GEC 13 Literature of the Philippines Lecture 3 PDF

GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES MARIA GLORIA R. BECO-NADA Author/Compiler Southern Luzon State University College of Arts an...

GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES MARIA GLORIA R. BECO-NADA Author/Compiler Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 1 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences 2020 Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES Lecture 3 Poetry and Its Elements Overview: What is your favorite song? Do you listen to it because of its rhythm or its lyrics? People find it hard to understand poetry, but they do not know that everyday they are already engaging to it. As they listen to their favorite song, they are also letting themselves enjoy poetry. Aside from the rhythm of the song, people enjoy it because of its lines. Objectives: By the end of the lecture, students should have: 1. Defined poetry 2. Distinguished the different types of poetry 3. Identified the elements of poetry 4. Learned how to read poetry 5. Understood basic information about poetry Scope of Lecture 3: 6. Definition of Poetry 7. Five Things to Remember about Poetry. 8. How to Read Poetry 9. Types of Poetry Lyric Poetry Narrative Poetry Dramatic Poetry 10. Elements of Poetry Content/Subject Theme Mood/Tone Imagery Symbols Sound effect devices Persona Speaker Shape and Form Figurative Languages Stanza Rhythm Foot Meter Poetry is the clear expression on of mixed feelings -W.H. Auden DEFINITION OF POETRY Poetry is one of the genres of literature. Its existence has already gone too far, as far as human civilization has gone through. From oral recitation down to written poems, there are already so many innovations that occur which are preferred to be used and practiced by both amateur and veteran poets. Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 27 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES There is no clear record about when it really started to take form. Holman (1992) said that no literary historian presumes to point out the beginnings of poetry, though the first conscious literary expression took the form of primitive verse. Then, it is also difficult to define because of its complex nature. Dimalanta said that regarding poetry, definitions can only be general and tentative, oversimplified, personal,and at times, ambiguous. Attribute to this the essential ineffable nature of poetry. (Guile, 2003, p. 10) Meanwhile, the simplest definition according to Ang (2012) is, it is derived from a Greek word poesis meaning “making or creating.” To easily understand poetry, Baritugo et al (2007) gave five things to remember about poetry. 1. Poetry is a concentrated thought. Poems use few words to express the emotions, and thoughts of poets. In understanding poetry, one must know the use of its language. According to Abad, poetry is a special use of language by which language transcends itself. (Guile, 2003, p. 11) 2. Poetry is a kind of word-music. To fully enjoy poetry, one must read it aloud. In this way, the reader will be able to hear the use of words as it creates music. Also, the use of rhythm in poetry lets its meaning more comprehensible. Lacia and Gonong (2003) said that for the poet to convey ideas, he chooses and organizes his words into a pattern of sound that is part of the total meaning. 3. Poetry expresses all the senses. With use of language, poets help readers to use their sense. They let readers smell the fragrant flower, see the blue skies, hear the singing birds, feel the cold wind and taste the sweet mangoes. The poet, as someone has said, does not speak the accurate language of science, does not, for example, refer to water as H2O but as “rippling,” a “mirror,” or “blue,” using not elements which compose water but the effect which water creates in his imaginative mind and wanting the reader to respond to “water” as physical fact rather than abstract concept. (Holman, 1992, p. 405) 4. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm. Rhythm in poetry is essential for readers to fully enjoy. In reading aloud, rhythm makes the poem more pleasing to the ears. Also, Baritugo said that a poem beats time simply and strongly; therefore, we need only respond to it with our own natural rhythm. 5. Poetry is observation plus imagination. Abad said that the poem after all, for poet and reader, is work of imagination. (Gulle, 2003, p.11) There are other readers find poetry difficult. The moment that the reader fails to imagine the images in the poem then it will hard for him to understand it. According to Lewis (1961) the image is a picture in words which one must serve a purpose in a poem. In addition, Dimalanta explained that effective imagery radiating from a given metaphorical center that is the core of the poem’s body. (Gulle, 2003, p. 15) These are the other things that you need to know in reading poetry according to Tan (2001) First, a poem differs from prose work in that it is to be read slowly, carefully, and attentively. You need to read poems slowly, carefully and attentively because you will not read it as it is but as a reader you have to go beyond what it is. Reading a poem takes a lot of hard work because it requires the reader to think critically, to imagine the images comprehensively, to