Report RPH PDF: Revolutionary Governments in the Philippines

Report RPH It marked the birth of the First Philippine Republic, the first democratic constitution in Asia. Report 1: The Revolutionary Government...

Report RPH It marked the birth of the First Philippine Republic, the first democratic constitution in Asia. Report 1: The Revolutionary Government Aguinaldo's Inauguration: Revolutionary Governments: Emilio Aguinaldo was inaugurated as the first Refers to the various governments formed during president of the Republic on January 23, 1899. periods of revolution in the country's history. Significance: First Philippine Republic: This event represented the culmination of the Filipino The First Philippine Republic was the first people’s struggle for independence and self- constitutional republic in Asia, established with a governance. democratic government and a constitution drafted by revolutionary leaders. The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Significance: Direct Consequence: It marked the beginning of the Philippines' struggle The war was a result of the U.S. refusal to recognize for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Philippine independence. Introduction Tensions Escalate: Establishment: Rising tensions between the First Philippine Republic and the United States led to the outbreak of war on Officially formed on June 23, 1898, following the February 4, 1899. Philippine Declaration of Independence. Continued Struggle: Emilio Aguinaldo as President: The war emphasized the Filipino revolution's Emilio Aguinaldo was declared President, leading the continued fight against foreign colonization, this time government. against the Americans. Primary Goals: Aguinaldo’s Capture and the Fall of the Revolutionary The main objectives were to secure full independence Government from Spanish colonial rule and establish a sovereign Aguinaldo's Capture: nation. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by American forces The Malolos Congress (September 15, 1898) on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela. Significant Milestone: Oath of Allegiance: The Malolos Congress was a key event in the Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United establishment of the revolutionary government. States in April 1901, symbolizing the end of Filipino Location and Purpose: resistance. Held in Malolos, Bulacan, the congress was tasked End of the Revolutionary Government: with drafting a constitution to establish a democratic His capture and oath marked the official downfall of system for the new government. the Revolutionary Government and the dissolution of Symbolism: the First Philippine Republic. It symbolized the aspirations of the Filipino people Legacy and Significance of the Revolutionary Government for self-rule and freedom. Despite its brief existence, the Revolutionary Malolos Constitution and First Philippine Republic Government under Emilio Aguinaldo laid the foundation for future independence movements. Ratification of the Malolos Constitution: Introduction of Democratic Ideals: The Malolos Constitution was ratified on January 21, 1899. It introduced democratic ideals that influenced the Philippines' political system in the decades that First Democratic Constitution in Asia: followed. Symbol of Hope and Resistance: Established the groundwork for the First Philippine Republic. The First Philippine Republic became a symbol of hope and resistance against colonialism, not only for Short-Lived Implementation: the Philippines but for the rest of Asia. Its enforcement was cut short due to the Treaty of Paris and the U.S. takeover of the Philippines. Report 2 : Malolos Congress Symbol of Resistance: Convened Date: The Malolos Congress was convened on September Despite its brief existence, the constitution became a 15, 1898, at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. powerful symbol of Filipino resistance and the desire for independence. Primary Aim: Legacy of the Malolos Congress Its goal was to establish the first Filipino government after gaining independence from Spain. The Malolos Congress inspired later independence Leadership: movements in the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo was the president of the Foundation for Modern Democracy: revolutionary government during this time. It laid the groundwork for modern democracy in the Drafting of the Constitution country. The Malolos Congress drafted the Malolos Constitution, which became the first democratic Lasting Influence: constitution in Asia. Its principles continue to influence the Philippines’ Government Structure: laws and constitution today. It established a democratic government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Report 3: The Journey Through History (Malolos Executive: Led by the President, enforcing laws. Constitution) Legislative: Congress, responsible for lawmaking. Judicial: Courts, tasked with interpreting laws and Introduction delivering justice. - A new republic in Asia. The Malolos Constitution, Approval: ratified in 1899, was a momentous incident in Philippine history. What follows are the salient The Constitution was approved on January 20, 1899. points. Civil Liberties: Background: - The constitution was drafted during the Philippine Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to due process. Revolution against Spanish rule to build a democratic government. Separation of Powers: Framing: Established clear separation of powers between the - The Malolos Constitution was framed by the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Revolutionary Congress in Malolos, Bulacan. Goal: - It was influenced by liberal ideals and contemporary constitutions, with the U.S. Constitution having the Aimed to secure independence from foreign powers. greatest impact. Achievements and Challenges Structure of Government: - The constitution established a republican form of Foundation for the First Philippine Republic: government.  - It defined the separation of powers among the three - A detailed description of how the government is branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. structured, typically, outlining the three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Rights and Liberties: Separation of Power - The constitution shall provide a bill of rights or that - Constitution often defines the principle of the fundamental freedom, such as free speech, assembly, separation of powers where the executive legislative and Religion and judicial branches. Sovereignty: Sovereignty - It proclaims the sovereignty of the Philippines. - Constitution often establish that sovereignty resides - It rejects colonial rule and emphasizes the role of the with the people, meaning that government authority people in governance comes from the people. Rule of Law Challenges: - The Malolos Constitution faced immediate - A principle that all citizens, including those in Power challenges as the Philippine-American War erupted are subject to the law. it ensures that laws are apply shortly after its ratification, hindering its equally and fairly implementation. Citizenship End of the Republic: - Defines who is considered a citizen, their rights and their duties on the state. - The First Philippine Republic did not last due to this war; hence, the constitution eventually came to an end. Elections and Political Participation - The rules and procedures for holding elections and Legacy: participating in the political. - Although a charter did not last long, the Malolos - Process including qualifications for voting running Constitution is indeed legendary for progressive ideas, and in a way, it can be considered as the for office and political parties. prelude to other Philippine constitutions Check and Balances Report 4: The Constitution - A system designed to prevent any one branch of Constitution government from becoming too powerful by providing mechanisms for oversight and control over - sets out the rights of individuals that must be the others. respected by the state. - It establishes the relationship between the government and the people, ensuring accountability Report : McKinley Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation and the protection of civil liberties. and Filipino Reaction Important Things in the Constitutions American Control over the Philippines Preamble Treaty of Paris: - Outlining the state's fundamental values and objectives. - Signed on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. Fundamental Rights or Freedom - A detailed description of how the government is Colonial Transition: structured typically outlining the three branches. (executive, legislative, and judicial) - Marked the end of Spanish colonial rule and the beginning of American colonization. Structured of Government Content of the Proclamation:  Declaration of Intent: 3. Breakdown of U.S. -Filipino Relations: Rising Tensions: The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation stated that the United States' intention in the Philippines was - Tensions quickly escalated between American forces not to exploit or oppress, but to "win the confidence, and Filipino revolutionary troops. respect, and affection of the inhabitants." Feelings of Betrayal: Protection and Welfare: - Filipinos, under Aguinaldo's leadership, felt betrayed by the U.S., whom they initially regarded as allies It claimed that the U.S. aimed to protect the rights of against Spain. the Filipino people, maintain order, and promote their welfare. Outbreak of War: McKinley's Justification: - This tension culminated in the outbreak of the Philippine-American War on February 4, 1899, just a American Mission: few months after the proclamation. - McKinley viewed American rule as a means to 4. Start of the Philippine-American War "educate, uplift, civilize, and Christianize" the Filipinos. Triggering Incident: Benevolent Intervention: a. The war began when an American sentry fired upon a Filipino soldier near San Juan Bridge in - He described U.S. intervention as a benevolent act Manila. intended to guide Filipinos towards self-governance, albeit ultimately under the tutelage and control of the Escalation to War: United States. b. This single event led to a larger conflict, Important Events and Filipino Reaction: marking the beginning of a brutal war that lasted until 1902, with sporadic resistance 1. Publication of the Proclamation continuing even after. Announcement to Military Leaders: 5. Impact and Consequences - The war was characterized by significant loss of life, with tens of thousands of Filipino soldiers and - The proclamation was announced to American civilians killed. military leaders in the Philippines, specifically to - The conflict showcased the harsh realities of the so- Major General Elwell Otis. called "benevolent" colonization, as the U.S. used aggressive military tactics to suppress Filipino Alteration for Filipino Communication: resistance. - When Otis communicated the proclamation to the Significant Loss of Life: Filipino people, he made changes to soften its tone and omitted parts he believed would provoke the - The war was marked by the loss of tens of thousands Filipinos. of Filipino soldiers and civilians. 