bags
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages chemicals
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports proteins
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes membrane
- Ribosomes: Protein factories
- Plasma membrane: Made of phospholipids and cholesterol
- Nucleus: Controls organelles; contains chromatin
- Nucleolus: Programs ribosome formation
- Prophase: Spindle fibers form
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align
- Anaphase: Chromosomes move to opposite sides
- Telophase: Cell divides
- Interphase: DNA replication
- Transcription: Occurs in nucleus for DNA to RNA conversion
- Translation: RNA to amino acid chain/protein
- Connective tissue: Cartilage different from other connective tissues
- Hematopoietic tissue: Red marrow
- Areolar: Consists of delicate fibers and cells
- Fibrous connective tissue: Bundles of strong collagen fibers
- Blood: liquid matrix
- Bone: Structural building blocks called osteons
- Adipose: Stores lipids
- Cartilage: Matrix of firm plastic or gristle
Additional Noteworthy Info
- Microvilli/Flagella: Cell projections that increase absorption/movement (sperm cells)
- Tissue typing: Found in the plasma membrane
- Skeletal/Smooth/Cardiac Muscle: Types of muscle tissue
- Hair follicles: Begin hair growth
- Cells of skin: Melanocytes (pigment), keratin, melanin, germinativum
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Description
Explore the various levels of organization in living organisms, from the chemical level to the organism. Additionally, familiarize yourself with essential anatomical terms crucial for understanding body positions and relative locations. Test your knowledge on both concepts with this comprehensive quiz.
