Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF

REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE Microorganisms plays an important role for the maintenances of the stability of the biosphere. In many ways, all other forms of life depend on the microorganisms. The importance and application of Microbiology ranges from our day-to-day life to the various fields and...

REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE Microorganisms plays an important role for the maintenances of the stability of the biosphere. In many ways, all other forms of life depend on the microorganisms. The importance and application of Microbiology ranges from our day-to-day life to the various fields and industry. Microbiology is proven to be essential to the food industry, health, agriculture, biofuel, mining, water, and cosmetic industry. Microorganisms are relevant to us in multitude of ways. The influence of microbes in human life is both detrimental and beneficial, here are some of the beneficial practical applications of microbiology in our life; Microorganisms that are used to produce **food products** like; - Dairy products that are fermented using lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. - Using Acetobacter to convert ethyl alcohol to acetic acid to make vinegar - Yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to create wine, bear, and other alcoholic beverages. As yeasts converts sugar from various sources like grapes. Microorganisms are used in **health industry** to; - Create vaccines that are weakened or destroyed forms of the bacteria. - Create antibiotics by culturing microorganisms in big containers with liquid growth medium that makes antibiotics a microorganisms' secondary metabolites. Providing us the means of their control. - Microorganisms are also used in the production of enzymes, vitamins, and amino acids. - Help the immune system to recognize and remember the bacteria for future encounters as they have substance that mimics disease-causing bacteria. Microorganisms are also used in **agricultural industry** to; - Understand different plant-associated microorganisms (ex. Legume-rhizobium interaction and the significance of mycorrhiza in plant growth promotion) - Plays an important role in nitrogen cycle by nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification - Microorganisms are used for cycling of carbon, maintaining ecological balance on earth. Microorganisms are used in the **biofuel industry** as; - Yeast fermentation of sugar to ethanol helps in Microbial biofuel generation to be accomplished. (Saccharomyces cerevisiae is predominantly used) - Biohydrogen is produced using photosynthetic microorganisms like cyanobacteria and green algae. End of fermentation of a variety of microbes produces the long-recognized side product of photosynthesis, the Hydrogen. Microorganisms in the **mining industry** for; - Extracting important metal (particularly copper) from a low- grade ores that would otherwise be unworkable using traditional method by employing Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. - Extracting uranium and gold using bacteria entailing the conversion of an insoluble compound to a soluble one. Microorganisms in the **water industry** for; - Treatment and purification of dirty water by employing a variety of bacteria and other microorganisms to make biological wastewater treatment. - Water self-purification for Killing larger protozoans, bacteria, and tiny pathogens by chemical or UV disinfection wherein the microorganisms consume organic substances in the water to change and in order to eliminate them. Microorganisms in the **cosmetic industry** as; - Microbes produces unique compounds that has a wide range application in the cosmetic business. Fatty acids, enzymes, peptides, vitamins, lipopolysaccharides, and pigments can be found in the microbes which have a favorable cosmetic effect. Microorganisms are used in **bioremediation** by; - Involving biological agents such as microbes and plants to remove or lessen the effects of environmental pollutants. Microbes are more utilized because of their rapid growth and ability to be easily manipulated, enhancing the function as agents for bioremediation. - Maintaining soil fertility, and cleaning up the environment of toxic compounds with their symbiotic relationship with plants. Microorganisms are used in **biotechnology** by - Genetic engineering where the bacteria could produce important therapeutic substances such as insulin, human growth hormone, and interferon. Microorganisms in **research**; - Multiple study because of their simple structure that are easier to study most life processes - Millions of copies of the same single cells can be produces in large numbers very quickly at low cost to give plenty of homogenous experimental material. - They are useful for studies involving the transfer of genetic formation as they reproduce very quickly. As microbiology is the most significant field of Biology. In the future, we can say that using microorganisms would help us to find new ways of combating various diseases, reducing pollution and feed the world's growing population. Further studying the role of microorganisms would develop new drugs, vaccines, remedy for AIDS and other infectious diseases. As well as they can be sources of high-quality food products. APPLICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Its applications include making food, medicine, fuel, and cosmetics, as well as cleaning water and extracting metals. [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/agronomy/articles/10.3389/fagro.2023.1183691/full\\](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/agronomy/articles/10.3389/fagro.2023.1183691/full%5C)