analyze Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 28 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES and to interpret the theme connotatively. Second is, a poem recreates an experience. Every time the reader will read the poem several times. The reader is also recreating the poem by means of extracting the different emotions, experiences, thoughts, ideas, etc. Reading the poem once is not enough because as the reader reads it form the second time, he or she will certainly unveil revelations from the poem that she happen to oversee on the first reading. So, the moment the reader reads the poem over and over again becomes more meaningful and sensible. Third, the subject matter of poetry can be found in everything that interests the human mind. It is very evident that subject matter adds sparks to a poem because without it nothing will be talked about on the poem. Although it is “only a part of the meaning” still it plays a vital role in understanding a poem. The subject matter in a poem depends on the writer’s choice (variety of subjects). Fourth, a poem presents a dramatic situation. In every poem there is always a speaker that will give the reader the background of the poem. There is a peculiar effect in reading the poem in either for private or for public audience because of the presence of the sound effects devices, figurative languages, and other elements of poetry that are not present from prose and drama. Also, the conciseness and brevity of the language used in poetry takes greater advantage as it is read. The dramatic effect in reading poetry is either intentionally or not because as a reader the responsibility is solely on his/her shoulders. Most especially if the poem is intended to be read publicly whether the reader likes it or he has to read it dramatically because, the listeners will not thoroughly understand the poem unless there is an element of art as the poem is being read. Lastly, it is an act of speech that takes place in a particular setting on a particular occasion. TYPES OF POETRY There are three types of poetry. These are lyric, narrative and dramatic. Though they all follow similar elements but still each type has its own unique nature. Lyric Poetry Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand. (Kahayon & Zulueta, 2009, p. 11) It is also described by Sialogo (2007) as descriptive or expository in nature where the poet is concerned mainly with presenting a scene in words, conveying sensory richness of his subject, or the revelation of ideas or emotions. Then, Holman (1992) defined it as a brief subjective poem strongly marked by imagination, melody, and emotion and creating for the reader a single unified impression. Lyric poetry is a poetry that deals with the personal feeling of the poet. It is a subjective expression of man’s passion and emotion in artistic and musical language. There are seven kinds of lyric poetry. They are the sonnet, songs, ode, elegy, psalm, hymn and idyll. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) Kinds of Lyric Poems A. Song A lyric porm in a regular metrical pattern set to music. These have twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. (Ang, 2012, p. 11) A lyric poem adapted to musical expression. Song lyrics are usually short, simple Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 29 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES sensuous, emotional - perhaps the most spontaneous lyric form. (Holman, 1992, p. 503) B. Elegy This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death. (Kahayon and Zulueta, 2009, p. 13) A poem written on the death of a friend or the poet. The ostensible purpose is to praise the friend but the death prompts the writer to ask, “If death can intervene, so cruelly in life, what is the point of living?” By the end of the poem, however, we can expect that the poet will have come to terms with his grief. (Ang, 2012, p.10) A sustained and formal poem setting forth the poet’s meditations upon death or another solemn theme. (Holman, 1992, p. 183) C. Sonnet A lyric poem of fourteen lines, highly arbitrary in form and following one or another of several set rhyme-schemes. (Holman, 1992, p. 503) A lyric poem containing fourteen iambic lines, and a complicated rhyme. (Ang, 2012, p. 11) Rhyme schemes in Sonnets ababcdcdefefgg - Shakesperian sonnet abbaabba (cde,cde) - Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet (cdc,cdc) (cd,cd,cd) D. Ode In manner, the ode is an elaborate lyric, expressed in language dignified, sincere, and imaginative and intellectual in tone. (Holman, 1992, p. 363) A lyric poem of some length serious in subject in dignified style. It is most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit of praise of some persons or things. (Ang, 2012, p.10) This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignify, with no definite syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza. (Kahayon and Zulueta, 2009, p. 14) E. Psalm This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life. (Kahayon and Zulueta, 2009, p. 14) F. Hymn A lyric poem expressing religious emotion and generally intended to be sung by a chorus. (Holman, 1992, p. 260) G. Idyll Pastoral and descriptive elements are usually the first requisites of the idyll, although the pastoral element is usually presented in a