Poetry Forms and Techniques PDF

**Poetry** is typically separated into discrete or separate lines on a page. These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet, or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines. **Lines** - In poetry, a line refers to a single row of words within a poem. It\'s the basic unit of a poem\...

**Poetry** is typically separated into discrete or separate lines on a page. These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet, or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines. **Lines** - In poetry, a line refers to a single row of words within a poem. It\'s the basic unit of a poem\'s structure, and each line contributes to the overall rhythm, flow, and meaning of the poem. **Stanzas** - In poetry, a stanza is a grouped set of lines that form a unit within a poem. A **rhyme scheme** is the pattern of sounds that repeats at the end of a line or stanza. **Shakespearean sonnet** is a 14-line poem that includes three, four-line stanzas and a concluding couplet. The sonnet follows the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. **[Rhyme Scheme ]** \***Rhyme** -- the [correspondence of two or more words with similar-sounding final syllables placed so as to echo one another.] Rhyme is used by poets and occasionally by prose writers to produce sounds appealing to the reader's senses and to unify and establish a poem's stanzaic form. **Rhyme scheme** [is the formal arrangement of rhymes in a ] [stanza or a poem]. The rhyme scheme is usually notated with lowercase letters of the alphabet (ababbcbcc), each different letter representing a different rhyme. 1. **[Alternate rhyme-]** In an alternate rhyme, the first and third lines rhyme at the end, and the second and fourth lines rhyme at the end following the pattern ABAB for each stanza. This rhyme scheme is used for poems with four-line stanzas. **Ballade**. A [ballade is a lyric poem that follows the rhyme scheme ABABBCBC.] Ballades typically have three, eight-line stanzas and conclude with a four-line stanza. The last line of each stanza is the same, which is called a refrain. 2. **Enclosed rhyme**- The first and fourth lines and the second and third lines rhyme with each other in an enclosed rhyme scheme. The pattern is AB **Limerick-** A limerick is a five-line poem with the rhyme scheme AABBA.BA, in which A encloses the B.. OTHER POETIC FORMS **Blank verse** is poetry written with a precise meter---almost always iambic pentameter--- that does not rhyme. Can anyone think of an example of blank verse? **Tanaga -**It is a classic Tagalog poetry that consists of four lines, each with seven syllables and the same rhyme at the end of each line. **Metrical units** refer to the rhythmic structure of a poem, which is determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line. **Types of metrical feet, each consisting of a specific pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.** 1. **Anapest**: Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable (da-da-DA), as in \"un-der-STAND." 2. **Dactyl**: One stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (DA-da-da), as in \"PROM-i-nent.\" 3. **Iamb**: One unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable(da-DA), as in \"be-LONG.\" 4. **Trochee:** One stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable (DA-da), as in \"O-ver.\" **The number of feet in a line of poetry:** 1 foot: monometer 2 feet: dimeter 3 feet: trimeter 4 feet: tetrameter 5 feet: pentameter A **poetic foot** is "a unit of stressed and unstressed syllables ina line of poetry."Poetic feet are based on the number of syllables in each foot. **Poetic meter** refers to "the number of feet used in each line." **Rhythm** can be described as the beat and pace of a poem. **[Kinds of poetry ]** 1. **Narrative poetry** tells a story with a plot, characters, and a setting. It tells a story, often in a chronological sequence, using poetic devices to create a vivid and engaging narrative. 2. **Lyric poetry** is characterized by its emotional intensity and personal expression. It is often reflective and introspective, delving into the poet\'s inner thoughts, feelings, and experiences. 3. **Dramatic poetry** combines elements of both narrative and dramatic literature. It presents a story or conflict through the voices of different characters, often in the form of monologues or dialogues **[OTHER POETIC FORMS]** **Blank verse-** Blank verse is poetry written with a precise meter---almost always iambic pentameter--- that does not rhyme. **Rhymed poetry**. In contrast to blank verse, rhymed poems rhyme by definition, although their scheme varies. **Free verse poetry** is poetry that lacks a consistent rhyme scheme, metrical pattern, or musical form. **Epics** are lengthy narrative poems that tell the story of heroic deeds, adventures, and significant events. **Haiku** is a traditional Japanese form of poetry characterized by its brevity and simplicity. [ It consists of three lines, with five syllables in the first line, seven in the second, and five in the third.] **Sonnets** are [14-line poems that follow a specific rhyme scheme and meter]. **Elegies** are poems that mourn the loss of someone or something. In Filipino literature, there are elegies that reflect on historical events or personal losses. **Odes** are lyrical poems that celebrate or praise a person, object, or abstract concept. **[FIGURES OF SPEECH]** 1. **Simile** is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words \"like\" or \"as.