Respiratory system disorders.pdf

Respiratory system disorders General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease Breath sounds Rales § Light bubbly or crackling sounds, with serous secretions Rhonchi § Deeper or harsher sounds from thicker mucus...

Respiratory system disorders General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease Breath sounds Rales § Light bubbly or crackling sounds, with serous secretions Rhonchi § Deeper or harsher sounds from thicker mucus Absence § Nonaeration or collapse of lungs Dyspnea à shortness of breath o feeling of discomfort o May be caused by increased carbon dioxide or hypoxemia ( low level of O2 in the blood) o Often noted on exertion - Sever dyspnea indicates respiratory distress Flaring of nostrils Use of accessory respiratory muscles Retraction of muscles between or above ribs Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea o Sudden acute type of dyspnea o Common in patients with left-sided congestive heart failure o Wakes up from sleep with cough & gasping for breath ( characteristics ) Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi Orthopnea o Occurs when lying down o Usually caused by pulmonary congestion Cyanosis o Bluish coloring of skin and mucous membranes o Caused by large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood Pleural pain o Results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura Friction rub o Soft sound produced as rough, inflamed, or scarred pleural move against each other Clubbed digits o Result from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases o Painless, firm, fibrotic enlargement at the end of the digit Changes in arterial blood gases o Hypoxemia à inadequate oxygen in blood o Hypercapnia à increased carbon dioxide in blood Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi Infectious Diseases - Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: i. Bronchiolitis à viral infection o Caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) o Transmitted by oral droplet o Virus causes necrosis, inflammation in small bronchi and bronchioles ii. Pneumonia - 3 types ; 1. Labor pneumonia 2. Bronchopneumonia 3. Interstitial pneumonia Slow Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi Obstructive Lung Diseases o Cystic fibrosis - Inherited (genetic) disorder Gene located on chromosome 7 - exocrine glands cause abnormally thick secretions - Primary effects seen in lungs and pancreas Lungs o Sticky mucus obstructs airflow, causing either air trapping / atelectasis. o Permanent damage to bronchial walls o Infections are common caused by à Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus o Bronchiectasis and emphysematous à cause respiratory failure & corpulmonale Digestive tract o abnormality in newborn is meconium ileus in newborn. Preventing excretion of meconium. Pancreas o Duct become blocked leading to mal absorption and malnutrition. Obstruction and backup of secretion cause damage the pancreatic tissue resulting in Diabetes. Bile duct o blocked with mucus prevent bile reaching duodenum effecting digestion & absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins. In severe obstruction backup of bile cause inflammation and permanent damage to liver causing biliary cirrhosis. Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi  Salivary glands o secretion high in Nacl and glandular fibrosis Sweat glands o sweat very high in Nacl Reproductive system o mucus block vas deferens /cervix causing sterility o Bronchiectasis - permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung. Symptoms o chronic cough with mucus production o shortness of breath o coughing up blood o chest pain. o Emphysema - long-term, progressive disease of the lungs - cause shortness of breath due to over inflation of the alveoli o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) - Chronic respiratory disorder - Characterized by à progressive tissue degeneration & airway obstruction. - Irreversible and progressive damage to lungs - Debilitating conditions affect individuals ability to work - May lead to co pulmonary disease - Respiratory failure may occur Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi o Asthma - Inflammation of the mucosa with edema - Bronchoconstriction à contraction of smooth muscle - Increased secretion of thick mucus that will block the airways - Changes create obstructed airways, partial or total. Expansion Disorders 1. Atelectasis - Collapse of lung or part of the lung that will lead to decreased gas exchange and hypoxia - Alveoli ( will be inflamed then collapse ) become airless à Collapse and inflammation or atrophy occur. - Process interferes with blood flow through the lung - Ventilation and perfusion are altered o Common causes of Atelectasis i. Hypoventilation ii. Compression iii. Airway obstruction iv. Adhesion 2. Pleural Effusion - Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity that will increase the pressure in the pleural cavity then the pressure will lead to the separation of the pleural cavity Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi 3. Pneumothorax - Air leakage o 3 types i. Closed ii. Open iii. Tension 4. Flail chest - fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move independently during respiration - what will happen during inspiration ? flail or broken sections moves inward rather than outward inward movement prevent expansion of affected lung large flail section can compress adjacent lung tissue Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi