Research Methods PDF

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Exploratory: RESEARCH ○ Explores areas about which very little Systematic inquiry which c...

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Exploratory: RESEARCH ○ Explores areas about which very little Systematic inquiry which contributes towards the information is available, or probes if a particular advancement of knowledge and wisdom. research can be undertaken Process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems Explanatory: through the planned and systematic collection, analysis, and ○ Attempts to explain the relationship between interpretation of data. certain aspects of a situation or phenomenon Systematic and Empirical Correlational: ○ Focused on establishing the relationship or Pharmacy needs a systematic body of knowledge to... determining whether a relationship exists promote evidence-based practice between two or more facet of a phenomenon give credibility to profession provide accountability for practice B. ACCORDING TO DATA: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE - Research that leads to precise measurement and 1. Empirical quantification 2. Logical Survey Research: 3. Cyclical ○ Designed to obtain information about 4. Analytical prevalence, distribution and interrelationships 5. Replicability of variable within a population Secondary Analysis: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER ○ Involves the use of data gathered in a previous 1. Intellectual Curiosity study to test new hypothesis or explore new 2. Prudence relationships in a typical study 3. Healthy Criticism Meta-Analysis: 4. Intellectual Honesty ○ Findings from multiple studies on the same topic are combined by the use of various LESSON 2: ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH statistical methods to establish their 1. Principle of Beneficence significance or validity. a. Freedom from harm Delphi Survey: b. Freedom from exploitation ○ Method of problem solving in which several c. Risk vs. benefit rounds of questionnaire are mailed to a panel 2. Principle of Justice of expert a. Right to privacy Evaluation Research: b. Right to anonymity and confidentiality ○ Make use of scientific research methods and c. Right to fair treatment procedures to evaluate a program, treatment, 3. Respect for Human Rights and Dignity practice or policy a. Right to self determination b. Right to full disclosure QUALITATIVE - Involves the investigation of phenomena, typically in 4. Informed Consent an in-depth and holistic fashion, through collection of rich narrative a. Essential information materials using a flexible design b. Comprehension of information Ground Theory: c. Competency to give information ○ Studies the socio-psychological processes and d. Voluntary Consent social structure 5. Plagiarism and Piracy Phenomenological Theory: a. Copying ○ Proposes to understand the response of b. Reproduction participants to a given situation based on the intuitive analysis of another person's experience LESSON 3: CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH Ethnography: A. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE ○ Focuses on the culture of a group of people and GENERAL PURPOSE: relies of extensive fieldwork Basic Pure Research: Historical Research: ○ Primarily concerned with establishing ○ Establishes facts and relationships about past knowledge, and refinement of theories. events. Applied Research: Case Studies: ○ Concerned with establishing new knowledge as ○ Intensive investigations of a single entity or a knowledge that can be applied in practical smaller number of individuals, families or settings without delay. groups. Participatory Action Research: SPECIFIC PURPOSE: ○ Produces knowledge through collaboration with Descriptive: groups or communities that are vulnerable to ○ Aims to systematically describe a problem, control by a dominant culture. situation or illustrate attitudes towards a problem or an issue.  C. ACCORDING TO TIME: Phase 4 :Analyzing Data (Analytic) Analysis of the findings Cross-sectional Making valid conclusion ○ data is collected at one point in time, with no Statistical Procedures follow-up. Longitudinal Phase 5: Utilizing Research Findings (Dissemination) ○ data are collected at different points in time. Reporting of outcome Retrospective Implementation ○ data collected in the past, through review of medical records. Prospective ○ data collected at present D. ACCORDING TO DESIGN: EXPERIMENTAL - researchers introduce an intervention or treatment True Experimental: ○ Uses randomization in order to test hypothesis of cause and effect relationships between variables Quasi-Experiment: ○ An experimental research but lacks randomization NON-EXPERIMENTAL - Also known as "observational research". The researchers do not intervene by manipulating the independent variable Descriptive Research: ○ describes and interprets "what is", and reveals conditions and relationships that exist or do not exist, points of view or attitudes that are held or not held. Correlational Research: ○ conducted for the purpose of determining the interrelationships among variables. E. ACCORDING TO SETTING: Laboratory Research ○ conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a specified and operationalized area. Library Research ○ research conducted in the library. Field Research ○ research conducted in a natural setting. LESSON 4: PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS: Phase 1: Selecting and Defining the Problem (Conceptual) Formulate research questions Identify pertinent variables Review of related literature Statement of research problem Develop conceptual framework Phase 2: Selecting a Research Design (Planning) Identifying the sample setting Research design Phase 3 : Collecting Data (Empirical) Data collection Data presentation Interpretation of findings