Qualitative Research Modules 11 & 12 PDF

Qualitative Research Modules 11 & 12 What is qualitative research? ❖ Qualitative Research is.... ▪ A broad term that encompasses several different methodologies that share many similarities ▪ Explanatory, descriptive, and inductive in nature ▪ Uses words, not numbers, to explain a phenom...

Qualitative Research Modules 11 & 12 What is qualitative research? ❖ Qualitative Research is.... ▪ A broad term that encompasses several different methodologies that share many similarities ▪ Explanatory, descriptive, and inductive in nature ▪ Uses words, not numbers, to explain a phenomenon ❖ Qualitative researchers believe ▪ Reality is socially constructed and context dependent ▪ Discovery of meaning is the basis for knowledge Qualitative Research... ❖ Seeks to understand the patient’s experience ❖ May provide information necessary to pursue quantitative studies ❖ May be used for theory development or extension ❖ Does NOT test interventions Using Qualitative Research ❖ Kearney proposed four modes of clinical application of qualitative research ▪ Insight or empathy Individual experiences ▪ Assessment of status or progress Illness trajectories ▪ Anticipatory Guidance Offering insight on common experiences ▪ Coaching Advising to improve adaptation Qualitative Research Components ❖ Literature Review ▪ Indicate if the question has been asked and answered ▪ Inform the ‘angle’ the proposed study will focus on ▪ Show the precise need for new research ▪ Indicate what participants should be in the study sample ▪ Narrow down what kinds of questions should be used to collect the data Qualitative Research Components ❖ Study design ▪ How the qualitative researcher plans to go about answering the research questions ❖ Sample ▪ Group of people that the researcher will interview or observe in the process of collecting data to answer the research questions ❖ Setting: recruitment and data collection ▪ Places where participants are recruited and the data are collected Qualitative Research Components ❖ Data collection strategies ▪ Differ significantly in qualitative and quantitative studies ❖ Data analysis ▪ How the raw data was handled ❖ Findings ▪ Results of the study ❖ Discussion of the results and implications for EBP Qualitative Research Methodology ❖ A qualitative approach “fits” a research question when the researchers seek to understand the nature or experience of phenomena by attending to personal accounts of those with direct experiences related to the phenomena Qualitative Research Methods: Phenomenological ❖ Process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience ❖ Structuring the study ▪ Research question ▪ Researcher’s perspective ▪ Sample selection ❖ Data gathering ▪ Data saturation Qualitative Research Methods: Phenomenological ❖ Data analysis ▪ Generate themes from the analysis of significant statements ▪ Develop textual and structural descriptions ▪ Report the essence of a phenomenon by using a composite description ▪ Present an understanding of the essence of the experience ❖ Describing the findings ▪ Detailed descriptive language is used to convey the complex meaning of the lived experience Qualitative Research Methods: Grounded Theory ❖ Inductive approach involving a set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic social processes ❖ Grounded Theory Qualitative Research Methods: Grounded Theory ❖ Identifying the phenomenon ▪ Social processes from the perspective of human interactions or patterns of action and interaction between and among various types of social units ❖ Structuring the study ▪ Research question ▪ Researcher’s perspective ▪ Sample selection Qualitative Research Methods: Grounded Theory ❖ Data gathering ▪ Interviews and skilled observations of individuals interacting in a social setting ❖ Data analysis ▪ Simultaneous data collection and analysis ▪ Theoretical sampling: hunches about emerging patterns in the data are used to direct activities in fieldwork ▪ Open coding: data are broken into parts for comparison ▪ Constant comparative method: coded data are continuously compared with new data ❖ Describing the findings: in detail to allow readers to follow the process Qualitative Research Methods: Ethnographic ❖ Focuses on scientific description and interpretation of cultural or social groups and systems ❖ Identifying the phenomenon ▪ Studies may be long term or short term ❖ Structuring the study ▪ Research question ▪ Researcher’s perspective ▪ Sample selection Qualitative Research Methods: Ethnographic ❖ Data gathering ▪ Immersion in the study setting and the use of participant observation, interviews of informants, and interpretation by the researcher of cultural patterns ❖ Data analysis ▪ Data are collected and analyzed simultaneously ▪ Analysis begins with a search for domains ❖ Describing the findings ▪ First level: scene description, research group parameters or boundaries, and group member characteristics ▪ Item-level analysis, followed by pattern and structure level Qualitative Research Methods: Case Study ❖ Studying the peculiarities and the commonalities of a specific case to