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Quarter 2 SCIENCE 5 by Teacher Czarinah  COVERAGE 01 The Human 03 Plant Reproduction Reproductive System 02 Animal Reproduction 04 Ecosystem LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive...

Quarter 2 SCIENCE 5 by Teacher Czarinah  COVERAGE 01 The Human 03 Plant Reproduction Reproductive System 02 Animal Reproduction 04 Ecosystem LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System What are the functions of the reproductive system? 1. Producing male or female gametes, or sex cells. LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System What are the functions of the reproductive system? 2. Transporting and sustaining sex cells. LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System What are the functions of the reproductive system? 3. Protecting and nourishing the developing offspring until birth. LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System What are the functions of the reproductive system? 3. Producing hormones for the maturation of the reproductive system and the development of secondary sex characteristics. LESSON 1 The Male and Female Reproductive System  LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The primary function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm cells that will fertilize the egg cells of the female reproductive system.  LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 1. Testicles (testes) produce sperm cells (male gametes) and testosterone. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 2. Scrotum sac of skin that covers and protects the testes. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 3. Epididymis where sperm cells mature. set of coiled tubes that receive and store sperm. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 4. Vas Deferens A coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 5. Urethra A tube that carries urine from the bladder outside of the body. Also carries the sperm out of the body.  LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 6. Penis (Shaft and Glans) shaft- The long, cylindrical part of the penis. shaft glans - The tip or head of the penis and where urine and glans sperm exit the body. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 7. Prostate Gland small organ in men that helps make a special fluid for sperm LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 8. Seminal Vesicle pair of glands located Produces a fluid that behind the bladder in men. nourishes sperm and makes up a large part of semen. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: Bladder balloon-like organ in your body that holds urine. LESSON 1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The primary function of the female reproductive system is to produce egg cells. It protects and nourishes the fertilized egg and fetus and produces hormones that initiate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the reproductive cycle. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 1. Ovaries oval-shaped ovaries responsible for the production of egg cells and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 2. Fallopian Tube -tunnels for the egg cell to travel from the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization happens. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 3. Uterus known as the womb. is a hollow pear-shaped organ with muscular wall. The uterus is where a fertilized egg can implant and grow into a baby. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 4. Cervix narrow passageway at the lower end of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS: 5. Vagina Where the baby passes through during childbirth. It allows for menstrual flow to exit the body, and it is also where sperm enters during reproduction. LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM LESSON 1 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CHANGES DURING PUBERTY WHAT IS PUBERTY?  PUBERTY is the process through which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It involves many physical and emotional changes. PUBERTY Puberty happens approximately from ages 10 to 13 for girls, 12-15 for boys. PITUITARY GLAND Pea-sized gland located at the bottom of the brain, secretes hormones through the bloodstream. PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING PUBERTY? PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING PUBERTY?  CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO BOYS & GIRLS 1. Increase in Height 2. Increase in Body Sweat 3. Hair Growth (armpits & pubic region)  CHANGES IN BOYS 1. Hair growth on the face and on the chest. 2. Enlargement of the Larynx (Adam’s Apple)  CHANGES IN BOYS 3. Thickening of the vocal cords 4. Increase in muscle mass 5. Broadening of muscles  CHANGES IN GIRLS 1. Development of breasts. 2. Distribution of fat in the hips and the legs.  CHANGES IN GIRLS 3. Widening of the hips 4. Beginning of the menstrual cycle. OTHER SIGNS OF PUBERTY EMOTIONAL CHANGES Self-consciousness Mood swings Feeling overly sensitive – easily irritable and angry.  SOCIAL CHANGES seeks independence and responsibility wants to spend more time with friends engages more in physical activities THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE  MENSTRUAL CYCLE series of events beginning with ovulation release of one of the egg cell from the ovaries into the fallopian tube.  MENSTRUAL CYCLE While ovulation happens, the uterus also prepares to receive and protect the fertilized egg by building up its inner lining with extra blood and tissues.  