Reproductive and Sexual Health PDF

MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH NURSING A union of two individuals that is mutually agreed to become one. The act must be open to life and towards procreation. To create and produce another life. Man and woman unite as one flesh. Needs to be open to possibility of having children. It is a set of organ...

MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH NURSING A union of two individuals that is mutually agreed to become one. The act must be open to life and towards procreation. To create and produce another life. Man and woman unite as one flesh. Needs to be open to possibility of having children. It is a set of organs and structures that work together to ensure the survival of the species by producing offspring.  It has four specific functions: To produce To store and To nurture To produce gametes (egg and transport these offspring as it hormones sperm cells) reproductive cells develops  It surrounds the opening to the The pleasure center of the vagina; made out of fatty tissue female reproductive organ that cushions and protects the vaginal opening Allow passage of urine from the Pink in color, internal surface outside of the body covered with mucous membrane and external surface with skin. An exit point during child birth. An entry point of penis during The external opening of the rectum, sexual intercourse and where A mucus – secreting gland which located inside the intergluteal cleft plays a role in vaginal lubrication the blood flow during and separated from the genitals by menstruation the perineum  (FALLOPIAN TUBE) Produces eggs (ova) and female Passageway for eggs from the sex hormones like estrogen and ovaries to the uterus and progesterone provides the site for fertilisation by the sperm Where a fertilised egg implants Receives the penis during and grows into a fetus during sexual reproduction, allows the pregnancy menstrual blood to exit the body, and lets the baby passes through during childbirth Allows menstrual blood to flow from the uterus and serves as a pathway for sperm to enter the uterus  It is a basin-shaped structure that supports the spinal column and protects the abdominal organs; lower part of the torso; located between the abdomen and the legs; bony part that will take part during pregnancy; abdominal organs are protected by this. Shallow upper basin of the pelvis. Supports the enlarging uterus but not important obstetrically  Consists of the pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity, and pelvic outlet. Bony canal through which the infant pass. Measurements of true pelvis influence the conduct and progress of labor and delivery. Are encased in the scrotal sac, the testes are oval organs about the size of very large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic Rugated, skin-covered, muscular cord. Responsible for making pouch suspended from the perineum. testosterone. Supports the testes to help regulate the temperature of the sperm. Used for both the elimination of urine from the body and the delivery of sperm for sexual reproduction  Produces a fluid that mixes Carries sperm from the testes with sperm to form semen, to the urethra during nourishing and protecting ejaculation sperm long, coiled tube that rests on Passageway for both urine the backside of each testicle; it and semen when exiting the carries and stores sperm cells body that are created in the testes Are formed by the fusion of the vas Sac-like pouches that attach to the deferens and the seminal vesicles; vas deferens near the base of the the ejaculatory ducts empty into the bladder urethra  Androgenic hormones are responsible for When triggered at puberty by FSH, ovarian muscular development, physical growth follicle begin to excrete a high level of the and increase in sebaceous gland secretion hormone estrogen which causes acne in adolescent. This increases the development of the The level of primary androgenic hormone, uterus, fallopian tube, and vagina; typical testosterone one, is low until puberty fat distribution; hair patterns and breast (12-14) development, closes epiphyses Produced by ADRENAL CORTEX & TESTES Estradiol is a predominant form of estrogen When rises: changes testes, scrotum, penis, plays a critical role in male function prostate, seminal vesicle It is essential for modulating libido, erectile Appearance of pubic, axillary and facial hair function, and spermatogenesis Voice change Maturation of spermatozoa Closure of growth plates of long bone Prepares the endometrium for a Produced by adrenal glands fertilized egg to implant and grow. which is helpful in sperm Produced by ADRENAL CORTEX & OVARIES During pregnancy, it provides development Enlargement of Labia Majora, Clitoris & formation nutrient to the developing embryo. of axillary and pubic hair It is a natural, recurring process in the female reproductive system, lasting about 28 days on average. It involves body preparations for potential pregnancy. 