Renaissance Art + Reformation Notes PDF

Birth of the Renaissance (14th-17th century) Before: “Middle Ages” / “Dark Ages” ○ Monarchy - kings, knights, queens, etc. ○ Lack of education ○ Lack of rights ○ Bad economics Disease - Bubonic Plague/Black Death/Black Plague ○ Skin bubbling/popped -...

Birth of the Renaissance (14th-17th century) Before: “Middle Ages” / “Dark Ages” ○ Monarchy - kings, knights, queens, etc. ○ Lack of education ○ Lack of rights ○ Bad economics Disease - Bubonic Plague/Black Death/Black Plague ○ Skin bubbling/popped - 25% in population died ○ No cure - turning to religion for miracle Told people that plague was from sins People started questioning church Fragmented/ feudal society ○ Roman empire just broke apart ○ Classes in society - feudal system Born into each class Class decided life course Thoughts + culture dominated by the Church ○ Religion of Roman Empire = Christianity Everyone still christian in all kingdoms United everyone ○ Pope = most powerful person Ruled Holy Roman Empire Rise of the Islamic Empire (Middle East) Strong Progressive Good economy ○ Trade spread ideas to Europe ○ Idea of “need to catch up” \_______________________________ _______________________________/ \/ Caused everyone wanting a REBIRTH (Renaissance) During: 4 main fields of human growth: ○ Artistic growth + development ○ Reformation of the Church Due to questioning from the plague ○ Scientific discoveries Earth is not the center of the universe??? ○ World exploration + discovery  Columbus found new world in 1492 Due to stagnant/corrupt times in the Before… ○ People wanted to become great ○ Didn’t have confidence for new ideas, looked to the past ○ Revival of the Classics (Greeks, Romans, etc.) Revival of Latin Interest in Greek Science Appreciation of Humans Humanism movement = the study of the “classics” to become a virtuous and well rounded person ○ Virtues - honesty, patience, etc. ○ People in lower feudal classes working on themselves Spreading influence of people working to become better = better society ○ Catalyst of “Rebirth” Starting point! Italy! ○ Trade center for mediterranean Easy spread of ideas = more progressive ○ Economically strong city-states ○ Recovered from plague faster Peaceful + not warzone ○ Wealthy business people (patron families) Supported “arts” + “sciences” Artisans + Scientist traveled for support “The place to be” Renaissance Art Development Changes in art: Changes in Theme + Technique Renaissance Middle Ages Full of energy Depressing Vibrant Dark Emotional Stagnant, just there 3-dimensional 2-dimensional Techniques to draw eyes to main More big = more important/main Paintings of life/peasants (HUMANISM) Paintings of kings, knights, religion Styles: Realism ○ Precision ○ Keen observations Nature vs. Religion A story, emotional feelings ○ Communication from artist Developed Techniques - elementary to us Explanation Symmetry Thoughtful + balance Similar on both sides Drew eyes to focal point Shading = “chiaroscuro” Italian technique 3D on flat surface (WOW~) Proportionality techniques for Realism… Linear perspective Using lines to express dimension for far vs. close Vanishing point Foreshortening Changing length of object based on perspective “Sfumato” Details fading in distance for dimension Like eyesight Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1513) (Renaissance man) Humanism: Influenced people in European society to become virtuous + well rounded \/ “Renaissance man” DaVinci = ultimate humanist + renaissance man (art, science, math, etc.) DaVinci: Artist ○ Master of perspective / 3D ○ Developed sfumato and chiaroscuro ○ Famous pieces: Mona Lisa  Mysterious smile The Last Supper Used new paint that decayed (had been restored) Use of perspective Scientist ○ Studied science to improve realism in art ○ Leonardo loved observing + understanding ○ Used observational skills for art too! Watching stream flow, hydrodynamics + drawing water ○ Studied…to improve art Anatomy Optics Aerodynamics Hydrology Geology Butany ○ Used similar method to scientific method Not exactly the inventor of the method ○ Science Notebook The Vertobian Man Sketches of observation to help paint proportionally Muscles -> anatomy + drawing human bodies Hydrology drawings ○ Scientific method: Question Research the knowns Hypothesis Experiment Analyze Conclusion Sharing/repeat testing Inventor ○ Science led to inventions ○ Designed some for his time + BEYOND his time Beyond not understood until much, much later ○ Designs… Architectural designs Gears (bikes, HELICOPTERS!!! - 500 yrs too early) Canal buildings Military engineering Dam -> turbines UNDERWATER BREATHING DEVICES ○ Invention notebooks Wrote backwards  Theories Prevention of theft Trying to keep secret from becoming controversial in the church Renaissance Artists Blue = italian (italy) Red = flemish (Belgium, Netherlands - Flander region) Green = florentine (florence) Yellow = german Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Title - Father of Renaissance Architecture History ○ Trained as goldsmith & sculpture ○ Disappointed and pursued architecture Famous Architectures ○ Hospital of Innocence - sematary ○ “Sacrifice to Isaac” ○ “Florence cathedral” Largest Dome created in the time Used new infrastructure Left no plans - people worked hard to figure out the infrastructure Rediscovered Linear perspective ○ Geometry + physics Inventions ○ Crane ○ Special boat for heavy load Donatello (1386-1466) Contest in 1401 ○ Lost but ended up working for winner Techniques ○ Master of one-point perspective Carved with audience’s perspective in mind ○ Schiacciato Original technique Thinning in carving for 3D ○ Studied anatomy Sculptures ○ Sculpture of Saint George Schiacciato in rib cage ○ David Most famous ○ The Ascension  Focused on… ○ Humanism ○ Empathy ○ Genuinity ○ Realism Caught people not god-like Jesus just like normal person, not saintly Van Eyck (1390-1441) Dutch (Netherlands) Oil painting instead of Fresco ○ Strong colors on hard surface ○ Father of oil painting ○ Fresco = italian water paint, on wet plaster Fades Wall chips + cracks ○ His Family invented oil paints Styles ○ Portrayed townspeople + religious scenes (realism) ○ Oil painting Works ○ Arnolfini Portrait Many hidden aspects - horns on lady, candles, etc. Guy in portrait in Arnolfini Memorial to passed wife ○ Ghent Altarpiece Painting on cabinet Christian scene + nature Lamb dripping blood, fertile women Oil painting Symmetry ○ Madonna of Chancellor Rolin Symmetry Sfumato + chiaroscuro Angelico (1395-1455) Styles/Themes ○ Serene religious attitude ○ + classical influence Works ○ Created a lot of altarpieces and frescoes for the church ○ The Last Judgment ○ Madonna of the Star ○ The Annunciation Masaccio (1401-1428) Early renaissance Works ○ Frescos in Church of Santa Maria (Florence) Mantegna (1431-1506) Styles ○ Known for linear sharpness and detail in art ○ Served Gonzaga patrons in Mantua Works ○ The Court of Mantua (from textbook) Botticelli (1445-1510) History ○ Too smart ○ Dad - very supportive ○ A Filipino mentor in arts ○ Very fair judgements ○ Own workshop at 25 yrs ○ Savonarola Politics + religious crisis Fell from fame, fire burnings + depressions ○ Revival of fame after death Works - focused on Greek Mythology ○ Sides of Sistine Chapel ○ “Birth of Venus” ○ “Primavera” Styles ○ Tempera on Panel -> on wood ○ Realism Color of light (symbolistic) Contour line work Drapery Graceful figures Da Vinci (1452-1513) See previous notes Durer (1471-1528) Names/Titles ○ Albrecht Durer ○ Leonardo of the North / German Leonardo Well-rounded renaissance man Painter + printmaker History  ○ Went to Italy in 1494 to study italian masters in art ○ Applied painting techniques to making prints from metal plates (engraving), then using plates to make prints Prints / engraving shows religious upheaval of the time Michelangelo (1475-1564) History ○ Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect and poet ○ Worked under the Medici family Works ○ Pieta Marble sculpture capturing the sorrow of Mary cradling dead Jesus ○ David Statue of biblical shepherd who killed Goliath (Giant) Harmony and grace of greek sculptures ○ Sistine Chapel (1508) Worked on for 4 years, using figures from the book of Genesis ○ St. Peter's Cathedral (Rome) Drew design, did not live to see it Building was based on exact design Raphael (1483-1520) History ○ Father - court painter (died when 11 yrs) ○ Mother (died at 8 yrs) ○ Took inspiration from Leonardo Paintings ○ The Transfiguration Most famous Last painting - finished by assistance Guilo ○ Religious Chigi Chapel - finished by rival ○ 300+ madonnas Serene, soft, light color Influenced by his mother(?) ○ School of Athens Most Renaissance art