conscious literary manner. (Holman, 1992, p. 263) Narrative Poetry This type of poetry tells a story in verse. It is a nondramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short. (Holman, 1992, p. 336) This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. (Kahayon & Zulueta, 2009, p. 7) Narrative poetry is an objective narration in verse. It is a poem that tells a story, recounts an event or narrates an episode in the life of another person. Narrative poetry has four kinds such as ballad, epic, metrical romance, and metrical tale. (Ramallosa, 2000, P. 15) Kinds of Narrative Poems A. Epic A long narrative poem of the largest proportions. A tale centering about a hero concerning the beginning, continuance, and the end of events of great significance. (Ang, 2012 p. 10) This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. It may deal with heroes and gods. (Kahayon & Zulueta, 2009, p. 7) Holman (1992) classifies epic as folk epic and art epic. Epics without certain authorship are called folk epics, whether the scholar believes in a folk or a single authorship theory of origins. Art epic is a term sometimes employed to distinguish such an epic as Milton’s Paradise Lost or Virgil’s Aenied from so called folk epics such as Beowulf, the Nibelungenlied, and the Iliad and Odyssey. Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 30 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES Common Characteristics of Folk Epic and Art Epic According to Holman ⚫ The hero is a figure of imposing stature, of national or international importance, and of great historical or legendary significance. ⚫ The setting is vast in scope, covering great nations, the world, or the universe. ⚫ The action consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage. ⚫ Supernatural forces - gods, angels, and demons - interest themselves in the action and intervene from time to time. ⚫ A style of sustained elevation and grand simplicity is used. ⚫ The epic poet recounts the deeds of his heroes with objectivity. B. Metrical Romance A narrative poem that tells story of adventure, love, and chivalry. The typical hero is a knight on a quest. (Ang, 2012 p. 10) C. Metrical Tale A narrative poem consisting usually of a single series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales, love tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for strong moral purpose in verse form. (Ang, 2012 p. 10) D. Ballad The simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short narrative poem telling a single incident in similar meter and stanzas. It is intended to be sung. (Ang, 2012 p. 10) Of the narratives poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells a single incident. There are also variation of these: love ballads, war ballads, sea ballads, humorous, moral, historical, or mythical ballads. In the early times, this referred to as a song accompanying a dance. (Kahayon & Zulueta, 2009, p. 10) Dramatic Poetry It is a poem where a story is told through the verse dialogue of the characters and a narrator. (Sialogo, et al., p. 15) A term that, logically, should be restricted to poetry which employs form or some element or elements of dramatic technique as a means of achieving poetic ends. (Holman, 1992, p. 172) The drama in verse is an artistic production involving real living people in a performance. It is a story in poetic form revealed through speech and action. In genera, there are only two kinds of drama: the tragedy and comedy. Modern dramatists however made them four: tragedy, comedy, melodrama and farce. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) (Refer to the lecture in finals for the comprehensive discussion of Drama) ELEMENTS OF POETRY 1. Content/Subject – ⚫ It is what is being talked about in the poem. Any subject can be great in a poem depending on the poetic style of the poet. ⚫ Dimalanta said that even generally considered banal or vulgar subjects become poetically acceptable, handled artistically. (Gulle, 2003) 2. Theme ⚫ This refers to the message/s of the poem. It is not easy to find theme in poetry. But, other elements of poetry will assist the readers to generate the theme of the poem. 3. Mood ⚫ This is the emotional atmosphere that poet wants the readers to feel. It helps the readers to fully appreciate the poem. Also, it builds the credibility of subject and theme the poem. ⚫ Willa Cather as cited by Holman (1992) said that mood as expression of the author’s attitude becomes a control over the techniques of literary expression. 4. Imagery ⚫ It is how the reader pictures the poem in his mind. The imagination that is evoked from the collection of tangible images created by the poet. It refers to the pictures which we perceive with our mind’s eyes, nose, tongue, skin, and through which we experiences the duplicate Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 31 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES world created by poetic language. Imagery evokes meaning and truth of human experiences not in abstract terms, as in philosophy, but in more perceptible and tangible forms. This is a device by which the poet makes his meaning strong, clear and sure. The poet uses sound words and words of color and touch in addition of Figures of Speech. Concrete details that appeal to the reader’s senses are used as well build up images. ⚫ It is the use of sensory details or descriptions that appeal to one or more of the five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell. These are otherwise known as “senses of the mind” (Sialongo, 2007, p. 9) ⚫ More than a visual detail, imagery includes sounds, textures feel, odors, and sometimes even tastes. Selection of concrete details is the poet’s of giving his reader a sensory image. By means of images, the poet makes the reader think about the meaning of the meaning. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003) 5.Symbols ⚫ Once the writer mentioned images like “sun” “flower” “river” “mountain” “dreams” etc. as a reader you will not accept those images as they are but convert them into higher level of giving meaning. For instance, a sun may stand for enlightenment, knowledge, hope, etc. depending on how it is used by the poet in the poem. 6. Sound Effect Devices ⚫ It gives music to the ears of the readers. It avoids the poem to be monotonous in approach. This makes the poem a kind of word-music. Some of the sound effect devices are also identified as figure of speech since they nature create a ‘sound effect’ a. Rhyme - Rime or rhyme is the similarity of sounds in the lines of poetry. It is often times found at the end of the lines although there are also rhyme in the initial or middle part of the lines of poetry. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) - It is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sounds and any succeeding sound in two or more words. (Sialongo et al., 2007, p. 12) b. Assonance - It is the repetition of similar accented vowel sound. (Sialongo et al., 2007, p. 12) Example The bows glided down and the coast Blackened with birds took a last look At his thrashing hair and whale blue eye The trodden town rang its cobbles for luck Dylan Thomas “Ballad of Long-Legged Bait” c. Consonance - It is the repetition of similar consonant sound typically within or at the end of words.(Sialongo et al., 2007, p. 12) Example The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard And made dust and dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze drew across it. Robert Frost “Out-out” d. Repetition -A rhetorical device reiterating a word or phrase, or rewording the same idea, to secure emphasis. (Holman, 1992, p. 446) “Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light… And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light.” Dylan Thomas “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night” e. Onomatopoeia - It is the use of a word or phrase that actually imitates or suggests the sound of what it Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 32 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES describes. (Sialongo et al., 2007, p. 11) Example The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees. Alfred Tennyson “The Princess” f. Alliteration - You repeat the initial letter or sound in two or more nearby words. (Baker, 1976 p. 528) - It is the repetition of similar and accented sounds at the beginning of words. (Sialongo et al., 2007, p. 12) Example The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free Samuel Taylor Coleridge 7. Persona ⚫ In every poem, there is always a character. It relies with the writer’s creativity in constituting images and other literary devices to visibly introduce the character to the readers. 8. Speaker ⚫ The speaker is the point of view in the poem. It is sometimes referred as the poet but it is not all the time the poet is speaking. Poets may also create a persona who is the speaker in the poem or can be both. 9. Shape and Form ⚫ This refers to the structure of poems which can be structured or free verse. The structured verse or metered verse pertains to poems that follow conventions of poetry in terms of rhyme scheme, versification, rhythmic pattern, and others. Free verse was said to be introduced by Walt Whitman, an American poet, which aimed to break free from the conventions in the structure of poetry. According to Holman (1992), free verse is poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence (measure) of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter. 10. Figurative Language ⚫ Intentional departure from the normal order, construction, or meaning of words in order to gain strength and freshness of expression, to create a pictorial effect to describe by analogy, or discover and illustrate similarities in otherwise dissimilar things. (Holman, 1992, p. 223) Examples: Simile - -Consists of comparing two things using the like or as. (Ang, 2012, p.11) -uses a word or phrase such as “as” or “like” to compare seemingly unlike things or ideas. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 11) -is directly expressed comparison between two dissimilar objects by means of the word like, as, or as if. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 4) Examples: Be beautiful, noble like the antique ant, Jose Garcia Villa “Be Beautiful, Noble, Like an Antique Ant” His house was quiet, like the man who closed Ricaredo Demetillo “The Lover’s Death” Metaphor -gives an implied, not expressed, comparison to two unlike objects. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 5) -Uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas. (Ang, 2012, p.11) -implies comparison instead of a direct statement and that equates two seemingly unlike things or ideas. