Research Methodology Lecture 2 PDF

Research Methodology Lecture 2: Research Methodologies Types  Hypothesis-testing research studies: Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or relationship between variables in an interpretive framework. Research Diagnostic resea...

Research Methodology Lecture 2: Research Methodologies Types  Hypothesis-testing research studies: Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or relationship between variables in an interpretive framework. Research Diagnostic research studies: Purposes To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. Why do we do Descriptive research studies: research?!!! To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. Exploratory or formative research studies To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.  Types Purpose of General Nature of Data type Research design study category study Quantitative Descriptive Exploratory Primary research Applied research research research research Secondary Fundamental and Qualitative Analytical Conclusive research basic research research research research A) Purpose of study: 1- Primary research The research can be in the form of an:  experiment Author is the researcher and details about the research  survey  case study conducts an original study methods used will be included,  focus group gathering the data that results and how data was gathered,  Interviews from that study. etc... Author begins the research study with Author begins the research study with a brief overview of previous research a brief overview of previous research Author provides the reader with on the topic and relates where the on the topic and relates where the the data in the results section. study they are conducting fits into study they are conducting fits into that scholarly conversation. that scholarly conversation. The reader of a primary research study The reader, having access to the can use the information provided in the methods, analysis and data, can analyze and interpret results sections to help judge the that data in context with their quality of the study. own research question. A) Purpose of study: 2- Secondary research Secondary research is usually in the form of a review. Author gathers only research studies and Literature Review data that were generated by other Systematic Review researchers. Meta-analysis Author includes little or no details Author may generalize the collective about the research methodology used by results and/or only highlight the results the original researchers of the studies they felt were important. they used. Primary VS Secondary B) Purpose of study: 1- Fundamental and basic research involves the generation of new knowledge via the study of some phenomenon of nature without regard to the utility of the research. aims to improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. focuses on expanding the existing knowledge of a certain subject or occurrence. This type of research examines data to find the unknown and fulfill a sense of curiosity. Usually, basic research seeks to answer "how," "what" and "why" when explaining occurrences. involves investigations of the many possible implications of a hypothesis regarding the phenomenon. The outcomes of basic research form the basis for many applied research. B) Purpose of study: 2- Applied research  applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques, which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena.  ideally for the benefit of mankind and nature.  Most of the experimental research, case studies and inter-disciplinary research are essentially applied research.  Applied research is helpful for basic research.  A research, the outcome of which has immediate application is also termed as applied research. Dudley, John M.. (2013). Defending basic research. Nature Photonics, 7(5), 338–339. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.105 C) General Category: 1- Quantitative research  It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies statistics or mathematics and uses numbers.  It is an iterative process whereby evidence is evaluated.  The results are often presented in tables and graphs.  It is conclusive.  It investigates the what, where and when of decision making.  use statistics to analyze numerical data gathered by researchers to answer their What are the relationships between What factors are at play in an environment research questions. two or more variables (dependent or that might affect the behavior or development independent)? of the organisms in that environment? C) General Category: 2- Qualitative research  It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning and uses words.  Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe the situation.  Qualitative data cannot be graphed.  It is exploratory.  It investigates the why and how of decision making. C) General Category: 3- Mixed research  involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative approach.  Nature of data is mixture of variables, words and images.  provides a researcher with many design choices which involve a range of sequential and concurrent strategies.  Defining features of these designs are reported along with quality control methods, and ethical concerns. According to Terrel, S. (2012) Mixed research methodologies combine the qualitative and quantitative approaches within different phases of the research process.  D) Nature of study: 1- Descriptive research Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. – What are the main genetic, behavioural and morphological differences between European wildcats and domestic cats? – How prevalent is disease A in population B? A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables. D) Nature of study: 2- Analytical research The researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze them to make a critical evaluation of the material. It involves the in-depth study and evaluation of available information to explain complex phenomenon. Analytical Researches primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or information already available.  Historical Research  Philosophical Research  Review  Research Synthesis E) Research design: 1- Exploratory research investigates research questions that have not previously been studied. is often qualitative and primary in nature. However, a study with a large sample conducted in an exploratory manner can be quantitative as well. It is also often referred to as interpretive research or a grounded theory approach due to its flexible and open- ended nature. It is often used when the issue you’re studying is new or when the data collection process is challenging for some reason. You can use this type of research if you have a general idea or a specific question that you want to study but there is no preexisting knowledge or paradigm with which to study it. E) Research design: 2- conclusive research  is applied to generate findings that are practically useful in reaching conclusions or decision-making.  provides a way to verify and quantify findings of exploratory studies.  usually involves the application of quantitative methods of data collection and data analysis.  tends to be deductive in nature and research objectives in these types of studies are achieved via testing hypotheses.  designed to assist the manager in determining, evaluating and selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation.  The techniques used in conclusive research contrast with exploratory research as they are typically more formal and structured.  Most conclusive research techniques are based on large representative samples and data obtained.  E) Research design: 2- conclusive research continue… Descriptive Causal describe some functions or characteristics of Determine cause and effect phenomenon Hypotheses based Variable control Structured Surveys, observation, panel data Experimentation  Case study;  Case series study;  Cross-sectional study;  Longitudinal study;  Retrospective study. Nature of science  Assignment Advantages and disadvantages of 1. Quantitative and qualitative. 2. Exploratory and conclusive research.