Earth & Life Science PDF

**Earth & Life Science** Earth Science - The study of earth's structure, properties, processes and four and a haft billion years of biotic evolution - It's a board spectrum of science that covers life science and physical science Biological Science - Study of life Biotic = Living...

**Earth & Life Science** Earth Science - The study of earth's structure, properties, processes and four and a haft billion years of biotic evolution - It's a board spectrum of science that covers life science and physical science Biological Science - Study of life Biotic = Living Organism Abiotic = Non - Living Organism - FOUR MAIN BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE - Astronomy - Meteorology - Oceanography - Geology Geologist -- scientist that study Geology Astronomers -- studies planets, stars, and celestial bodies Oceanography -- studies oceans - Branches of Biological Science\ Ecology =\> Ecosystem The Origin of the Universe The Big Bang Theory - explains how the universe began with an infinitely hot and dense single point that inflated to form the ever-expanding cosmos we see today. - Most popular and accepted theory for the origin of the universe - formed from a very hot and small bubble explosion - universe was formed in less than a second - Big Crunch -- universe will stop expanding and crush on itself - Universe was formed **13.8 Billion years ago** Hydrogen & Helium - **1^st^ two elements/atoms formed** Cosmic Egg - **Small hot bubble** ( primordial atom ) Immemorial -- impossible to go back on time George Lemaitre - Belgian Priest and he was first to **suggest the Big Bang Theory** - the theory named **Lemaitre's Theory** Edwin Hubble - the first people that **supports George Lemaitre's Theory** - he was also the first who **discover that our universe is still expanding** Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson - second discovery (1965) our universe is filled with Microwave Radiation Formation of Elements Nucleosynthesis - protons and neutrons combined and made elements (hydrogen, helium & lithium) Formation of Stars & Galaxies 1^st^ Star -- formed from clouds of hydrogen and helium, it formed 200 -- 400 years 2^nd^ Galaxies -- stars grouped together from galaxies Dark Matter -- exerts gravitational effects Dark Energy -- it drives the accelerated expansion Steady State Theory Sir James Jeans - the one who proposed the steady state theory Steady State Theory - also known as Steady State Cosmology - this theory says the universe always existed - **no beginning or end**, the universe is in a **Steady State of Equilibrium** Redshift -- the **light from the object** Blueshift -- when the object is **moving towards us** Fred Hoyle and His colleagues - proposed in 1940s -1950s by the American Astronomer Alan Guth - the father who former of Cosmic Inflation Theory Cosmic Inflation Theory - about the very early universe - it says that the universe expanded rapidly, really fast just after the big bang Stars to Happened - the universe was very hot and dense in the beginning - it needed to expand quickly to cool down Galaxy - huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars Milky Way Galaxy - a large barred spiral galaxy - where we belong, these appears as a milky way band of light sky when we see the dark area Solar System - the sun and everything that orbit around it includes planes and their moons Orion Spur - where our solar system located and a barred spiral galaxy that's about 100,000 light Geocentric Model - idea that the earth is the center of the universe - proposed by **Ptolemy** Heliocentric Model - proposed by **Nicolaus Copernicus** - published in 1543 according to NASA earth observatory - it means that the sun is the center Heritage from Western Science - revolutionary idea and provided a better explanation - not immediately accept until the works of **Galilei** confirmed the Heliocentric Model - the model that is accepted in the universe named **Copernican Revolution** Rene Descartes - first French philosopher and mathematician that addressed the question of the formation of our sun and planets from a western scientific perspective mid 1600s Descartes Vortex Theory - he thought that the initial material in the universe rotated like whirl-pool like motion Nebular Hypothesis - proposed by German Philosopher and scientist **Immanuel Kant** - This describes the formation of the system from a primoradial cloud of gas and dust - This explains the formation of the solar system - **Immanuel Kant** was the 1^st^ German Philosopher **Pierre-simon Laplace** explains the nebular hypothesis ( Initial Nebula Formation, Collapse and Formation of Protostar, Protostar Evolution, Planetary Formation ) International Astronomical Union - This **international non-governmental organization** Sun - The **heart** of the solar system Star - provides light and heat climate and weather on earth - composed