piece Imaginary gathering of famous figures from “classics” and from Renaissance Style ○ Blended Christian and classical styles Titian (1488/90 - 1576) History ○ Four different teachers ○ International clients  Styles ○ Portraits ○ Light + color ○ Contrast ○ Oil painting (for color pigments) ○ Original technique: Impasto Figure is coming out Works ○ Assumption of the Virgin Christian inspiration 3 sections ○ The Rape of Europa Commissioned by King Phillip || of Spain ○ Diana and Castillo Impasto + oil ○ Death of Acteon Oil + impasto + sfumato Tintoretto (1518-1594) Name means: The little dyer History ○ Traveled to venice in 1518 ○ Perfectionist (always thought works were “unfinished”) ○ Self-taught ○ Titian apprentice -> fired Styles ○ Inspired by Michaelangelo and DaVinci ○ Nature ○ Wax models ○ Beroke + Renaissance ○ Used halos (religious symbolism) — dramatic lighting + shading ○ Peasant + economy painting (Strong emotions) Paintings ○ Creation of animals (unicorn) ○ Lamentation over the dead ○ The Last Supper (not DaVinci version) ○ Crucifixion Bruegel (1525/30 - 1569) Visit other doc Secular art influenced later Flemish Artists Bright colors - peasant painter Humanism ○ Positive look on human life  ○ Secular paintings = not religious Caravaggio (1571-1610) Intense realism + emotions Large scale religious works Bible = bloody drama High form of chiaroscuro - dramatic lighting Northern Renaissance Background 100 yrs after italian renaissance North recovered slower from plague Information of rebirth traveled slowly Economics in north not as good Humanism Changed slightly Not just studying the classics to improve oneself, but to improve oneself and society together Less individualistic, more societal Famous Artist Durer Van Eyck Bruegel (See Renaissance Artists section for more) Rebirth in literature: Gutenberg printing press in 1456 - spread ideas faster Written in common, no longer latin ○ For common folk to understand Famous authors ○ Erasmus (German) Great Dutch humanist A priest in 1492 Produced a new Greek edition of the New Testament + Much improved Latin version Wanted a vernacular version of the Bible People to study on their own People need to be open-minded Humorous in social + religious criticism “Praise of folly” - praise of mistakes ○ Sir Thomas More (English) Humanist + Judge Wanted social + economic reforms “Utopia” - ideal + peaceful society  ○ Shakespeare (English) Intense human emotions and relationships Relatable to people ○ Cervantes (Spanish) “Don Quixote” Fiction about crazy man thinking he’s a knight Mocking fun of the Middle Ages (AKA Renaissance is better) Machiavelli ○ See section on him (right below) Nicole Machiavelli Machiavellian Verb to describe someone as manipulative, critical, straightforward Stems from Machiavelli’s name History Worked in Florence as a diplomat Observed Kings + princes in foreign courts Studied ancient Rome history Work What way of governing is best? Controversial ideas ○ Shedded light on politics behind the scenes Not new ideas Supported + worked for the Medici family 1513 - “The Prince” “The Prince” Wrote about how to gain and main power Use whatever means necessary to get power Main ideas ○ Not “ideal leader” but “best leader” ○ Ends justify the means ○ Results > promises Still relevant today Very realistic Protestant Reformation Background “Church” is unifying force Been giving guidance for 1500+ years Goal of christianity is to: Gain Salvation Problems arrissing (People questions) Black Plague ○ Saying it’s each persons’ fault ○ No cure Corruption (internal) ○ People trying to gain more power ○ Money pocketing Holy relics ○ Buy relics for salvation ○ Only wealthy people can afford ○ Not in the Bible!! New Scientific discoveries ○ Earth not center of universe!!! Christian belief of humans being God’s great creation Minimized humanity’s importance Indulgences ○ Paying for max ticket into heaven ○ Pope wanted new, largest cathedral ○ Selling indulgences for money raising Important Figures John Tetzel ○ Person who sold indulgences ○ Controversial Some excited Some angry Martin Luther ○ Monk from Germany ○ Fed up with problems REFORMATION Idea Not Revolution ○ Wrote 95 theses Nailed to church door for all to see Was printed 95 problems about the church Indulgences, Pope, etc. not in Bible ○ Idea: 3 universals in christianity Faith = Salvation