2. Filipino Leaders ' Reaction: Harsh Realities of Colonization: Outrage Among Leaders: - The conflict revealed the harsh realities of the so- called "benevolent" colonization, as the U.S. - Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipino revolutionary employed aggressive military tactics to suppress leaders were outraged by the proclamation, viewing it Filipino resistance. as a declaration of U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines. Significance of the Proclamation: Contradiction to Independence Hopes: - The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation revealed the U.S. intentions to exert control over the - This stance directly contradicted their hopes for Philippines while claiming to aid the Filipino people, independence following the defeat of the Spaniards. ultimately undermining their quest for independence.  - This proclamation, along with the Philippine- 1899: Aguinaldo established the First Philippine Republic, American War, set the stage for U.S.-Philippine initiating a nearly three-year conflict with U.S. forces. relations in the early 20th century, leading to the Philippines becoming a U.S. colony until 1946. 1901: Aguinaldo was captured, marking the start of U.S. colonization. - Its legacy includes igniting Filipino resistance and nationalism, which laid the groundwork for the 1935: The Philippines became a Commonwealth, achieving struggle for full independence from foreign powers. full independence in 1946. This period highlighted Filipino resilience and their pursuit of self-determination, rooted in the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Report: The San Juan Bridge Incident Start of the Filipino American War The Philippine-American War marked a significant conflict Introduction between Filipino forces and American troops, arising from the desire for independence following Spanish colonial rule. - The San Juan River Bridge (Tulay ng Ilog San Juan), also known as the Pinaglabanan Bridge, is a historic Key Events: structure connecting San Juan and Manila over the San Juan River. February 4, 1899: War commenced with a confrontation between American and Filipino - It holds significant historical importance as a soldiers. battleground during two key conflicts: the 1896 First Shot Fired: Triggered by an American soldier's Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule order, resulting in the death of a Filipino soldier. and the 1899 Philippine–American War. Filipino Forces: - The bridge symbolizes the Filipino struggle for independence and resistance against foreign powers. Leadership: General Artemio Ricarte commanded the Filipino troops. 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spanish Colonial Rule Challenges: Filipino forces were outnumbered and outgunned. - The 1896 Philippine Revolution was initiated by the War Duration: Katipunan, founded by Andrés Bonifacio in 1892, with the goal of an armed uprising against Spanish The conflict lasted almost three years and ended with rule. Aguinaldo's capture in March 1901. - The revolution officially began in August 1896 after Aftermath: the Katipunan's discovery, leading to early battles and notable victories in Cavite, spearheaded by leaders Despite the end of organized resistance led by like Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo, local uprisings and resistance against American rule continued in several areas. - Internal conflicts within the revolutionary movement resulted in Bonifacio's execution in 1897, after which The First and Largest Battle of the Philippine- American Aguinaldo rose to prominence as the leader. War - Aguinaldo negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in Date: February 4–5, 1899 1897, which temporarily halted hostilities with Spain. Participants: - American Forces: 19,000 troops Outbreak of the 1899 Philippine–American War. - Filipino Forces: 15,000 armed militiamen June 12, 1898: Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Conflict Initiation: independence in Kawit, Cavite, but it was unrecognized by - Fighting began when American troops fired on a Spain and the U.S. group of Filipinos encroaching on their camp, under December 1898: The Treaty of Paris ceded the Philippines to orders to prevent insurgent activity. the U.S., leading to the Philippine-American War that began Ceasefire Efforts: on February 4, 1899.  - Aguinaldo's efforts to broker a ceasefire were Modern History dismissed by General Otis, leading to an escalation of hostilities. - The bridge was demolished in 2018 to make way for the construction of Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 Conclusion: Section 2B. It was later reconstructed and reopened in March 2020. - The battle ended in favor of the Americans, although minor conflicts continued for several days. First Shot of the War, February 4, 1899 Report: The Religious Schism Historical Belief: Definition: - For over a century, it was widely believed that the - A schism is a formal division or split within a group, first shot of the Philippine-American War was fired at often due to disagreements over beliefs, practices, or the San Juan Bridge in Santa Mesa. leadership. Correction of Historical Record: Example: - In 2003, the Philippines' National Historical Institute - A notable example is the Great Schism of 1054, (NHI) identified this belief as an error. which split Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches. Marker Update: Religious Context: On February 4, 2004, the historical marker was removed from the San Juan Bridge and placed at the - In a religious context, a schism refers to a significant correct location: the corner of Sociego and Silencio split within a religious community, leading to the streets in Santa Mesa. establishment of distinct factions or sects. 