Resources And Development PDF

I \ / - g \ / I  On the basis On the basis On the basis of status On the basis of of Origin of Exhaustibility of Development ownership...

I \ / - g \ / I  On the basis On the basis On the basis of status On the basis of of Origin of Exhaustibility of Development ownership f- Non-renewable Renewable f- Developed f- community Biotic Individual Abiotic - - Potential - stock 1- National + Reserve f- - International classification of Resources Resources and Development Development of Resources Land Resources substainable development f- Land utilisation - Agenda 21 pattern in - - land use India - Resource planning in India Land Degradation - - Process of Resource planning causes solutions Soil as Resource - soil Erosion and soil conservation 1- Classification Hypes of soil Alluvial soil Black soil ' ' Re 'd and ' lregvrsoil) yellow soil laterite Asg;D, forgo,st,  ① Everything available in our environment which accessible can be used to satisfy our needs , provided , it is technologically economically , feasible and culturally acceptable be termed can Resources as. Classification of Resources the basis of 20183 # On Origin Ccb : se obtained from o Biotic : Resources which are biospheres and have life such as human beings flora and fauna fisheries , , etc Resources which Abiotic composed of living things such rocks, minerals o : are non - as # On the basis of : Exhaustibility Renewable : Resources which can be renewed or reproduced ° by physical mechanical , and chemical process such as solar and wind energy , forest , water ele.. Non Renewable Resources which take millions of years in their formation They o : -. may exhaust by excessive use such as petrol coal , fossil fuels , etc. # On the basis of the status of Development : Developed Resources which are surveyed and their is ° : determined for utilization coal quantity mines and quality. eg :. ° Potential : Resources which are found but yet not utilized : sun and wind e.g -. in deserts energy. Stock : These have potentialto satisfy human needs but humans don't have ° technology to access these Eg Extracting Hz and Oz from H2O. :. be utilised with help of ° Reserve : These resources can existing totechnology but are kept for future requirements eg : water can be used. generate more hydroelectricity. # On the basis of Ownership : ° Individual : Resources owned by individuals eg : plot , house, privately. car , wells ele. ° Community : Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community ego. - public parks playgrounds, picnic spots , e te. ° National : Technically , available all the country are national resources in resources of forests, wildlife , land division and political territories :. Oo Resources which are within the political boundary and oceanic , area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast belong to the nation.  ② International Resources which International institutions ° : Oceanic are regulated200bynautical miles of the exclusive. of : resources beyond - zone belongs to open ocean and no individual country can utilize them without the concurrence of these international institutions. Development of Resources Resources of different kinds are vital for human survival and also for maintaining the of life Earlier the resources were taken as free gifts of nature quality. and were used indiscriminately because of which some major problems arise: o Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. ° Accumulation of resource in few hands have divided the society into two i. e haves and have nots or rich or segments poor.. ° Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to ecological crisis global such as global warming , ozone layer depletion , environmental pollution and land ration deg. Therefore , a fair distribution of resources therefore is essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace This can. be achieved through proper planning. # Sustainable without Development : It means development should take place damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations. # Agenda 21 It is : a declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992 at UN CED which took places , sustainable at Rio de Janeiro It aims. at archiving global development. Resource in India : # Planning means ° Resource Planning identification and quantification of the available with their development resources along It is important in - like India , which has a country an enormous ° diversity in availability of resources. certain ° There are regions which are rich in types of balanced resources but are deficient in other resources This calls. for resources planning , regional at national , state and local levels. ° Arunachal Pradesh has abundances of water but lacks in infrastructural development Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in. water resources Cold deserts of Ladakh have rich heritage but lacks in water,. infrastructural development and other vital minerals.  ③ # Process of Resource planning : This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of Resource.. resources. planning consists of three stages - ° Identification and resources inventory of - Involves surveying mapping , and measurement of characteristics and properties and properties of resources. structure endowed with appropriate Technology Evolving planning ° a - , skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plants. ° Matching The resources development plans with overall national - development plans. Land Resources India 's geographical comprises : area Plains 43¥ provide facilities for agriculture and industries Mountains (o#D ensure perennial flow of rivers It provides facilities for tourism ) o. °. and ecological aspects. ° Plateau 12¥) possesses rich reserves of minerals fossil fuels and forests ,. # Land Utilisation : used land resources are for the following purposes : ④ Forest gig land put to non - agricultural uses : eg buildings roads , factories etc ,. His Net Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area : sown area is known as cropped area gross. its fallow lands : Land left without cultivation for one or more than one agricultural year. er, other cultivated land Permanent pastures and grazing land : , land under mice - Cultura ble waste la neo us tree crops groves (not included in net sown area ), land ( left uncultivated for 5 more than agricultural years). K' B The land use pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as topography , climate , soil types as well as human factors such as population density technological , capability , culture and traditions etc. land Degradation The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural activities which makes it unfit for cultivation is known as land ration deg. # Causes of land degradation : M Pete ° Overgrazing in States like Gujarat Rajasthan , ,.  ④ o Over Prorogation in States like punjab Haryana and UP due to water logging leading , to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. ° Mining sites are unused after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over burdening. ° Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite & soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge amount of dust in atmosphere It retards the. process of infiltration of water into soil after it settles down on land. ° Industrial effluents as waste has become major source of land and water pollution. # Measures for Land conservation / Solutions : ° Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. ° Control on overgrazing. ° Control on mining activities. ° Planting of shelter belts. ° Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents. Soil as a Resource A most important renewable natural resource but takes millions of years to form soil upto a few centimeter in depth Types. of soil : # Alluvial soil : This soil type is most important and widely spread The entire northern plains are °. made of alluvial soil. leg Parts of: alluvial soil - Gujarat Rajasthan , etc ) On the basis of age , classified into : can be - : old alluvial more concentration of Kanker nodules and is less fertile ④ Bangar (b) Khadar : , New alluvial , less concentration of Kanker nodules and B more fertile.. ° Alluvial soil consists of potash phosphoric and lime ,. ° Ideal for sugarcane , paddy , wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. # Black soil ( Reg or soil) : ° Black in colour and ideal for growing cotton So also called black cotton soil.. o covers the north western Deccan Plateau , plateau of Maharashtra , Saurashtra , Malwa, - Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh - ° It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium potash and , lime. ° It is made up of fine extremely clayey material and is known for their capacity to hold moisture. # Red and Yellow soil : ° Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall. ° It covers southern and eastern of part Deccan plateau parts of Chaltisgarh ,  and Odisha and of Western Ghats piedmont zone. o soil develops a red colour on diffusion with iron in crystalline and meta - - morphPc rocks Yellow in hydrated form.. # laterite soil : ° In the areas of heavy rainfall and high temperature ° Humus content is low as bacteria die in high temperature. ° Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. ° found in Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas , of Odisha and Assam. ° After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques in areas of hilly Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu this soil is very useful for growing Tea and coffee Red laterite soil in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Andhra. Pradesh is suitable for growing cashew nut. # Arid soil : ° Ranges from red to brown in colour. Sandy in texture and saline in nature climate and soil lacks in humus and moisture ° Due to dry high temperature , content After proper. lies in the western irrigation facilities it is cultivable. o part of Rajasthan. # forest soil : ° found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. The soil texture varies ° according to mountain environment where sides and coarse they are formed They. are loamy and silty in valley grained in the upper slopes. ° In the snow covered areas , soil experience denudation and are acidic with - low humus content Soil found in the lower parts of the valleys on river terraces. and alluvial fans are fertile. Soil Erosion : causes and solutions The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is called soil Erosion Caused due to :. o Deforestation & Overgrazing ° Construction & mining ° Water flows as a sheet over down the slope This large areas. causes washing away of top This is called sheet erosion.. ° Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land This is called Wind erosion. ° land unfit for cultivation Ps called as Bad land.  Conservation / solution : steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. ° Afforestation. ° the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the Ploughing along contour slopes This is. ploughing. to create shelter belts to break the force of wind ° Planting lines of trees. Rows of such called trees is belts shelter. ° large fields are divided into strips strips of grass are left to grow. between the crops This breaks the force of wind ; this method is known. as strip cropping.  MI pyas - cb¥g htt ossify resources on the basis of origin. → Pg - to ¥49 Ans Primary sector - -.