explore the research questions ❖ Identifying the phenomenon ▪ Specific case, bounded by time and place ❖ Structuring the study ▪ Research question ▪ Researcher’s perspective ▪ Sample selection Qualitative Research Methods: Case Study ❖ Data gathering ▪ Interviews, field observations, document reviews, and any other methods that accumulate evidence for describing or explaining the complexity of the case ❖ Data analysis/describing findings ▪ Data analysis concurrent with data gathering and description of findings as the narrative in the case develops Qualitative Research Methods: Case Study ❖ Data gathering ▪ Interviews, field observations, document reviews, and any other methods that accumulate evidence for describing or explaining the complexity of the case ❖ Data analysis/describing findings ▪ Data analysis concurrent with data gathering and description of findings as the narrative in the case develops Qualitative Research Methods: Alternative Methods ❖ Community-based participatory research (CBPR) ▪ Systematically accesses the voice of a community to plan context-appropriate action and can promote equity between academic and community partners ❖ Mixed methods research ▪ Qualitative and quantitative methods in one study ▪ Combination of stories with numbers may provide the most complete picture of the phenomenon studied  Synthesizing Qualitative Evidence Meta-summary Meta-synthesis Quantitatively oriented Integration of qualitative aggregation of qualitative findings that are findings that are topical or interpretive syntheses of thematic summaries or data surveys of data More than summaries, Summarize findings across they offer novel reports in a target domain interpretations of findings of research Issues in Qualitative Research ❖ Ethics ❖ Naturalistic setting ❖ Emergent nature of design ❖ Researcher-participant interactions ❖ Researcher as instrument ❖ Rigor in qualitative research Critical Appraisal: Qualitative Research ❖ Basic level of inquiry that seeks to discover and understand concepts, phenomena, or cultures ❖ Used to develop a theory or to discover knowledge about a phenomenon ❖ Findings are presented in a narrative format with raw data used to illustrate identified themes ❖ Ensuring trustworthiness is critical Critical Appraisal: Qualitative Research ❖ Evaluate for application to nursing practice ❖ Seeking to understand the purpose of qualitative research ▪ To describe, understand, or explain phenomenon important to nursing ▪ Can contribute to evidenced-based practice literature Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Abstract ▪ Provides a clear overview of the research and summarizes the main features of the findings and recommendations ❖ Introduction & Review of the Literature ▪ Focus of the study and rationale for format ▪ Selective sampling of the literature generally follows or occurs simultaneously with data analysis ▪ In grounded theory, the literature may be one form of data collection Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Philosophical underpinnings ▪ Study of humans is deeply rooted in descriptive modes of science ▪ Theory that is “grounded” in the research data rather than deduced from a hypothesis and can explain real-world phenomena ▪ Requires a close relationship between data collection and data analysis ▪ Aimed at discovering the processes at work in the area of study Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Purpose ▪ Why the study was important and the significant contribution the study would make to nursing’s body of knowledge ❖ Ethical considerations ▪ Informed consent ▪ Maintaining confidentiality ▪ Handling of sensitive information Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Sample ▪ Purposive sampling: participants are recruited because of their life experience with the phenomena of interest ▪ Data are collected until data saturation is reached ❖ Data generation ▪ Approach is described so that it is clear to the reader why a particular strategy was selected ▪ Data generation for a grounded theory study may include interviews, observation or documents, or a combination of these sources Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Data analysis ▪ Transformation of raw data into a final description or narrative, identifying common thematic elements found in the raw data ▪ Goal of grounded theory is to discover a core variable which serves as the foundational concept for theory generation ▪ Coding o Line by line coding, substantive coding and theoretical coding ▪ Memoing o Preserves the emerging research question, analytical schemes, hunches and abstractions Qualitative Research Critique: Appraisal Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies ❖ Authenticity and trustworthiness ▪ Rigor ensures a correlation between the steps of the research process and the actual study ▪ Four criteria for judging the applicability of theory to a phenomenon: Fit, understanding, generality and control ❖ Findings, conclusion, implications and recommendations ▪ Findings from a qualitative study generally are discussed in a narrative format that tells the story of the experience