mostly of hydrogen and helium with a surface temperature around 5,500 c ( 9,932 f ) Terrestrials planets - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars Gas Giants - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune Dwarf Planet - Pluto Mercury - smallest planet close to the sun and has extreme temperature - has the atmosphere and also has a fast orbit about 60 days Venus - earth's sister planet because this has the same size with earth - thick, toxic, atmosphere hottest planet due to intense greenhouse affect surface hidden by the clouds Earth - where you can jump higher sports life has water in all three states ( solid liquid gas ) - has atmosphere rich in oxygen **toms formed** - thick, toxic, atmosphere hottest planet due to intense greenhouse affect surface hidden by the clouds Earth - where you can jump higher sports life has water in all three states ( solid liquid gas ) - has atmosphere rich in oxygen Mars - martian red planet about half the size of the Earth red color due to side iron oxide - has the largest volcano **Olympus Mons** and a large canyon **Valles Marineris** Jupiter - largest planet known for **great red spot** ( Giant storm ) - has a strong magnetic field many moons include the largest moon **Ganymede** Saturn - jewel of the solar system second largest planet - famous for **prominent ring system** many moons in include **Titan** Uranus - **ice giant** third largest planet uniquetilt rotates on its side - has faint ring color blue due to methane in its atmosphere this made of **hydrogen and helium** Neptune - **blue giant** fourth largest planet has **strong winds** great dark spot ( storm ) similar to Uranus composition Pluto - former 1, 9^th^ planet classified as dwarf planet by the international astronomical union reclassified Pluto 2006 The Astroid Belt - between Mars and Jupiter, numerous small rocky bodies ( asteroids ) - remnants from early system, contains millions os astreiods The Kuiper Belt - Beyond neptune's orbit contains icy bodies and dwarf planets source of short-period comets - Doughnut shaped region of icy objects beyond the orbit of neptune The Dort Cloud - Source of comet, far on kuiper belt surrounding the solar system - spherical shell of icy object, source of long-period comets 4.5 billion years ago - Formation of the solar system earth is volcanically active contain bombarded with asteroids and comets 3.8 billion years ago Vaalbara -- 1st exist continent Pangaea -- supercontinent Rodinia - 1st supercontinent 2.4 billion years ago Cynobacteria - 1st living organism 1. billion years ago - Continental movement - Life become more complex Permian - 225 billion million years Triassic - 200 million years Jurassic -- 150 million years Cretaceous -- 65 million years 300 million years - first trees first land animals 250 million years Pangaea - supercontinent, massive and extinction that almost 90% of life form died Laurasig -- north Gondwanaland -- south 152 -230 million years - dinosaurs Sauropod Argentinosaurus -- bigger dinosaurs 66 million years - extinction of dinosaur comet slammed the Earth 6 million years ago -present - human, fire, industrialization, and farming Harbor Life - The only object in the universe Goldilocks Zone - also known as habitable zone, reference to the region around the stars Characteristic The presence of liquid water - 70% of the Earth surface is covered by water - Existence of the water at the surface is neither to much or too little that and liquid form The distance of the sun - Proximately to the sun is neither too much heat nor too little right distance for water Play tectonics - Enables carbon silicate cycle and regulating temperature The right size - large enough to hang on its atmosphere, but not so large to hold on too much atmosphere The right strength of gravity - Protect by big Brother Jupiter hose gravity helps divert and vacuum up incoming debris The presence of an atmosphere - contain 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen and one percent are gone it block some of the rays from reaching earth Luna - only moon and it says sustaining effects on our planetary rotation The presence of magnetosphere - Without magnetic field, the atmosphere and the surface of the planet would constantly be bombarded Energy - Life means most of your source of energy is a planet or moons host star starlight drives for photosynthesis in plants Time - Researcher have argued that habitable worlds need stars that can live at least several billion years - Earth is about 4.6 billion years old Geosphere - influence and availability of minerals and the formation of soil Hydrosphere - where water is essential for all biological processes Atmosphere - this provides oxygen for aspiration, carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and maintain the greenhouse effect to keep the planet warm enough to sustain life Biosphere - affect and affected by all