1899: Betrayal of Trust: The San Juan Del Monte Bridge Gregorio Aglipay Incident - “Serve the people” Significance: - He was born on May 5, 1860 - Role: First head (Supreme Bishop) of the Philippine - The day marked a critical turning point in Philippine Independence Church. history as hostilities between Filipinos and Americans - Significance: Aglipay played a crucial role in the escalated into full-scale war. establishment of the Philippine Independence Tension Factors: Church, which sought to separate from the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and establish a - Orders for Aguinaldo's forces to retreat and the distinctly Filipino religious identity. prohibition of Filipino soldiers from entering Manila - Background: He was a prominent figure during the heightened tensions. Philippine Revolution, advocating for nationalism - The Treaty of Paris was signed without Filipino and religious independence. consent, leading to increased resentment against - Contributions: Aglipay's leadership helped shape the American intentions. church's doctrines and practices, promoting Filipino culture and values within a religious framework. Initial Allyship Turns Sour: Nozaleda - Filipinos initially viewed Americans as allies following their declaration of independence, but the - Served as Archbishop of Manila from 1889 to 1902. arrival of American forces revealed a betrayal. - Opposed Filipino independence and supported Spanish colonial rule. First Shot: - His legacy is marked by his strong alignment with - The conflict began with the first shot fired by Private Spanish colonialism and resistance to Filipino William Walter Grayson, leading to widespread nationalism. fighting. Nozaleda Against Aglipay Conflict Duration: - Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda and Gregorio - The war lasted until 1901, culminating in the capture Aglipay were on opposite sides of the struggle for of Aguinaldo, although resistance continued in the religious and political independence in the country. Philippines.  - Nozaleda supported Spanish colonial rule and The Ethiopian Eunuch - mentioned in Acts 8, he is opposed Filipino nationalism, seeing the Spanish considered one of the first non - Jewish converts to monarchy and Catholic Church as the rightful Christianity, baptized by Philip. authorities in the Philippines. He was against efforts to empower Filipino clergy and backed the execution Cornelius - a roman centurion describes in Acts 10, of nationalists like José Rizal. Cornelius is recognized as the first Gentile convert, marking as significant moment in the early church’s - Aglipay, in contrast, advocated for Filipino religious independence and nationalism. He rejected foreign expansion beyond Jewish communities. control over the local Church and became a key leader in the establishment of the Philippine Paul of Tarsus - although initially a persecutor of Independent Church, a schism from Roman Christians. - Paul became a pivotal figure in Catholicism aimed at creating a more Filipino- spreading Christianity and converting many Gentiles centered religious identity. throughout the Roman Empire - The clash between Nozaleda and Aglipay represents Aglipayan and the Jesuits the broader conflict between colonialism and the Filipino desire for both political and religious - The Aglipay Movement founded by Jose Aglipay in autonomy. the early 20th Century Mabini and the National Church - The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, arrived in the - He known as the “Brains of the Revolution” Philippines in 1581 - Apolinario Mabini supported the idea of a national Aglipay’s Consecration as Bishop church controlled by Filipinos to ensure both religious and national sovereignty. - Jose Aglipay was consecrated as a Bishop on Aug 28, 1903 - He backed Gregorio Aglipay's efforts to establish the Philippine Independent Church, promoting Filipino - This consecration was conducted by the Anglican leadership within the Church. bishop of the Philippine Islands, Charles Henry Brent, which highlighted the church's intention to The Filipino National Church assert its independence from Roman Catholic authority. - The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church), founded in 1902 by Gregorio The Significance Aglipay - Also called “Aglipayan Church” (the term - National Identity "Aglipayan Church" not only honors Gregorio - Religious Independence Aglipay but also represents the church's historical and - Social Reform cultural significance in the Philippines.) - Ecclesiastical Authority - Legacy Chapelle and Filipinization - Dave Chapelle’s work often intersects with discussion on identity and culture, making it a rich ground for exploring concepts like Filipinization. - The term “Filipinization” refers to the process of adapting institutions, practices, and cultural elements to align with Filipino identity and values, particularly in the context of colonial influence. First Converts The Apostles - early followers of Jesus, such as Peter, John and James, were among the first to embrace his teachings and spread Christianity after his resurrection.