Bible/Scripture is sole authority Everyone is equal to God No hierarchy ○ Church called Luther a heretic Was put on trial  Exiled Controversial till death \_______________________________ _______________________________/ \/ Beginning of “Protestant”(Protest) separation from Catholic Church Catholic Reformation (Response to Protestant reformation) Violence + Bloodshed: Due to protestant reformation, there was a lot of violence between religions Luther vs. Catholic Also involved other religions separate from Christianity Slowing down Luther’s influence: New Pope (Pope Paul |||) Appt. reformers to key positions in church ○ Show respect + less corruption Jesuit order (1540) - Society of Jesus ○ Highly trained religious order ○ Led by Ignatius of Loyola ○ Mission: convert people to catholicism Find new people “New world” - 1492 Council of Trent (1545) ○ Reaffirmed traditional beliefs ○ Salvation = Faith + Good work (donation, confessions) ○ Bible = major truth, NOT only ○ Created penalties for corrupt clergies ○ Trained clergy to respond better to questions regarding protestant Direct dealing with Protestant > inquisition ○ Church sponsored eradication of Protestant + other religions ○ Burnings, trials, threatening ○ Burnt Luther’s books, heretics on trial, tortured + killed Did it work? Reform of Catholic church DID work ○ Rome is very respectable ○ Brought Catholic + spiritual art back (late Renaissance) ○ Stopped Protestant growth Division of north + south europe  North (protestant) , South (catholic) Based on distance from Rome Solving popularity of protestant in germany ○ Peace of Augsburg (1555) Emperor fear of losing power Allowed “freedom” of religion Still a lot of violence ○ Targeted any minorities ○ Renaissance + religious revival + fanaticism \______________ _____________/ \/ Age of Exploration because of religious competition History Book notes (not learned in class) (if there already was a section for information, I put it there instead) 10.1 - The Italian Renaissance Important dates: ○ 1300 - Renaissance begins in city-states of Italy ○ 1434 - Medici family gains control over Florence government ○ 1456 - Gutenberg press produces first Bible ○ 1517 - Martin Luther posted 95 theses ○ 1534 - Act of Supremacy Worldview ○ Scholars began to study Muslim philosophy, art, and science ○ In turn, muslim scholars introduced Greek + Roman civilization ○ Didn’t break from past language, but had new attitude ○ More focused on Life in the present, not what happens after Death Pico della Mirandola : “To [man] it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills”. Medici family ○ Rich banking family (later expanded) in Florence - 1400s ○ Cosimo de’ Medici gained power of Florence government (unofficial ruler) 1434 ○ Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent generous patron renaissance ideal held Florence together Art reflecting Renaissance ○ Religious figures in classical background ○ People in present day = interest in present, individual achievements  Humanism Architecture ○ Didn’t like medieval gothic architecture ○ Focused on columns and domes Florence Cathedral by Brunellescii - modeled after the Pantheon Baldassare Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier ○ Manners, skills, learnings for a member of court ○ Ideal Man Athletic but not overactive Good at games, but not gambler Knows the arts but not arrogant ○ Ideal Women Balance to men Graceful and kind Lively but reserved Beautiful (outer & inner) 10.2 - The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance started in Flanders and spread across northern europe (1500s) Artists ○ Flemish = Bruegel + Van Eyck ○ German = Durer Northern humanists believed that revival of ancient learning should be used for religious and moral reforms More people writing in vernacular Writers ○ Erasmus - “Praise of Folly” ○ Sir Thomas More - “Utopia” ○ Rabelais’s Comic Masterpieces French humanist Monk, physician, greek scholar, writer Wrote in French vernacular “Gargantua and Pantagruel” - adventures of two gentle giants Uses characters for opinions on religion, education, etc. ○ Shakespeare Wrote 37 plays between 1590 - 1613 Universal themes in realistic settings Renaissance ideas: complexity of individuals + importance of classics Created more than 1700 words Printing Revolution ○ Johannes Gutenberg Heard about the printing presses in