other sub systems through processes, living organisms Geosphere - The solid part of the earth, including the rocks, minerals, landforms, and process that shape them Three main layers of the Earth - Crust - Mantle - Core Crust -- outermost layer of the Earth, 1% of the earth mass 5KM ( 3 miles ) to 70 KM ( 43 miles ) in thickness Continental crust - thicker layer of the Earth\'s crust that is found under the continents. It is about 35 kilometers thick on average. - Silicate minerals with elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. - about 30 to 70 kilometers (19 to 43 miles). - about 0°C to 1,000°C (32°F to 1,832°F) depending on depth and location. Oceanic crust - thinner layer of the Earth\'s crust that is found under the ocean basins. It is about 7 kilometers thick on average. - thinner than continental crust, ranging from about 5 to 10 kilometers (3 to 6 miles). Mantle - thickest layer, 66% of Earth\'s Mass. extending to about 2,900 km (1,800 miles) deep. Semi-solid and convective. Upper mantle - semi-fluid layer that allows the movement of tectonic plates. - 500°C to 900°C (932°F to 1,652°F) near the crust, increasing with depth. Lower mantle - contributes to the overall convection and heat transfer within the Earth\'s interior. -  1,000°C to 3,500°C (1,832°F to 6,332°F) near the outer core. Lithosphere - is the rigid, outermost layer of the Earth, comprising the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. - solid and brittle nature, which is crucial for tectonic activities like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Asthenosphere - the Earth\'s upper mantle, partially molten and ductile nature. - allows it to flow slowly and facilitates the movement of tectonic plates situated on the lithosphere Core - innermost layer of the Earth, 33% of Earth\'s Mass. Outer Core - composed mainly of molten iron and nickel. It has a thickness of about 2,300 kilometers. - Ranges from approximately 4,000°C to 6,000°C (7,200°F to 10,800°F). Inner Core - has a radius of about 1,220 kilometers and is composed of solid iron and nickel. - Estimated to be around 5,000°C to 7,000°C (9,000°F to 12,600°F). Crust - is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer, ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness Mantle - is the layer beneath the Earth\'s crust. It is the thickest layer, extending from the base of the crust to a depth of approximately 2,900 kilometers. Core - is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated beneath the mantle. It is divided into two distinct regions: the outer core and the inner core. **21^st^** Literature - compilation of written works, especially those considered of superior lasting artistic - reflections of man's life, books, and writing prosen and poetry  Prosen - written in paragraph  Poetry - should be a rhyme at the end  Pre-Colonial period  - bahanihan  - use of po and opo  - pagsasalo-salo - pag mano  Colonial period (spain) - 333 years  - Senakolo and Sarswela  Colonial period (american) - thomasiter - English teacher Colonial period (japan) - teaches us how to write haiku, short stories and more Post War period  - filipino becomes a major medium used in literature together with English Contemporary period - Bongbong Marcos Sr. ( martial law )  - filipino writer continue to wrote poetry short story  21st century contemporary literature - Written from 2001 of present Padre Faura witnesses the execution of rizal by Danton Remoto Matsui japanese writer who got fascinated with the life of rizal wrote a comic about rizal  Danton Remoto filipino writer, essayist reporter and professor The Poem December  - months ago rizal visited hid observation they talked about the purgatory and the stars that do not collide  rizal - he know that he'll soon be executed and also that he'll go to heaven and be a star  - curious about the purgatory because he knows that he didn't go there The Chiefest Mourner  by Aida Rivera Ford Aida Rivera Ford - from negros oriental  characters: Niece ( Narrator ) Uncle Aunt Sophia ( Wife ) Esa ( other woman ) Uncle - famous poet autor - he loves to drink alcohol The Chiefest Mourner  by Aida Rivera Ford Aida Rivera Ford - from negros oriental  characters: Niece ( Narrator ) Uncle Aunt Sophia ( Wife ) Esa ( other woman ) Uncle - famous poet autor - he loves to drink alcohol - cause of death ( kidney failure ) - after aunt sophia give uncle a lesson ( tie in the chair with strong rope ) he left and never came back - cause of death ( kidney failure ) - after aunt sophia give uncle a lesson ( tie in the chair with strong rope ) he left and never came back  Esa ( other woman ) - aunt sophia and his mom talk about esa using the language ( spanish ) that's why the niece enter the spanish class so every time they talk about esa she can understand what they talking about  - i was there when he was suffering  so there was no chiefest mourner  no 1 / no 2 = the woman's  The Safe House  by Sandra Nicole Roldan  Sandra Nicole Roldan - from NCR quezon city Information  - she describes that there is a compound with luxury cars club house swimming pools and pure breed dogs started on 1982 - her father always introduced their visitors as her uncle and aunt - when she grown up she realized that introduced uncle and auntie aren't her real relatives - Her mother abandoned them her father got arrested ( redtag ) 1984 - One of her father's group made reported her father that's why her father got arrested - Apo on the Wall - by Bj Patino  - Former Ferdinand Marcos Sr. - he started the martial law no for being a dictator named Apo -  longest running president in the Republic of the Philippines ( golden era/age ) - characters  - Child ( narrator ) - Father  - Apo **Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik** **sa Wika at Kulturang Pilipino** **Kahulugan ng Wika** -  Natutukoy ang kahulugan, kahalagahan, at kalikasan ng wika - Makilala ang iba\'t ibang uri at katangian ng wika - Maunawaan ang kahalagahan at gamit ng wika sa lipunan **Henry Gleason** ( University of Tronto ) - Ito ay isang tunog na may sistema na sinusunod at doon nagkakaiba-iba **Edward Sapir** ( Native American Linguistic Psychological Anthropology ) - Ay binubuo ng mga simbolo na nagkakaroon lamang ng kahulugan ayon sa gumagamit nito **Sa Aklat nina Bernales et al.** (2002) - Isang proseso ng pagpapadala at pag tanggap ng simbolistiko **Dr. Pamela Constantino** ( University of the Philippines Diliman Polytechnic University of the Philippines ) - Kalipunan ng mga salita at mga pamamaraan ng pagsasama-sama ng mga ito para magkaunawaan o magpag-usap ang grupo ng tao **Lenvenido Lumbera** - Parang hininga ang wika gumagamit tayo ng wika para kamtin anmg bawat pangangailangan natin **Alfonso O. Santiago** ( Dekano Pamantasang Normal ng Pilipinas ) - Ang wika ay sumasalamin sa mithiin lunngati, pangarap, damdamin, kaisipan o saloobin **UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino** (2001) - Ang wika ay lawas ng mga salita at Sistema ng paggamit sa mga ito na laganap sa isang sambayanihan na may tradisyong pangkultura **Pambansang Diksiyonaryo sa Filipino** (2021) - simbolo na ginagamit sa parehong pamamaraan ng isang particular na pangkaty upang magkaintindihan **Katangian ng Wika** - binubuo ng mga salita na may taglayu na kahulugan at diwa ito rin ay may sistema - bahagi ng kultura at wika Uri ng Wika - Wikang Pambansa \- kostitusyon 1987 artikulo 14 seksyon 6 \- wikang Filipino - Wikang Panturo \- artikulo 14 seksyon 7 \- paaralan, korte, Pambansa sa Telebisyon \- Filipino - Wikang Opisyal \- Filipino & English \- kostitusyon 1987 artikulo 14 seksyon 7-1 Mga Teorya - Teoryang Bow-wow \- tunog ng kalikasan at hayop - Teoryang Ding-dong \- tunog na nagmula sa gamit o bagay - Teoryang Pooh-pooh \- masisidhing damdamin ( nasaktan, tawa at iba pa ) - Teoryang Yo-he-ho \- pwersang pisikal - Teoryang Ta-ta \- galaw ng katawan - Teoryang Ta-ra-ra-doom-de-ya \- nagmula sa ritwal seremonya - Teoryang Biblikal \- Genisis 11:1-9 - Teoryang Coo-coo \- tunog ng sanggol Paggamit ng Wika sa Lipunan **Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday** - April 13 1925 linguistic - Exploration in the function of language Instrumental - Gamit ang wika kung nais maisakatuparan ng tao sa nais nya \- panghihikayat \- pagmumungkahi \- pag-uutos \- pakikiusap Regulatoryo - Kontrolin o magbigay gabay sa kilos o asal ng tao, mga di-dapat at dapat \- tuntunin \- panuto \- pagsaang ayon o pagtutol pag-alalay sa kilos o gawa Representatibo - Gamit ng tao upang magbahagi ng impormasyon pag-uulat ng pang yayari \- paglalahad \- paghahatid \- pagpapaliwanag ng mensahe \- pangyayari Interaksyonal - Pagpapanatili at pagpapatatag ng relasyon sa kapwa \- pagbati \- pagpapaalam \- pag-aanyaya \- pagbibiro Personal - Pagpapahayag sa sariling gamit ang sariling kaparaanan, damdamin, opinion, pananaw \- pagsulat ng talalarawan \- pagpapahayag ng saya, lungkot, galit ng damdamin Huesristiko - Paghihingi o paghahanap ng impormasyon upang makakalayo ng iba't ibang impormasyon \- pagtatanong \- esperimento \- pagbabasa \- pag tuklas Dayalekto - Iba't ibang baryasyon ng wika sa magkakaibang lugar, rehiyon Idyolek - Natatanging paraan ng pagsasalita ng isang indibidwal Sosyolek ( society + wika ) - Baryasyon ng wika na ginagamit ng particular na grupo a. Gaylingo -- ginagamit ng LGBTQ+ community b. Jargon -- mga espesyal na mga words or wika na ginagamit ng isang particular na grupo c. Register -- isang salita, ngunit iba ang depinasyon depenmde sa isang larangan d. Cono -- karaniwang naguugnay sa mga Kabataang may mataas na antas e. Etnolek ( etiniko + dayalek ) -- mga salitang tumutukoy sa wika o diyalekto na ginagamit sa isang partkular na entiko o kultural Pidgin - Mga wika na hindi tinatanggap Creole - Pidgin na tinanggap sa Lipunan ( ex. Chavacano )