MENSTRUAL CYCLE The menstrual flow usually lasts for three to five days. Menarche- girl’s first period 1. Egg Maturing 2. Ovulation 4. Menstruation 3. Ready for fertilization PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) Psychological, behavioral and physical disorders that occur before the menstrual cycle and disappear once it begins. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) Psychological, behavioral and physical disorders that occur before the menstrual cycle and disappear once it begins.  ANIMAL REPRODUCTION  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -A single parent produces an offspring.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -it does not involve male and female gametes  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Clone- exact copy of its parent.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Clone- The new individuals produced are genetically and physically identical to each other, i.e., they are the clones of their parents.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Types of Asexual Reproduction  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Budding when an offspring may grow out of its parent’s body.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Budding  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Why is budding important? Fast reproduction No mates needed  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 2. Gemmule Formation Gemmules are internal buds. reproductive cells that produced by sponges  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION example: Sea sponge  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sponges can reproduce either sexually and asexually.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION A gemmule is a small, compact mass of cells that is capable of regenerating a complete organism from a single gemmule.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION How It Works: When conditions get tough, sponges produce gemmules. These gemmules are very strong and can survive for a long time, even in harsh conditions.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION the parent animal releases a mass of special cells that can develop into an offspring before it moves out of the parent’s body.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Gemmules are created when conditions become unfavorable, such as during extreme temperatures, drought, lack of food and lack of oxygen.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 3. Fission In this process, the body of the parent splits into two distinct pieces - the head and the tail end. ex. Bacteria, Ameobas  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION the pieces eventually develop individually, forming two exact copies of the parent.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 4. Fragmentation means a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION example: starfish, certain worms, and some plants  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION As certain tiny worms grow to full size, they spontaneously break up into 8 or 9 pieces. Each of these fragments develops into a mature worm, and the process is repeated.  ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Takes less energy and time 2. Repopulates quickly 3. No need for mate 4. Requires one parent  ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 5. Successful traits are easily passed to offspring. 6. Can occur in stable environments.  DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Genetically identical 2. Harmful mutation in parent will be passed on to all offspring.  DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 3. Lack of genetic diversity 4. Less able to adapt to changes in the environment.  DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 5. Overpopulation can lead to resource depletion  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 2 KINDS OF FERTILIZATION Internal External  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Occurs inside the body of the female animal. ex. most mammals (like humans and dogs, birds, mosquitoes, butterflies, reptiles (like snakes and lizards)  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization The fertilized egg matures and develops into a full- young offspring in 3 possible ways: Oviparous, Ovoviviparous,Viviparous  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Oviparous- These animals lay eggs. The eggs develop outside of the mother’s body. For example, birds and reptiles like turtles lay eggs in nests or on the ground.  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Oviparous-  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Ovoviviparous- This means that the eggs develop inside the mother’s body, but the babies hatch from the eggs just before or right after being born.  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Ovoviviparous  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Viviparous- In this type, the babies grow inside the mother’s body and are born alive. There are no eggs involved.  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Internal Fertilization Viviparous- In this type, the babies grow inside the mother’s body and are born alive. There are no eggs involved.  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION External Fertilization Occurs outside the body of an animal. ex. Frogs, jellyfish, clams, sea stars, shrimp, sea urchins  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Life Cycle of Animals  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Metamorphosis is a process where certain animals undergo a significant change in their body structure and appearance as they grow. Life Cycle of a Butterfly  Life Cycle of a Butterfly First Stage: EGG The life cycle starts with the adult female butterfly laying a cluster of small, round eggs on plants, which become food for the tiny worm-like caterpillars that hatch 4-6 days after they are laid.  Life Cycle of a Butterfly Second Stage: Caterpillar (Larva) It is the larval stage during which the caterpillar emerges from the egg. It is also called the feeding stage because, at this stage, a caterpillar has only one job to do that is to eat.  Life Cycle of a Butterfly Third Stage: Pupa After a caterpillar attains its full-grown size, it stops eating and enters its chrysalis also called a pupa.  Life Cycle of a Butterfly Fourth Stage: Adult Butterfly In this stage, the chrysalis opens, and the adult butterfly or imago comes out. The adult butterfly has long antennae, long legs, and compound eyes. Life Cycle of a Mosquito  Life Cycle of a Mosquito First Stage: Egg The life cycle starts when a female mosquito lays eggs on the surface of water. The eggs can be laid in clusters, and they float on the water.  Life Cycle of a Mosquito Second Stage: Larva (Wriggler) These tiny, wriggly creatures live in the water and eat algae and other small things.  Life Cycle of a Mosquito Third Stage: Pupa (Tumbler) In this stage, they don’t eat and just float in the water. Inside the pupa, the mosquito is changing into its adult form.  Life Cycle of a Mosquito Fourth Stage: Adult Mosquito Finally, the mosquito emerges from the pupal case after two days to a week in the pupal stage. Life Cycle of a Frog  Life Cycle of a Frog First Stage: Eggs The life cycle starts when a female frog lays eggs in water. These eggs are usually in clusters and look like jelly. They are called frogspawn. Life Cycle of a Frog  Life Cycle of a Frog Second Stage: Tadpole Tadpoles are small and swim around in the water. They have tails and breathe through gills, just like fish. They eat plants and algae.  Life Cycle of a Frog Third Stage: Tadpoles with legs They grow back legs first, then front legs. At this stage, they begin to lose their tails and develop lungs, which help them breathe air.  Life Cycle of a Frog Fourth Stage: Froglet to Adult Frog  Life Cycle of a Dog Fourth Stage: Froglet to Adult Frog  PLANT REPRODUCTION VASCULAR and NONVASCULAR PLANTS  PLANT REPRODUCTION Stamen - the male reproductive organ of a flower.  PLANT REPRODUCTION Pistil - the female reproductive organ of a flower  PLANT REPRODUCTION Pollination - the transfer of pollen from the another to the stigma of a flower.  PLANT REPRODUCTION Vegetative Propagation - the ability of plants to reproduce through leaves, stems or roots.  PLANT REPRODUCTION Nonvascular Plants - These plants do not have a well-developed system for transporting water and food.  NONVASCULAR PLANTS no true roots, stems or leaves Bryophytes - do not have seeds or flowers. PLANT REPRODUCTION Nonvascular Plants - Rhizoids can absorb some water and nutrients directly from the soil or surrounding environment NONVASCULAR PLANTS How do they survive?  NONVASCULAR PLANTS Instead of roots, they have thin, hair-like structures (called rhizoids) that hold them to the ground. The rhizoids transfer water to the plants. For this reason, most of these plants are low to the ground and small, like mosses and green algae. Because they do not have true roots, non-vascular plants live in areas where there is a lot of water. NONVASCULAR PLANTS  VASCULAR PLANTS also known as tracheophytes are the most dominant land plants. Largest group in the Plant Kingdom  VASCULAR PLANTS have a vascular system; Xylem Phloem because of this system, these plants can grow very large. These plants have roots, stems and leaves.  VASCULAR PLANTS have tissues that transport water and leaves minerals from the roots to the leaves and the dissolved food from the stems leaves to all parts of the plant. roots  VASCULAR PLANTS Xylem - carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem- moves food (sugars) made in the leaves to other parts of the plant. VASCULAR PLANTS  VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and seedless plants. Vascular Seedless plants do not produce seeds. Instead, they reproduce using spores.  VASCULAR PLANTS Examples: The main types of vascular seedless plants include: Ferns: These are the most well-known vascular seedless plants. They have large, feathery leaves called fronds. Horsetails: Light feathery leaves growing in circles around a hollow stem.They often grow in wet areas. Club Mosses: These are small, moss-like plants that look a bit like miniature pine trees.  VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular Seedless plants ferns club mosses horsetails  VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular Seed plants They reproduce using seeds, which contain the plant embryo and a food supply.  VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular Seed plants Types of Vascular Seed Plants: 1.Gymnosperms 2.Angiosperms  VASCULAR PLANTS Gymnosperm or conifers are large evergreen plants and trees with needle-like leaves. These are seed plants that do not produce flowers or fruits. Their seeds are often found in cones.  VASCULAR PLANTS Examples: Pine trees Spruce trees Cycads  VASCULAR PLANTS Angiosperms - this term derives from the two Greek words: angeon, meaning “vessel” and sperma, meaning “seed”  VASCULAR PLANTS Angiosperms- these are the flowering plants. They are the largest group of plants and include: Trees (like apple trees and oak trees) Flowers (like roses and tulips) Grasses (like wheat and rice) VASCULAR PLANTS  VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular Plants Nonvascular Plants flowering plants nonflowering plants has roots, stems, leaves no roots, stems, leaves larger in size smaller in size have 2 types of tissue unable to transport (Xylem, Phloem) water can transport water must live in damp can live in dry areas conditions tracheophytes bryophytes