Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory system themes The respiratory system Gas laws Pulmonary Ventilation Regulation External and internal respiration Gas transport in the blood Which do you use when you talk?  Nasal and Oral Inspiration During Natural Speech Breathing A. nasal only B. oral only C....

Respiratory system themes The respiratory system Gas laws Pulmonary Ventilation Regulation External and internal respiration Gas transport in the blood Which do you use when you talk?  Nasal and Oral Inspiration During Natural Speech Breathing A. nasal only B. oral only C. simultaneous nasal and oral D. alternating nasal and oral inspiration Air passing through the nose warmed and humidified 4 Respiratory system functions Division of Respiratory System 6 Bronchial Tree Conducting Zone  Conducting Zone The conduction zone conducts air breathed in that is filtered, warmed, and moistened, into the lungs. Conducting zone filtration 10 Mucociliary clearance 11 Stats Chronic lower respiratory diseases Fick’s law of diffusion Respiratory Zone Respiratory Zone Respiratory Volumes Dead space Alveolar cells Type 1 Type 2 Alveolar dust cells Alveolar macrophages are an important defense against inhaled particulates and pathogens in the lungs Four distinct processes must happen for respiration to occur To occur: 1. Pulmonary Ventilation - movement of air into and out of lungs 2. External respiration – gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood 3. Respiratory gas transport – gas transport throughout body 4. Internal respiration – gas exchange between target tissues and blood Pulmonary ventilation Boyle’s gas law= P1V1 = P2V2 Muscles of the thorax, neck and abdomen create the force to move air during breathing Quiet inspiration Quiet expiration Active inspiration and expiration  Neural networks in the brain stem control ventilation Multiple sensory receptors modulate respiration Reflexes and Breathing Effect of ventilation on blood pH External and internal respiration Dalton’s gas law Each gas in a mixture of gasses will exert a pressure independent of other gasses present Oxygen and Carbon dioxide partial pressures Normal Pressure Values 1. Oxygen a. 100 mm Hg alveolar b. 100 mm Hg arterial blood c. 40 mm Hg cells d. 40 mm Hg venous blood 2. Carbon dioxide a. 40 mm Hg alveolar b. 40 mm Hg arterial blood c. 46 mm Hg cells d. 46 mm Hg venous blood Henry’s Law P ∝ C (or) P = kH.C ‘P’ denotes the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere above the liquid. ‘C’ denotes the concentration of the dissolved gas. ‘kH’ is the Henry’s law constant of the gas.  O2 Transport in the Blood Methods of transport: 2% dissolved in plasma 98% bound to hemoglobin (Hb) for transport in the blood – Oxyhemoglobin: O2 bound to Hb (HbO2) – Deoxyhemoglobin: O2 not bound to (HHb) Oxygen transport  The rate that hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen is regulated by: Temperature, Blood pH, PCO2  Factors affecting the rate that hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms – 10% dissolved in plasma – 30% chemically bound to hemoglobin in RBCs as carbaminohemoglobin – 60% is transported as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) in plasma  In RBCs, carbonic anhydrase reversibly catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid Maintaining blood pH