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 10) Examples: I am a candle of unpolluted wax Lighted at the altar for God Vicente de Jesus (Translated by Alfredo S. Veloso) Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 33 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES “Teardrop” The whole country was a boiling volcano Amado V. Hernandez (translated by Jose Villa Panganiban) “The Blacksmith” Personification. -Gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas. (Ang, 2012, p.11) -is giving human attributes/characteristics to inanimate objects, an animal, force of nature, or an idea. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 11) -gives an inanimate object or an abstract idea a human attribute or considers it a live being. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 5) Examples: Let the wind with sad lament over me keen Jose Rizal “My Last Farewell’ The springs at my feet has tears welling Jose Corazon De Jesus (translated by: Jose Villa Panganiban) “Isang Punongkahoy” (Tree) The night that weeps the death of day Surprises me at times on the rough threshold Claro M. Recto (Translated by: Alfred S. Veloso) “My Nipa Hut” Irony -says the opposite of what is meant. (Ang, 2012, p.12) -is a contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 10) -method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which intended meaning of the words is the direct opposite of what is meant. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 6) Examples: Neither is man aware of the unkind Flight of time; for, though it gives him life, It is dragging him nearer his grave. Juan Atayde “The Man” If all these men whose heads are with the stars, Who dream unceasingly of blazing royalty, Will only strive to be like you, A dweller of the sod with the heart of royalty Florizel Diaz “To a Dog” Allusion - refers to any literary, biblical, historical, mythological, scientific, character or place. (Ang, 2012, p.12) - is a reference in a work of literature to a character, a place, or a situation from history, literature, the Bible, mythology, scientific event, character or place.(Sialongo, 2007, p. 8) Examples: Let others give to Caesar Caesar’s own Angela Manalang Gloria “I Have Begrudged the Years” Winds that Hades unleashes over me Vicente de Jesus (Translated by Alfredo S. Veloso) “Teardrop” Paradox - uses a phrase or statement that on surface seems contradictor, but makes some kind of emotional sense. (Ang, 2012, p.12) -is a phrase or statement that seems to be impossible or contradictory but is nevertheless true, literally or figuratively. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 11) Examples: All sounds waved to the seasons Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 34 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES Of living and dying pipe-smoke Tita Lacambra-Ayala “Wedding Song” And the foam crept to the edges of darkness Burning its inflammable garments… (Grow, 1984. Modern Philippine Poetry in the Formative Years: 1920-1950. ) Hyperbole -You exaggerate for emphasis, humorous or serious. (Baker, 1976, p. 525) - is an exaggeration used to express strong emotion, to make a point, or to evoke humor. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 10) - exaggeration for effect and not to deceive or to be taken literally. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 6) Examples: I vialed the universe Leoncio P. Deriada “I Vialed the Universe” Shall I count the sands on the seashore, Or pick the numberless stars in heaven Benito F. Reyes “You Ask Me How Much I Love You” Synecdoche -You put (a) the part for the whole, (b) the whole for the part, (c) the species for the genus, (d) the genes for the species, (e) the material for the object it constitute. (Baker, 1976, p. 531) - uses a part to represent the whole. (Ang, 2012, p.12) -is the naming of parts to suggest the whole. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 12) Examples: Where are they -- The pointing hand, The vibrant voice of high command Aurelio Alvero “Of Power” And two kindred minds shall mark the hour as rare Edith Tiempo “Bibliophile” Apostrophe - “a turning away” “you turn away” from your audience to address someone new – God, the angels, the dead, or anyone no present. (Baker, 1976, p. 523) -is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or inanimate. (Ang, 2012, p.11) -is an address to an inanimate object, an idea, or a person who is absent/long dead. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 10) -is an address to the absent as if were present or to somebody dead as if he were alive or to inanimate things as if they were animated. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 5) Example: Bend me then, O Lord Bend me if you can Amador Daguio “Man of Earth Oxymoron -“Pointed stupidity” You emphasize your point by the irony of an apparent contradiction or inconsistency. (Baker, 1976, p. 524) -puts together in one statement two contradictory terms. (Ang, 2012, p.13) -is putting together two opposite ideas in one statement. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 11) Examples: living dead, wise fool, cruel kindness, exact estimate, deafening silence, organized chaos, open secret, seriously funny, little giant Metonymy -You substitute an associated item for the thing itself. (Baker, 1976, p. 530) Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 35 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES -substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or a thing. (Ang, 2012, p.11) -a name of one thing used in place of another suggested or associated with it. It consists in giving idea that is so closely associated with another. (Lacia & Gonong, 2003, p. 5) -is the use of one word to stand for a related term or replacement or word that relates to the thing or person to be named for the name itself. (Sialongo, 2007, p. 10) Examples: Naught will he find but snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends Jose Rizal (Translated by: Charles Derbyshire) “Canto Del Viajero” (Song of the Traveller) Between her brown lips, A poem of sunrise Oscar de Zuniga “Love Song” 11. Stanza ⚫ A recurrent grouping of two or more lines of a poem in terms of length, metrical form and often rhyme-scheme. However, the division into stanzas is sometimes made according to thought as well as form. (Holman, 1992, p. 508) (refer to the table at the latter part of this lecture, for the different types of stanza) 12.Rhythm ⚫ Rhythm is the musical arrangement of the accented and unaccented syllable in poetry. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) ⚫ The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurrence of stressed or unstressed syllables is called rhythm. (Holman, 1992, p. 456) 13. Foot ⚫ Foot is the combination of accented and unaccented sound or syllables in the lines of poetry. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) ⚫ In prosody (the theory and principles of versification), whether quantitative verse (verse whose basic rhythm is determined by quantity, that is duration of sound in utterance) or accentual syllabic verse (verse that depends both on the number of syllables in establishing its rhythm), the concept of foot and the names by which various feet are known in English prosody are borrowings from classical prosody, which has only quantitative verse. (Holman, 1992, p. 229) Foot Combinations: Rising Iambus or Iambic (ua combination) A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable and an accented. The most common metrical measure on English verse. (Holman, 1992, p. 262) Ex. u a /u a/ u a/ u a Come live / with me/ and be / my love By: Christopher Marlowe Anapest or Anapestic (uua combination) A metrical foot in verse, consisting of three syllables, with two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one. (Holman, 1992, p. 23) Ex. u u a / u u a / u u a / u u a Like a child / from the womb, / like a ghost / from the tomb, u ua / u u a /u ua I arise / and unbuild / it again. By: Percy Bysshe Shelley The Cloud Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 36 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES Falling Trochee or Trochaic (au combination) A poetic foot consisting of an accented and unaccented syllable. (Holman, 1992, p. 539) Ex. a u /a u /a u /a u Double,/ double,/ toil and / trouble, a u/ a u / a u / a u Fire/ burn and / cauldron bubble By: William Shakespeare Dactyl or Dactylic (auu combination) A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two accented syllables. (Holman, 1992, p. 145) Ex. a uu /au u /a u u/ a uu / a u u/ a u This is the/ forest prim/eval. The/ murmuring pines and the hemlocks By: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Spondee or Spondaic (aa combination) A foot composed of two accented syllables. Spondees on our oetry are usally composed of two monosyllabic words as all joy! (Holman, 1992, p. 507) Ex. a a / a a Cry, cry! / Troy burns, or else let Helen go By: Wiliam Shakespeare Pyrrhic (uu combination) A foot of two unaccented syllables; the opposite of spondee. Common in classical poetry, the pyrrhic is unusual in English versification and is not accepted as a foot at all by some prosodists since it contains no accented syllable. (Holman, 1992, p. 429) Ex. uu u u My way | is to | begin | with the | beginning. By: Lord Byron 14. Meter ⚫ Meter or measure in poetry refers to the regular recurrence of the accented and unaccented syllables in the lines of poetry. (Ramallosa, 2000, p. 15) ⚫ The recurrence in poetry of a rhythmic pattern, or the rhythm established by the regular or almost regular occurrence of similar units of sound pattern. (Holman, 1992, p. 318) A verse is classified as monometer - 1 foot combination dimeter - 2 feet combination octameter - 8 feet combination trimeter - 3 feet combination nonameter- 9 feet combination tetrameter - 4 feet combination decameter - 10 feet combination pentameter - 5 feet combination hexameter - 6 feet combination heptameter - 7 feet combination Maria Gloria R. Beco-Nada,MA 37 Southern Luzon State University College of Arts and Sciences Languages, Literature and Humanities Department  GEC 13 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES The scansion below is based from the example of Queddeng (2013) u a/u u a/ u ua/uu a/ u u a/ As unto a rose of ineffable beauty you are Rhythm: uua (Most common in the group) Foot: Anapest/Anapestic Meter: Pentameter (number of combinations) References: Ang, J. G. ed. (2012). 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