Reproductive And Sexual Health PDF

REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH OBJECTIVES: Formulate nursing diagnosis related to reproductive and sexual health. Develop expected outcomes for reproductive and sexual health. Assess a couple for anatomic and physiologic health and readiness. Implement nursing care related to reproductive...

REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH OBJECTIVES: Formulate nursing diagnosis related to reproductive and sexual health. Develop expected outcomes for reproductive and sexual health. Assess a couple for anatomic and physiologic health and readiness. Implement nursing care related to reproductive and sexual health, such as educating middle school children about menstruation.  CONCEPT OF UNITIVE AND PROCREATIVE HEALTH Unitive- Union of two individuals that has agreed to become one Procreative- Create and produce another life Pointers: Unitive and procreative are both sacred Man and woman unite as one flesh (sex is unitive) Needs to be open for possibility of children (sex is procreative) Sexual relationship in marriage has 2 purposes: -Strengthen the couple and allow them to express their love in a powerful way (unitive) -Leads to the creation of new life (procreative)  IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Individual Well-being Family Planning Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality Preventing STIs Gender Equality Empowerment Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Cultural Sensitivity Public Health Impact Research and Innovation Genetics and Inheritance KEY TERMS ON THE FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  PUBERTY ❖ Puberty –the time of sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction. Causes physical changes. 10-14 years for girls; 12-16 years for boys In girls: The first sign of puberty is usually breast development. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. Menstruation (or a period) usually happens last. In boys: Puberty usually begins with the testicles and penis getting bigger. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. Muscles grow, the voice deepens, and facial hair develops as puberty continues. Both boys and girls may get acne. They also usually have a growth spurt (a rapid increase in height) that lasts for about 2 or 3 years. This brings them closer to their adult height, which they reach after puberty.  ADRENARCHE - A NATURAL BODILY PROCESS IN WHICH A CHILD’S ADRENAL GLANDS START PRODUCING MORE ANDROGENS - HAPPENS BETWEEN 6-8 YEARS OLD. IT BEGINS ABOUT 2 YEARS BEFORE TRUE PUBERTY. What are the signs of adrenarche? Development of underarm (axillary) hair. Body odor (apocrine odor). Increased oiliness of your child’s skin and hair. Acne. THELARCHE Beginning of breast development in females Usually starts 1-2 years before menstruation MENARCHE ❖ Menarche- first occurrence of menstruation.  GONADS ❖ Gonads- the primary reproductive organs, are testes in the male and the ovaries in the female. GAMETE/ GAMETES ❖ Gamete- are an organism’s reproductive cells. They are called sex cells. (egg cells or sperm cell)  OVARY Ovary- Ovaries- are small, oval-shaped glands located on either side of the uterus. They produce and store eggs (ovum) and make hormones that control menstrual cycle and pregnancy. EGG CELL(S) ❖ Female reproductive cell/ gamete ❖ Oocytes- immature egg cell ❖ Ovum- matured oocyte. About.1mm.  The egg cell is surrounded by three layers externally: 1.Corona radiata is the outermost layer surrounding the egg cell and consists of follicular cells. These cells play a role in nourishing and protecting the egg. 2.Zona pellucida is the thick, transparent, and non-cellular layer located beneath the corona radiata. It is composed of glycoproteins and provides structural support to the egg. It also plays a crucial role in sperm-egg interaction during fertilization. 3.Vitelline membrane is the innermost layer, which is a thin, transparent membrane secreted by the egg cell itself. This membrane provides additional protection to the egg. The cytoplasm of the egg cell is divided into outer exoplasm or egg cortex and inner endoplasm. The nucleus of the ovum, called the germinal vesicle, large and contains genetic material in the form of DNA, which is essential for the development of the embryo. OOGENESIS- IS WHAT AN OOCYTE GOES THROUGH AS IT DEVELOPS INTO A MATURE OVUM. THE PROCESS IS AS FOLLOWS: 1. Formation of Oogenia. This is a precursor cells for eggs. 2. Primary Oocyte Development. Oogenia mature into primary oocytes. 3. Prophase 1 Arrest. The primary oocytes then enter prophase 1 of meiosis, where they remain arrested for a long period. 4. Oocyte Maturation. Upon reaching sexual maturity, oocyte maturation starts. Under the influence of hormones, the cell completes meiosis 1. This forms a small polar body and a large secondary oocyte. 5. Meiotic Division II. The secondary oocyte further divides, producing a mature egg and another polar body. 6. Release and Fertilization. The mature egg remains arrested at metaphase II until ovulation. Upon release from the ovary, it travels through the fallopian tubes where it can potentially be fertilized by a sperm cell. Spermatogenesis Is the process of sperm production. It takes place within the seminiferous tubule, the basic functional unit of the testis, under the regulation of hormones.  