Respiratory System Anatomy PDF

RESPIRATO RY SYSTEM  Organs of the Respiratory system Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs (alveoli) Figure 13.1  Upper Lower Respiratory Tract Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2  Function...

RESPIRATO RY SYSTEM  Organs of the Respiratory system Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs (alveoli) Figure 13.1  Upper Lower Respiratory Tract Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2  Function of the Respiratory System Purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment  The Nose The only externally visible part of the respiratory system Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils) Internal nares (choanae)  The Nose The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum  Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Lateral walls have projections called nasal conchae turbinates Increases surface area  Pharynx (Throat) Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Pharynx (Throat) Nasopharynx – behind nasal cavity Oropharynx – behind mouth Laryngophary nx – behind the larynx  Pharynx (Throat) The oropharynx & laryngophar ynx are common passageways for air and food  Larynx (Voice Plays Box) a role in speech Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)  Larynx LARYNGEAL Epiglottis CARTILAGES Routes air and food into proper channels Thyroid cartilage Largest hyaline cartilage (Adam’s apple)  Structures of the Larynx Vocal cords (vocal folds) Glottis opening between vocal cords  Trachea Walls (Windpipe) are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage Starts at cricoid cartilage (C6) Ends at level of sternal angle  Tracheal Bifurcation Trachea bifurcates into Left and Right Bronchi CARINA Level of bifurcation corresponds to T4  Primary Bronchi Rightbronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchioles Smallest branches of the bronchi Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli Figure 13.5a  Respiratory Zone Siteof gas exchange Structures Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveoli  Alveoli Sac-likestructure where gas exchange takes place within the respiratory membrane  Lungs Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Lungs Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures Left lung Two lobes Right lung Three lobes  Coverings of the Lungs Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding  Mediastinum: Anatomic region located between the lungs Contains the heart, thymus gland, esophagus and trachea, and other structures PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY  Events of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation – Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli  Events of Respiration Respiratory gas transport – Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries  Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Two Ventilation) phases Inspiration – flow of air into lung Expiration – air leaving lung  Diaphragm Dome shaped muscle Main muscle for breathing  Used to measures breathing capacity?  Neural Regulation of Respiration Eupnea Normal respiratory rate Hyperpnea/ Tachypnea  increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs Bradypnea  decreased RR  Chemical Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Carbon dioxide levels The main regulatory chemical for respiration Acts directly on the medulla oblongata