\" For example, \"Her eyes sparkled like diamonds.\" 2. **Metaphor** is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another to suggest a similarity between them. Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not use \"like\" or \"as.\" For example, \"The world is a stage.\" 3. **Personification** is a figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to non-human entities or objects. For example, \"The wind whispered through the trees. " 4. **Hyperbole** is a figure of speech that involves extreme exaggeration to make a point or create emphasis. For example, \"I\'ve told you a million times.\" 5. Onomatopoeia is any word that phonetically imitates or suggests the sound that it describes. For example, \"buzz,\" \"clang,\" or \"murmur.\" **Repetition** is a literary device where words, phrases, or sounds are repeated within a piece of writing to create emphasis, rhythm, or to reinforce a theme. **Alliteration** is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of neighboring or closely connected words within a sentence or phrase. **Assonance** is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within neighboring or closely connected words, but not necessarily at the beginning of the words. **Elision** is the omission or slurring of one or more sounds or syllables in a word or phrase, usually for ease of pronunciation or to fit a particular meter or rhyme scheme. **Diction** refers to the choice and use of words in poetry. It includes considerations such as vocabulary, syntax, and language style. **Motif:** A motif is a recurring theme, subject, or idea that appears throughout a poem or body of work. It serves as a unifying element that enhances the poem\'s coherence and depth. [Motifs can take various forms, such as symbols, images, metaphors, or narrative elements. They often carry symbolic significance and contribute to the overall meaning and interpretation of the poem. Common motifs in poetry include nature, love, death, identity, and memory.] By using motifs, poets can create layers of meaning and invite readers to explore themes on multiple levels. **Patterns** in poetry refer to recurring structures, rhythms, or appreciation of the poem\'s artistic qualities. arrangements of elements within a poem.   **Maxim** is a brief statement that contains a little piece of wisdom or a general rule of behavior. Maxims are sometimes written by a single author, for example in the form of philosophical quotations. **Cohesion** [refers to the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds it together and gives it meaning]. It is the use of linguistic devices to connect ideas, ensuring that a text flows logically and is understandable. [Cohesion focuses on the relationship between words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. ] **Coherence**, on the other hand, [is the logical structuring of a text that makes it easy to follow and understand. It is about the overall sense and clarity of the message being conveyed]. Coherence is achieved when the ideas in a text are well-organized and logically sequenced, making the text make sense. **Differences** **[Cohesion]** is concerned with the surface structure of a text. It deals with how sentences link to each other using cohesive devices like conjunctions, pronouns, and lexical repetition. **[Coherence]** is about the deeper structure of a text. It focuses on the logical flow and clarity of ideas, ensuring that the text is easy to understand and logically organized. **[Techniques for Cohesion ]** **Reference:** This is using pronouns or other references to link back to something mentioned earlier. Example: \"John lost his keys. He searched everywhere for them.\" **Substitution:** This is replacing a word or phrase with another to avoid repetition. Example: \"I need a pen. Do you have one?\" **Ellipsis:** This is omitting parts of a sentence that can be understood from the context. Example: \"I'll have the fish. And you?\" **Conjunctions:** This is using connecting words to link sentences or clauses. Example: \"She was tired, but she finished her work.\" **[Techniques for Coherence ]** **Logical Order:** This is arranging ideas in a logical sequence. Example: Chronological order for events, cause and effect **Consistent Point of View:** This is maintaining the same perspective throughout the text. **Clear Topic Sentences:** This is the beginning paragraph with a sentence that states the main idea. **Transitional Phrases:** This is using phrases that help move from one idea to another smoothly. Example: \"Furthermore, in addition, on the other hand.\" **Repetition of Key Terms:** This is repeating important terms to emphasize the main ideas. **Example:** \"Education is vital for success. Without education, achieving success is difficult.\" Examples: **Cohesion Example:** **Original:** \"Tom took his dog for a walk. Tom likes to walk every evening. The dog is very energetic.\" **Improved:** \"Tom took his dog for a walk. He likes to walk every evening because his dog is very energetic.\" Coherence Example: Original: \"To bake a cake, you first put it in the oven. Mix the ingredients thoroughly. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.\" Improved: \"To bake a cake, first, preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Then, mix the ingredients thoroughly. Finally, put the mixture in the oven.\"