ADRENAL GLANDS Part of the endocrine system Located on top of the kidney and responsible for the development of sexual characteristics. It produces androgens and estrogens. REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES GnRH- Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone LH- Luteinizing hormone FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone Testosterone Androgens Estrogen Progesterone  GNRH- GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE -Pls see notes What is the function of GnRH in females? What is the function of GnRH in males? In the female reproductive system, GnRH indirectly In the male reproductive system, GnRH stimulates your body’s production of estrogen and progesterone. These are the predominant female sex stimulates the production of: hormones that play a key role in ovulation and Luteinizing hormone, which affects how conception (your ability to get pregnant). much testosterone and androgens(male sex In the middle of your menstrual cycle: hormones) your body makes. 1. Your body releases a higher level of estradiol. This is a type of estrogen that increases GnRH production. Follicle-stimulating hormone, which affects 2. The increase in GnRH triggers a decrease in sperm production. follicle-stimulating hormone and an increase in luteinizing hormone. 3. These changes cause an ovary to release an egg (ovulation). LH- LUTEINIZING HORMONE Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates processes in your body that are important for sexual health, development and reproduction. A tiny structure in your brain called the pituitary gland secretes LH. In turn, LH causes changes in your sex organs — your ovaries or testes — that allow your reproductive system to function correctly. Surge LH causes ovulation (release off egg from the ovary) LH causes the ovary to produce progesterone. In males, LH causes the testes to produce testosterone. FSH- FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE In boys or children assigned male at birth (AMAB), FSH and LH work together to trigger their testes to begin producing testosterone. This is the hormone responsible for the physical changes of puberty (such as body hair growth and voice deepening) and the production of sperm. In girls or children assigned female at birth (AFAB), FSH and LH trigger their ovaries to begin producing estrogen. This hormone is responsible for physical changes of puberty, such as breast development and menstruation. For women or people AFAB who are menstruating, FSH’s main function is to help regulate the menstrual cycle. Specifically, FSH stimulates follicles on the ovary to grow and prepare the eggs for ovulation.  TESTOSTERONE Testosterone is a hormone that your gonads (sex organs) mainly produce. More specifically, the testicles in people assigned male at birth (AMAB) and the ovaries in people assigned female at birth (AFAB) produce testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for many of the changes seen in children assigned male at birth during puberty, including: An increase in height. Body and pubic hair growth. Enlargement of their penis, testes and prostate gland. Increasing libido (sex drive). ANDROGENS. WHAT EXACTLY ARE ANDROGENS? - ANDROGENS ARE A TYPE OF SEXUAL HORMONE. THEY AID IN THE INITIATION OF PUBERTY AND PLAY A ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND BODY DEVELOPMENT. - ANDROGENS ARE PRODUCED BY BOTH SEXES, BUT MEN PRODUCE MORE. THE MOST COMMON ANDROGEN IS TESTOSTERONE. - ANDROGENS ARE PRODUCED BY THE TESTICLES IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THE OVARIES IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. THESE HORMONES ARE ALSO PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL GLANDS, WHICH ARE LOCATED ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY. What is the function of androgens? Androgens help both men and women What role do androgens play in men? Androgens play a role in the with: following traits in people born male (AMAB): Bone mineral density. husky voice (vocal cord lengthening). Muscular growth. Face, scalp, chest, underarms, and genital hair growth. Puberty. The formation of sperm. Production of red blood cells. What is the role of androgens in women? In people assigned female at Sexual desire and performance. birth (AFAB), other body chemicals convert androgen into estradiol, a What are the types of androgens? Testosterone is the predominant androgen form of estrogen. This hormone: in all genders. Other androgens include: Regulates menstruation. Androstenedione. Aids conception and pregnancy. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Minimizes bone loss (osteoporosis). DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S). Stimulates pubic and underarm hair growth. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT). ESTROGEN ESTROGEN IS A HORMONE THAT PLAYS A ROLE IN BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS. Estrogen enables the following organs to function: Ovaries: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of the egg follicle. Vagina: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication. Uterus: Estrogen enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus secretions. Breasts: The body uses estrogen in the formation of breast tissue. This hormone also helps stop the flow of milk after weaning. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HIGH ESTROGEN IN MALE? PROGESTERONE Progesterone does several things, including: Thickening the lining of your uterus for implantation. Regulating bleeding during menstruation. Supporting a pregnancy once conception occurs. Helping to improve your mood. Supporting thyroid function. Supporting lactation. MALE EXTERNAL STRUCTURES (NON CIRCUMCISED AND CIRCUMCISED) MALE INTERNAL STRUCTURES THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE STRUCTURES THAT FORM THE FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA FEMALE INTERNAL STRUCTURES LAYERS OF THE UTERUS THE BREAST Thank you!