China Created his own version Allowed for an influx of books and information  ○ Caused an increase of literacy Due to cheap prices of books Broad range of knowledge Educated europeans were introduced to a whole new world 10.3 - The Protestant Reformation Causes of Reformation ○ Church caught up in worldly affairs ○ Fought to protect Papal States from secular rulers ○ Pope led lavish life, but needed funding for projects Lead to indulgences + other fees Early reformers ○ John Wycliffe (1300s) Supported and English Bible Questioned church doctrines Condemned to heresy after death Ideas still already spread ○ John Hus Rejected some church teachings (indulgences) Put on trial and burned at the stake Martin Luther ○ Rejected 5 of the 7 sacraments (because Bible did not mention) ○ Simplified the mass to emphasize the sermon ○ Many saw Luther’s idea as answer to corruption in church ○ Other Germans supported Luther for National loyalty Arts of Protest ○ Lucas Cranach - court painter for Frederick the Wise Befriended Luther and painted portraits of him + other reformers Peasants Revolt ○ 1524 ○ Called for more action to help peasants ○ Luther denounced after violence grew ○ Nobels suppressed peasants with Luther’s support ○ 100,000+ killings and many more homeless Peace of Augsburg ○ unsuccessful attempts of bringing Princes back to Catholicism ○ + mini wars ○ Agreement to decide which individually as a region who would follow which religion John Calvin ○ France born, lived in Switzerland ○ Trained as priest and lawyer ○ Published “Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536 Advice on how to run + organize protestant church Own religious beliefs  ○ Bible = sole truth ○ Salvation = Faith alone ○ God = all powerful ○ Human = sinful by nature ○ God decided long before who would gain salvation Predestination Calvin’s Geneva ○ City-state of Geneva in Switzerland asked Calvin to lead community ○ Calvin set up a theocracy Government run by church leaders ○ People saw themselves as “chosen” ○ Stressed virtues, and condemned sins ○ Spread by late 1500s, by people who visited Geneva Set off bloody wars 10.4 - Reformation Ideas Spread Explosion of Protestant Sects ○ More leaders took steps to bring Catholicism back to a “leadership” role ○ Protestant Sects sprang up Some developing own versions of christianity between Lutheran, Calvinism and another Swiss reformer, Ulrich Zwingli Some ideas became increasingly radical ○ Radical Reformers Rejecting infant baptism - Anabaptists Too young to understand Only for adults Separation church and state Baptists, Mennonites and Amish all trace back to Anabaptists English Reformation ○ Henry VIII initiated the break between Catholic Church and England Did not want papal control over England’s churches Henry VIII at first strongly opposed Protestantism Only one daughter, Mary Tudor, needed male heir Changed mind about church because Pope would not annual his marriage due to fear of Wife’s connection to King Charles V (1527) ○ Advisors pushed for separation, they were Protestants ○ Took over churches after series of laws from Parliament Act of Supremacy - Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” 1534 ○ Thomas Cranmer - archbishop Annualled King’s marriage After remarriage, had another daughter (Elizabeth) ○ Many loyal catholics refused the Act of Supremacy and were executed Including Sir Thomas More  More was later Canonized (recognized as a saint) by the Catholic Church ○ Churches in England 1536-1540 Ordered closing of all convents and monasteries in England Claimed wealth for the crown Known as dissolution ○ Anglican Church New churches of england Support from wealth distributed to noblemen after seized ○ Henry VIII not radical Still stuck to most Catholic beliefs and worship Allowed use of English Bible ○ In 1545 Henry VIII died Nine yr old Edward succeeded Protestant advisors pushed for Calvinism Cranmer drew up use of Book of Common Prayer to be used Sparked many uprising that were suppressed ○ Mary Tudor succeeded Edward after he passed in his teens Tried to bring back catholicism and failed Still burned and executed hundreds of English Protestants for heresy Including Archbishop Cranmer ○ Rule of Elizabeth (after Mary) - Protestant Elizabethan Settlement A religious compromise Enforced reforms both Catholic and Protestant would accept Kept old Catholic