Animal Types and Definitions PDF

**Young** -- generally newborn or prior to puberty or sexual maturity  **Mature** -- generally after puberty  **Heifer** -- depending on age, can be heifer calf, yearling heifer ( once and fed to slaughter)  **Bull** -- can be bull calf or yearling bull  **Ewe** -- can be ewe lamb if under 1 yea...

**Young** -- generally newborn or prior to puberty or sexual maturity  **Mature** -- generally after puberty  **Heifer** -- depending on age, can be heifer calf, yearling heifer ( once and fed to slaughter)  **Bull** -- can be bull calf or yearling bull  **Ewe** -- can be ewe lamb if under 1 year of age (ram lamb-male)  **Colt -** under 3 years of age  **Veal** -- 3 months of age or younger (also known as bob veal)  **Lamb** -- meat from young sheep  **Mutton** -- meat from mature sheep  **Poultry meat** - used as general term for meats of birds, may be named after the  - species (e.g. turkey meat) or classified according to age/ weight ( broiler, fryer, roaster, etc.)  **BUFFALO** - domestic horned ungulate belonging to the genus Bubalus; - also known as water buffalo, Asiatic buffaloes, carabao, etc **DONKEY** - close relative of the horse - also known as ass or burro (Equus asinus) **JACK (JACKASS)** -- male ass **JENNET (JENNY)** -- female ass **MULE** - produced from crossing a jackass with a mare. (reproductively sterile) **HINNY** - produced from crossing stallion with a jennet (reproductively sterile) **PONY** - small-type horse, under 14.2 hands (\~ 57 inch.) in height at the withers **JILL** -- female mink **BULLOCK** - a young bull, typically less than 20 months of age **JACK RABBIT** - or native hare ( genus Lepus) - wild relative of the domestic (Oryctolagus) FRYER ===== - young male or female domestic rabbit (meat type) **BROILER** - young meat type chicken of either sex (usually up to 6-8 weeks of age) weighing 1.3 -- 2.2 kg - Also referred to as fryer or young chicken  **ROASTER** - meat type of chicken of either sex (typically 3-5 months of age) weighing about 2.95 kg average liveweight . **SQUAB** - young immature pigeon, usually up to 30 days old (also refers to its meat)  **SQUAB BROILER** - meat type of chicken sold at 0.9-1.1 kg (2- 2.5lb) live weight. - Usually smaller than broiler, and sold whole-body and never cut  **CAPON** - cockerel or type of poultry meat from surgically castrated male chicken weighing 3.6 to 4.5kg  **KEET** -- young guinea fowl  **RATITE** - big birds (ostrich, emu, rhea) - known for their red meat and skins (for leather)  **KOSHER MEAT** - meat from ruminants with split hooves where the animals have been slaughtered according to Jewish law  **SIRE** - refers to the male parent D**AM** -- refers to the female parent **STOCKER** - weaned cattle fed high roughage diets before going to the feedlot. - Also to described light/ thin feeders/ mature cows purchased to utilized low quality roughage **STUD** - usually the breeding stallion. Also place where male animals are maintained. **STAG** - usually male livestock mammals castrated after puberty; also refers to young but sexually mature (\~ 7 mos. -- 1 year) fighting cock **LARD** - fat from pigs that has been produced through a rendering process **TALLOW** -- fat of cattle, buffalo or sheep **WEAN** - to separate a young animal from its dam, and from suckling milk **ZEBU** - tropical humped cattle breeds (Bos indicus) from the Indian subcontinent **DEFINITION OF COMMON ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HUSBANDRY TERM** - **Acclimatization** -- adaptation to environment over a period of time. - ** Ad-libitum** -- as desired by the animal; self-fed. -  **Aquaculture** -- raising/production of fishes/marine products in selected or controlled environments. -  **Biosecurity** -- planned system/measure to prevent entry and spread of diseases in the flock/herd. - ** Broodiness** -- tendency of hen to nest; incubating behavior. - ** Brooding** -- raising and caring for chicks in a protective environment (usually for the first 5-6 weeks). -  **Cannibalism** -- tendency or vice of animals in herd/flock to bite/peck others causing injuries. - ** Carcass** -- animal body less viscera, head, skin and lower legs after slaughter. -  **Castration** -- removal of the testicles of male animals. - ** Comfort zone** (thermoneutral zone)- range of temperatures at which animal performance is maximized. - **Conformation** -- structure/shape (or a cut) of animal carcass. - **Coprophagy** -- eating or consumption of feces. - **Creep feed** -- feed provided to young animals within an enclosure that excludes larger animals**.