4 body structures are involved: Lining of the uterus is When the pituitary gland shed, resulting in the releases hormones that stimulate release of blood and 5 6 the growth and development of 4 7 tissue from the body 3 8 ovarian follicles through the vagina 2 9 1 10 28 11 27 12 26 13 25 14 24 15 23 16 22 17 21 18 19 Empty ovarian follicle becomes When a mature egg is the corpus luteum, producing released from the ovary hormones that prepare the uterus and is ready for potential for possible embryo implantation fertilisation Average age of onset is about 12.4 years average range 9-17 years old Average cycle is 28 days; cycles 23-35 days in length not unusual Duration of the average flow is 2-7 days Average amount of menstrual flow is 30 - 80 mL per menstrual period | saturating pad in less than an hour is heavy bleeding Color is dark red (blood, mucus, and cells) Odor resembles a marigold flower Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstruation Amenorrhea – Absence of menses Menorrhagia – Excessive blood flow Metrorrhagia – Bloody vaginal discharge between periods  It is a phase in the menstrual cycle when the ovary releases an egg (ovum). Once an egg leaves the ovary, it travels down the fallopian tube where it waits to be fertilized by sperm. Occurs 12-14 days before the onset of the next menses. Uterine lining continues to thicken ready to receive the fertilized egg. Slight drop of temperature about 0.5 degree Celsius  Cervical mucus is abundant, wet, slippery, stretchy and clear – this mucus helps sperms live and swim to reach the egg; it nourishes the sperms. Vaginal sensation is wet Cervical OS dilates slightly and soft  Estrogen drops a bit, but remains high Progesterone begins to rise Spinnbarkeit test also known as fibrosity (it can be stretched into long strands) and fern test (cervical mucus forms fernlike patterns)  Natural conception may occur if: Correct timing between release of mature ovum at ovulation. Ejaculation of enough healthy, mature, motile sperm into the vagina.  Female Before ovulation, several oocytes begin to mature under the influence of FSH and LH. During the process of maturation, an ovum is encapsulated with a fluid – filled cavity called Graafian Follicle.  Male Ejaculation Movement of the sperm in the female reproductive tract Preparation of the sperm from actual fertilization  Sperm does not immediately ready to fertilize the ovum when they are ejaculated During the trip to the ovum, the sperm undergo changes that enable one to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum, a process called CAPACITATION. Is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon Usually occurs in the outer third of a fallopian tube, the ampullar portion Usually only one ovum reaches maturity each month  Once it is released, fertilization must occur fairly quickly because an ovum is capable of fertilization for only 24 hours (48 hours at the most) The total critical time span during which sexual relations must occur for fertilization to be successful is about 72 hours. Live, motile, and normal sperm Semen is supportive to pregnancy Fallopian tube patent Female hormones are present Fertilization takes place in the ampulla Zygote formation 12-14 days after fertilization The zygote (fertilized ovum) takes 3-4 days to enter the uterus It takes 7-10 days to complete the process of nidation or implantation Developmental Stage The totality of each individual’s personhood This encompasses the individual’s total personality, way of thinking, behaving, loving, and relating with God and other individuals  1.Help us sort 3. Enable us to our feelings understand others point of 2. Develop our view personal own 4. Obtain sexual standards information needed to make responsible sexual decisions Defined as the characteristics that make a man, a man, or a woman, a woman. Include the man or woman’s capability for sexual feelings and behavior Includes his or her total personality 1.BIOLOGICAL SEX 4. GENDER IDENTITY 2. SEXUAL ORIENTATION 5. VALUES, ATTITUDES, 3. SEXUAL FEELINGS & IDENTITY EMOTION Sexual experience is unique to each individual BUT 1. EXCITEMENT 2. PLATEAU 3. ORGASM 4. RESOLUTION Occurs with physical and psychological stimulation Increased blood SIGHT Arterial dilatation supply leads to SOUND & venous vasocongestion & EMOTION constriction in the increasing genital area THOUGHT muscular tension FEMALE Clitoris increases in size Mucoid fluid to appear on vaginal walls as lubrication Vagina widens in diameter and increase in length Nipples become erect MALE Penile erection Scrotal thickening Elevation of testes BOTH SEXES Increase in heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure FEMALE MALE Clitoris is drawn forward Distention of the penis and retracts under the Heart rate increases clitoral prepuce to 100 to 175 beats RR 40 breaths per Lower part of vagina becomes extremely minute congested Increase nipple elevation Usually experienced Occurs when as intense pleasure stimulation proceeds affecting the whole through the plateau body stage at which the Highly personal body suddenly discharges experience, descriptions accumulated sexual of orgasms vary greatly tension from person to person Vigorous contraction of muscles in the MALE pelvic area; expels or Muscle contraction dissipates blood and surrounding the fluid from the area of seminal vessels and congestion prostate project FEMALE semen followed by 3 to 7 propulsive Average number of ejaculatory contractions: 8 to 15 at contractions intervals of 1 every 0.8 second The period during which the external and internal genital organs return to an unaroused state. FEMALE Do not go