Reproduction PPT PDF

FROM ONE TO TWO How Animals Reproduce  REPRODUCTION Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms generate new individuals, essential for the survival and continuation of species. It can occur through sexual reproduction, involving genetic contributions from two parents,...

FROM ONE TO TWO How Animals Reproduce  REPRODUCTION Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms generate new individuals, essential for the survival and continuation of species. It can occur through sexual reproduction, involving genetic contributions from two parents, or asexual reproduction, where a single organism produces offspring on its own. This process plays a key role in evolution, genetic diversity, and adaptation to environmental changes.  REPRODUCTION Reproduction can be categorized into two main types: 1. **Sexual Reproduction** 2. **Asexual Reproduction**: **Binary Fission** **Budding** **Fragmentation** **Vegetative Propagation**  GAMETES Gametes are specialized reproductive cells for sexual reproduction, classified as sperm (male) and eggs or ova (female) in animals and pollen (male) and ovules (female) in plants. Each gamete carries half the genetic information for creating a new individual, promoting genetic diversity during fertilization. Their fusion forms a zygote, which develops into a new organism.  DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material in all living organisms and many viruses. It consists of two coiled strands forming a double helix, made of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The sequence of these bases encodes genetic information essential for growth, development, functioning, and reproduction. DNA is vital for inheritance, carrying genetic instructions for all living beings.  GENES Genes are DNA segments that provide instructions for building and maintaining cells and transmitting traits to offspring. They consist of nucleotide sequences that form the genetic code, which is translated into proteins influencing traits like eye color, height, and disease susceptibility. Hereditary in nature, genes are essential for passing biological information across generations and are key to understanding genetics, evolution, and biotechnology.  CHROMOSOMES Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information. Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, they are essential for cell division, heredity, and organism functioning. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs, inherited from each parent. Proper chromosome arrangement is crucial for development, as abnormalities can cause genetic disorders. They ensure accurate DNA replication and distribution during cell division, preserving genetic integrity across generations.  PARENT A parent is an individual who contributes to the genetic makeup and upbringing of a child. Parents can be biological, providing the genetic material through reproduction, or adoptive, taking on the responsibility of raising a child regardless of genetic ties. They play a vital role in nurturing, educating, and providing emotional support, helping to shape the child's values, beliefs, and behaviors. The relationship between a parent and child is foundational in human development, impacting social, emotional, and cognitive growth throughout life.  OFFSPRING Offspring are the children produced by parents through reproduction, which can be biological or adopted. This term applies to various species and includes plants. Offspring inherit traits from their parents, such as physical characteristics, behaviors, and genetic predispositions.  Types of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes as the parent. In other words, the offspring are exact “clones” of the parent. 2 Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction involves a single organism or cell dividing to create genetically identical offspring, without the fusion of gametes like in sexual reproduction. Common methods include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation. This form of reproduction is common in microorganisms, plants, and some animals, enabling rapid population growth in stable environments. 2 Budding Asexual reproduction is the process where a single organism or cell divides to produce genetically identical offspring without gamete fusion. Common methods include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation. It is prevalent in microorganisms, plants, and some animals, allowing for rapid population growth in stable environments. 2 Budding 2 Fragmentation Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into parts, each capable of developing into a new individual. This process supports regeneration and allows species like starfish, flatworms, and certain fungi to grow rapidly and colonize new areas. Each fragment contains the original organism's genetic material, resulting in clones of the parent. 2 Fragmentation 2 Fragmentation 2 Binary Fission Binary fission is asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms like bacteria and archaea, where a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells with the same DNA. The process involves DNA replication, cell elongation, and septum formation, promoting rapid 2 population growth and adaptability in favorable environments.  Pathergonesis Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. This reproductive strategy is observed in various species, including certain insects, reptiles, and amphibians. In parthenogenesis, females produce eggs that can develop into new 2 individuals without the need for male fertilization.  Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is a biological process in which offspring are produced through the combination of genetic material from two parents, typically involving the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg). This process promotes genetic diversity and variation in a 2 population. Sexual Reproduction 1. Oviparous Reproduction 2. Viviparous Reproduction 3. Ovoviviparous Reproduction 4. External Fertilization 5. Internal Fertilization 6. Hermaphroditism 7. Parthenogenesis 2 Oviparous Reproduction Oviparous reproduction involves animals laying eggs that develop outside the mother's body, with fertilization occurring either internally or externally. Young develop within eggs, often protected by hard or leathery shells. This strategy is seen in many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and some fish, allowing 2 mothers to conserve energy and resources while embryos develop safely.  Viviparous Reproduction Viviparous reproduction involves animals giving birth to live young instead of laying eggs. Fertilization occurs internally, with embryos receiving nutrients directly from the mother, often via a placenta. This method is typical in mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish, allowing for greater parental 2 investment and increased survival chances for the young.  Ovoviviparous Reproduction Ovoviviparous refers to a reproductive strategy where embryos develop inside eggs that remain within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. This means that, while the young are born live, they are nourished by the yolk of the egg rather than by a placenta, which is typical of viviparous animals. This 2 method is commonly seen in some species of reptiles and fish. External Fertilization External fertilization is a reproductive process where the sperm and egg unite outside the female's body, typically in water. This method is common in many aquatic animals, such as fish and amphibians, where eggs are released into the environment and fertilized by sperm in the surrounding water. Internal Fertilization Internal fertilization is a reproductive process where the sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female's body. This method is commonly found in many terrestrial animals, including mammals, reptiles, and some fish, and typically involves the sperm being delivered through copulation. 2 Sexual Reproduction Happens 2 ways Internally (inside) The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, spiders Externally (outside) The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female The female lays the eggs and then the male fertilizes them. Fish and some amphibians Plants and fungi (pollen and spores) 6 Sexual Reproduction Plant Kingdom Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Some flowers have both male and female reproductive Male flower Female flower organs on the same flower. 7 Sexual Reproduction Plant Kingdom Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Some flowers have both male and female reproductive Male flower Female flower organs on the same flower. 7  Make a Venn Diagram Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Produces more Both Slower offspring Need to find a mate Types of Only need one More complex reproduction parent (easier) in living Mix of parents Simpler organisms Allows for high Exact copy of amounts of parent Pass DNA variations NO variation from parent Better at adapting to Preserves “genetic to offspring environment continuity” Mutations! (bad ones) 9