** - **Cud** -- a bolus of previously eaten food which has been regurgitated for further chewing. - **Deglutition --** swallowing. - **Eructation --** a belching/burping; expulsion of accumulated gastric gases. - food causing bloat: corn grains - it is important to know the xact percentage na ipapakain sakanila(ruminant) - \- 70% dapat grass, 20%legumes(beans), 10% concentrates - **Ethology --** scientific study of animal behavior in natural or typical environment. - **Fattening** -- deposition of unused energy in the form of fat within body tissues. - mga pagkain na papakain para tumaba animal - **Finishing** -- to fatten a slaughter animal; also the degree of fatness of such animal. - back fat- mas prefer ng ibang consumer - **Flushing** -- practice of feeding higher amount of nutrients prior to and during breeding for ovulation. - conditioning / kinodondisyon. - significant effect ng conditioning: increase the ovulation of egg - malnourish - di magproproduce ng ibang products - **Gamebirds --** refers to wild birds (e.g pheasants) for hunting. - Phesants: phasianus colchicus - Gamefowls -- type of chicken of both sexes especially bred to produce fighting cocks. - **Homeostasis** -- maintenance of physiological stability even though environment may change. - **Homeotherm (warm- blooded animals)** -- animal that utilizes or dissipates energy to maintain body temperature(\~37C). - COLD BLOODED ANIMALS\ - sumusunod sa environment temperature nila\ eg. pag mainit, sumusunod  din katawan nila: pag mainit, mainit din katawan nila\ eg: reptiles\ reptiles - mas active pag mas mainit temperature; more active locomotion\ - pag malamig, usually grogy sila - **Husbandry** -- refers to raising, production and proper care of livestock and poultry animals. - **Lard --** pig fat produced from rendering process. - **Litter** -- a.) bedding/flooring materials such as sawdust, rice hulls, wood shavings; b) a group of piglets/puppies born of a sow/bitch at the same parturition. - **Marbling -** the interspersion of fat particles in lean meat. - eg. wagyu beef\ INTERDISPERSION  - proper distribution of fat in the muscle - **Mastication --** chewing**.** - **Microflora --** gross overall population of microorganisms (bacteria, protozoans, yeast,etc.). - Makikita sa ruminant stomach - ginagawa ng microflora sa animals: they can release enzymes to facilitate digestion - reason why di sila nagcacause ng sakit: they are good bacteria - sometimes, excessive proliferation or sobrang dami nila pwede magcause ng sakit - mas advisable injectable kasi-byproduct\ - derived from angora goat pag oral, baka mamatay mga good bacteria (microflora) - **Mohair --** animal fiber used for upholstery or clothing; of greater length and less crimp than wool. - -byproduct\ - derived from angora goat - **Palatability --** proper of being pleasing to taste. - oil - one of the ingredients to enhance the palatability (taste) of the feeds - **Pecking order** -- social order, the tendency of animals to behave in order of social dominance. -  hierarchies of animals among group - **Photoperiod --** the length of daylight or artificial light provided. - cercarial ritan- nagcocontrol sa katawan natin kaya tulog ka - melatonin - night hormone\ - produced by pineal gland (night only) - **Poikilotherm (cold-blooded animal) --** animal with little or no ability to maintain an even body temperature, so temperature is influenced largely by the immediate environment. - **Regurgitation --** act of voluntary vomiting of swallowed food. - **Roughage --** feed low in digestible energy and high in fiber. - **Silage --** succulent feed produced from anaerobic storage and fermentation of forages. - **Silo --** a semi-airtight to airtight structure for use in the production and storage of silage. - **Soundness** - health or physical integrity of an animal or some of its parts. - **Spay --** to remove the ovaries or severe the oviducts leading to the uterus; neutering in females. - **Tallow** -- refers to the fat of cattle, buffalo or sheep. - **Zootechnics** -- subjects related to the science of livestock and poultry production/ management, nutrition, breeding/genetics. - **Breed** -- a group of animals descended from common ancestry and possessing certain inherited traits that distinguish it from any other group. - **Line** -- a group of animals descended from or related to a specific animal or source of genetic stock. - **Strain** -- a group of animals within a breed with traits that distinguish them from others in the breed. - **Mongrel**- mixed or unknown