through this refractory period; possibly for women who are interested and properly stimulated to have additional orgasms immediately after the first. MALE Refractory period occurs during which further orgasm is possible BOTH SEXES Both men and women have a 30- minute resolution period You have a responsibility: Not to touch or kiss another person or initiate sexual activity without his/her consent. To treat everyone with respect. You have a responsibility: Not to use violence or violate others. To ensure that your sexuality does not lead to unwanted pregnancies. To protect others from being infected with STDs. Menstrual Cycle on Sexual Response 1. The individual with Sexual Harassment DISABILITY & Violence 2. The individual with HYPOACTIVE Sexual Desire Responsible PARENTHOOD The family has the right and duty to determine the desired number of children they might have and when they might have them. -Bicol Region General Hospital & Geriatric Medical Center Reproductive Life Planning It is the process of regulating and spacing the births of children. It is a voluntary action and conscious effort of married couples to make informed decisions on: A ) when to have and not to have children. B ) how many children to have C ) When to stop at the least risk to the health of the mother and the best chance of survival of the child.  Family Planning RH Bill defines Family Planning as a program which enables couple, and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children; to have the information and means to carry out their decisions; and to have informed choice, and access to a full range of safe, legal, and effective family planning methods, techniques, and devices. Benefits of Family Planning Preventing pregnancy-related 1 health risks in women 2 Reduce infant mortality 3 Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS Empower people and enhancing 4 education 5 Reducing adolescent pregnancies 6 Slowing population growth Family Planning Methods NATURAL 1. Rhythm 2. Ovulation and Cervical Mucus Method 3. Breastfeeding 4. Celibacy 5. Withdrawal Family Planning Methods NATURAL Rhythm – the most widely approved contraception. 1. Calendar Method 2. BBT Method Family Planning Methods NATURAL Ovulation & Cervical Mucus Method – A woman determines her fertile and infertile days by observing the quality and quantity of cervical mucus she secretes. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods NATURAL Lactation Amenorrhea Method – A mother who continues to breastfeed her newborn baby normally will not ovulate during that period. Family Planning Methods NATURAL Lactation Amenorrhea Method is safe birth control if: An infant is: Under 6 months of age Being totally breastfed at least every 4 hours during the day & every 6 hours at night No supplemental feedings Menses has not returned Family Planning Methods NATURAL Celibacy – This is voluntary and total abstinence from any sexual contact during a season of time when a woman does not desire pregnancy. Family Planning Methods NATURAL Coitus Interruptus – This is withdrawing the penis before ejaculation. Family Planning Methods NATURAL Coitus Interruptus – It is the least effective in preventing conception since it requires tremendous self-control on the part of the male and it causes frustration on the part of the female. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Mechanical Devices Intrauterine Device Male Condom Female Condom Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives Injectables Subdermal Implant Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Surgical Methods Bilateral Tubal Ligation Vasectomy Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Mechanical Devices Intrauterine Device & CuT380A - This is a tiny mechanical device inserted into the uterus which prevents the meeting of the sperm and egg cells. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Mechanical Devices Intrauterine Device & CUT380A - It lessens menstrual bleeding, lowers incidence of developing anemia, decreases pain of insertion, and lasts for eight years. It is less expensive and 99% effective. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Mechanical Devices Male Condom- barrier method for men that protects woman against pregnancy and against sexually transmitted diseases, especially AIDS. It is 75-98% effective if used properly. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Mechanical Devices Female Condom- This is the female counterpart of male condom, inserted into the vagina before sexual contact. It addresses the problem of men who refuse to take the responsibility of wearing condoms. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives - These latest birth control pills not only prevent pregnancy, but also reduce the incidence of cancer of the ovary and the uterus. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives - It prevents cystic growth in the breast if used continuously for some length of time. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives – If continuously use for six months to three years protects women against ovarian and uterine cancers for the next fifteen years. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives – It has the least side effects if they follow the pattern of hormonal distribution in natural menstrual flow. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Oral Contraceptives –It basically contains estrogen and progestin hormones and 99% effective. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Monophasic pills – contain fixed doses of estrogen and progestin. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Monophasic pills Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Biphasic pills – deliver a constant amount of estrogen throughout the cycle but varying amount of progestin Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Biphasic pills Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Triphasic pills – It contain three combination of estrogen and progestin. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Types of COCs: 1. Triphasic pills Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Side Effects of COCs: 1. Nausea 2. Weight gain 3. Headache 4. Breast tenderness 5. Breakthrough bleeding Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Side Effects of COCs: 6. Monilial vaginal infections 7. Mild hypertension 8. Depression Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods COCs are contraindicated if: 1. Breastfeeding and less than 6 weeks postpartum 2. Aged 35 years old & smoking 3. Diabetes, CVA & Moderate to Severe HPN 4. History of DVT or PE. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods COCs are contraindicated if: 5. Major surgery that require prolonged immobilization 6. History of ischemic heart disease or CVA 7. Complicated valvular heart disease 8. Migraine with Aura Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods COCs are contraindicated if: 9. Breast cancer 10. Severe cirrhosis or liver tumors 11. Patients taking seizure drugs or rifabutin for TB treatment 12. Patients taking broad – spectrum antibiotics. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Injectables - This is a contraceptive administered every two or three months. It thickens the woman’s cervical mucus, stops ovulation, and causes the fallopian tube to prevent fertilization. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Hormonal Methods Subdermal Implant - This consists of about five capsules implanted under the skin. It protects one against pregnancy for five consecutive years. 99% effective Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Surgical Methods Bilateral Tubal Ligation- It is the surgical tying or cutting of the fallopian tubes of the woman to prevent the entry of the egg from the ovary. It is usually performed after childbirth. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Surgical Methods Vasectomy- It is the surgical tying or cutting of the vas deferens of the male to prevent the passage of sperm to the urethra. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Surgical Methods Vasectomy- After vasectomy, the male still continuously produces semen, which at times contains sperm cells. Still use condom 2 to 3 months after the operation. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Old Methods Spermicide- This is chemical contraceptive that kills and immobilizes the sperm after its entry to the vagina and the womb. Family Planning Methods It takes the form of jellies, creams, foam tablets, and suppositories. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Old Methods Cervical Caps- This is a dome-shaped plastic or rubber cap made to fit the cervix. It blocks the entry of the sperm into the womb. It is usually used with spermicides. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Old Methods Diaphragm – This is a shallow rubber cap designed to cover the womb opening to prevent the entry of sperms. Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Old Methods Diaphragm – It is usually inserted inside the cervix before sexual intercourse and must stay in place for a period of 6 hours after intercourse. Family Planning Methods Family Planning Methods ARTIFICIAL Old Methods Douche – This is the washing away of sperms and semen in the womb with a medical solution after sexual intercourse. Family Planning Methods  Study of the inheritance of characteristics by children from parents. Inheritance in human does not differ in any fundamental way from that in other organisms.  Male and female reproductive cells The new cell formed at conception Basic unit of genetic formation The biological basis of heredity Thread – like structures in the nucleus of a cell which contain genetic materials There’s a nucleus which contain 23 pairs of Composed of thousands of coiled Which comprised of various Each pair contains a gene from your mother and a gene from your father for a particular characteristics Each pair contains “options” for a characteristic An alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome You have inherited the same alleles of gene from your parents You have inherited different alleles of gene from your parents The gene for a trait or condition is dominant, and is on a non-sex chromosome The gene for a trait or condition is recessive, and is on a non-sex chromosome The gene for a trait or condition is dominant, and is on the X - chromosome  The gene for a trait or condition is recessive, and is on the X - chromosome The gene for a trait or condition is on the Y - chromosome Each allele in a gene pair carries equal weight and produces a combined physical characteristic