hierarchy but Monarchy = head of Church Escaped religious wars during 1500s Protestant nation The Catholic Reformation ○ Strengthened Inquisition Prepared Index of Forbidden Book List of books forbidden for catholics Lutheran books, Calvinism + some Italian humanist books Rooted out + executed heretics ○ Jesuit - Ignatius of Loyola Spanish soldier who got his leg shattered Found faith during recovery and vowed to be a soldier of God Drew up a strict religious, spiritual and moral discipline training for the Jesuits - total loyalty to Catholic Jesuit became advisors to Catholic rulers to combat heresy Set up schools Spread influence in Asia, Africa and the Americas ○ Teresa of Avila Born into wealthy Spanish family Experience religious renewal  Set up a own intense order of nuns Focusing on meditation and were isolated Superiors asked her to reorganize and reform Spanish convents and monasteries Her work still honored and regarded today Recognized as a Saint after death ○ Results of Catholic Reformation Majority of Europe in 1600s were Catholic Francis de Sales in France + many more were able to bring Protestants back into Catholic church Still division but corruption in Catholic church was all but gone Religious Persecution ○ Witch Hunts 1450-1750 Many men and women died (mainly women) Scholars believe that it had to do with belief in magic and spirits Mainly outcasts used as scapegoats for reassurance Charged religious unrest caused a belief of witches to rise When religious unrest ended, witch hunts did too ○ Persecution of Jews Many Jews were prospering in early Renaissance Italy allowed Jews, unlike Spain (1492) Pressure of Jews to convert In 1516, Jews in Venice had to live in quarter called the ghetto When Luther gave up on them, he called for them to be expelled and synagogues to be burned During Reformation Some princes expelled All required a yellow badge if traveling outside ghetto 1550s, Pope Paul IV restricted Jewish activities Many Jews migrated to Poland after 1550s Key Terms: Humanism ○ An intellectual movement of those who studies roman + greek cultures ○ Want to use past to increase knowledge of present ○ Focused more on secular, worldly subjects (rather than religion) ○ Education should stimulate creative thinking  Humanities ○ Were focused/emphasized by humanists ○ Subjects such of grammar, rhetoric (using language correctly), poetry and history ○ Taught in Greek + Roman schools Petratch ○ Lived in Florence in the 1300s ○ Early Renaissance humanist ○ Hunted down Greek + Roman manuscripts ○ Allowed western europeans after him to learn of famous greek, roman stories ○ Wrote love poems (Sonnets to Laura), greatly influenced writing of the time Vernacular ○ Everyday language of ordinary people Florence ○ Symbolize the italian renaissance ○ Produced many intellectuals in poetry, arts, etc. in a short period of time (like Athens) Patron ○ A wealthy person that supports the arts and/or sciences Perspective ○ 3D on 2D surface Leonardo da Vinci ○ One of the greatest Renaissance man in history ○ A brilliant mind of engineering, art, and science ○ Painted the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper Michelangelo ○ Famous sculptor (other mediums too) ○ Sculpted David, and Pieta ○ Painted The Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel Raphael ○ Famous Renaissance artist ○ Painted the School of Athens One of the most humanist paintings Baldassare Castiglione ○ Author of The Book of the Courtier ○ Wrote about manners, skills used in court ○ Ideal Man + Women Niccolo Machiavelli ○ Controversial writer and diplomat ○ Wrote about the reality of politics ○ Wrote “The Prince”, a guide to gain and maintain power Flanders ○ A region including France, Belgium, and the Netherlands ○ Northern Renaissance starting point Albrecht Durer ○ Leonardo of the North (German)  ○ Famous printmaker and painter ○ Themes based on religious unrest Engraving ○ Method of making prints by engraving a design on metal plate with acid and using plate to make prints Erasmus ○ A priest who called for translation of the Bible into vernacular ○ Wrote “Praise of Folly” Sir Thomas More ○ Friend of Erasmus ○ Pressed for economic reforms ○ Wrote “Utopia” Utopia ○ Used to describe a ideal society ○ Implications of impracticality William Shakespeare ○ A famous playwright famous for his uses of human emotional