breed; ―scrub; little improved breeding animal - **Pedigree**- a record of ancestors. - **Cull**- to remove from a herd or flock, usually because of age, low performance, or undesirable trait. - **Longetivity** -- the tendency of a breeding animal to have a long productive life. - **Genotype**- the genetic constitution, or make-up or an individual. For any pairs of alleles, three genotypes (e.g. AA, Aa and aa) are possible. - **Phenotype**- the characteristics/traits of an animal that can be observed and or measured (e.g. red coat, presence or absence of horns, growth rate, body weight, brown eggs etc.) - **Gene**- functional unit of inheritance. - a small segment of chromosome (DNA) that is genetic code for a particular trait and determines how it will develop - **Trait** -- an expression of gene(s)/ portion of the DNA through the effects of enzymes/ protein as dictated by the gene/DNA - **Chromosome**- a rod-like or string-like body occurring in pairs, found in the nucleus of the cell that contains the genetic information or the genes. - **Cytogenetics**- the study of chromosomes. - **Karyotype**- presentations of the chromosomes of any individual/species. Usually cut-out prints, matched up and arranged in a standard sequence or order. - **Homologous** -- pertaining to similar or corresponding structures within a biological system; such as homologous chromosomes for common animals: turkey 41 --------------- ---- Chicken 39 Dog 39 Horse 32 Donkey 31 Cattle 30 Goat 30 Sheep 27 River buffalo 25 Phil.carabao 24 Rabbit 22 Rat 21 Mouse 20 Swine 19 Cat 19 Human 23 - **Mitosis** -- a process in which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each of which contains the same chromosomes complement(2u) as the mother cell from which they came. - **Meiosis** --a special type of cell nuclear division for the production of gametes( sperm in the male, ovum in the female). As a result, each gamete carries half the number of chromosome (n) of a typical body cell in that species. - **Diploid-** having the normal, paired chromosome of somatic tissue as produced by doubling of the primary chromosomes of the cells at fertilization. - **Haploid** -- having exactly one --half of the usual diploid number of chromosomes for a given species. ( gametes are said to be haploid) - **Gametogenesis** -- the process by which sperm (spermatogenesis)and eggs (oogenesis) are produced - **Fertilization**- the process in which sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote. - **Alleles** -- genes occupying corresponding loci in homologous chromosomes that affect the same hereditary trait but in different ways. - **Locus** -- location of a gene in a chromosome. - **Dominant allele** -- one of the gene/allele at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes, which overpowers or dominates the expression of the other allele. - **Recessive allele** -- whose expression is prevented/overpowered by the dominant allele. - **Homozygous** -- having genes located at corresponding loci in homologous chromosomes which correspond (similar) to each other in the way they control a trait. - **Heterozygous** -- opposite of homozygous; having contrasting genes/allele. - **Heterosis** - performance of offspring that is greater than the average of the parents. - Usually the amount of superiority of the crossbred over the average of the parental breeds. - Also referred to as hybrid vigor. - **Nickability/Nicking** - when certain developed lines that are quite homozygous for several dominant genes are crossed, new dominant genes are brought together (nicking) in their offspring (better than either parent for certain traits), then the parental lines are said to be nick. - Those certain traits in the offspring from the parental lines are showing high nickability. - **Selection differential** -- shows the superiority (or inferiority) of the selected animals compared to the end average. - **Heritability estimate** - is a percentage figure that shows what part of the total phenotypic variation (phenotypic difference) is due to genetics. - Also the portion of the selection differential that is passed on from the parent of offspring. - **Realized heritability** -- the portion actually obtained compared to what was attempted in selection. - **Generation interval** - average age of the parents when the offspring are born. - This is calculated by adding the average age of all breeding females to the average age of all breeding males and dividing by 2. - The generation interval is approximately 2 years in swine, 3-4 years in dairy cattle, and 5-6 years in beef cattle.