and relationship themes in real life scenarios ○ Added 1700+ words to the English language Johannes Gutenberg ○ The creator of the Gutenberg printing press ○ First printing press in Europe Indulgences ○ A one way ticket into heaven, paid for by money ○ Used to be earned with good deeds Martin Luther ○ German monk and theologist ○ Prompted Protestant reformation Wittenebrg ○ Native town of Luther ○ In Germany Chales V ○ Holy Roman Emperor Diet ○ An assembly, of German Princes John Calvin ○ A priest and lawyer who created Calvinism based on Lutheranism ○ Build Calvin’s Geneva ○ Caused bloody wars with the Roman Catholic Church Predestination ○ Idea that one’s salvation after death is already decided by God Geneva ○ A city-state in Switzerland that was rebuilt by Calvin Theocracy  ○ A government run by church leaders Sect ○ A organization sprung from a certain larger group of beliefs Henry VIII ○ A King of England who broke apart from the Catholic Church ○ Wanted to get a divorce ○ Passed the Act of Supremacy Mary Tudor ○ Henry VIII’s daughter ○ While queen, she executed many Protestants for heresy Thomas Cranmer ○ The Archbishop of the Anglican Church (England churches) Elizabeth ○ Henry VIII’s daughter ○ Started the Elizabethan Settlements ○ Allowed for a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants in England Canonize ○ To be recognized as a Saint Compromise ○ A middle ground that is acceptable between 2 groups Council of Trent ○ A council called on and off for 20 yrs after 1545 to reaffirm catholic beliefs Ignatius of Loyola ○ The leader of the Jesuit order ○ A former Spanish soldier St. Teresa of Avila ○ A devoted spanish nun who helped organize and reform the monasteries and convents in Spain ○ Canonized after death Ghetto ○ A separate area in a city/city-state specific to Jews Secular ○ Not bound by religious rule- not living under religious vows (unable to marry for priests or popes) Notes summary Birth of Renaissance Problems in Dark Ages caused a want for “rebirth” ○ Diseases (Black Plague) ○ Feudal Society ○ Church corruption  ○ Rise of Islamic Empire “Need to catch up” Revival of the Classics ○ Looking to the past for new ideas Humanism movement ○ Study of the classics to become virtuous and well-rounded ○ Catalyst for rebirth ○ Positive look on human life ○ Interest in present life, secular, worldly subjects ○ Education on Humanities (taught in classic societies) Italy ○ Trade center ○ Economically strong ○ Recovered from plague faster ○ Hub for patrons Artist and scientist traveling to Italy Medici family Renaissance Art Themes ○ More secular ○ Paintings of life/peasants (humanism) ○ Nature ○ Religious painting in classical background Styles ○ Fresco, statues, architecture ○ Oil (later) ○ Vibrant ○ Realism ○ Tells a story ○ Architecture less gothic, more classical Techniques Developed Techniques - elementary to us Explanation Symmetry Thoughtful + balance Similar on both sides Drew eyes to focal point Shading = “chiaroscuro” Italian technique 3D on flat surface (WOW~) Leonardo da Vinci Drapery Details in clothes  Botticelli Impasto Figure spilling out painting Titian Proportionality techniques for Realism… Linear perspective Using lines to express dimension for far vs. close Vanishing point Brunelleschi Foreshortening Changing length of object based on perspective “Sfumato” Details fading in distance for dimension Like eyesight Leonardo da Vinci Scachiatto Thin carving to show perspective Donatello Well known Artists ○ DaVinci Renaissance man ○ Brunelleschi Rediscovered linear perspective Built Florence cathedral ○ Donatello Sculpture Developed Scachiatto Caught people as they are, not saintly ○ Van Eyck From famous oil painting family Townspeople + religious scenes ○ Angelico Created a lot of pieces for the church The last Judgment ○ Masaccio Early Florentine artist Frescos in Florence cathedral ○ Mantegna Linear sharpness + realism Served in Mantua  ○ Botticelli Graceful figures + Drapery Revival after death ○ Durer Leonardo of the North Printmaker using italian techniques ○ Michelangelo Worked under Medici Pieta, David, Creation of Adam (sistine chapel), design for St. Peter’s Cathedral ○ Raphael School of Athens Blended christian + classical ○ Titian Focused on Greek mythology Developed impasto ○ Tintoretto Dark and light symbolism Inspired by Michelangelo + DaVinci ○ Bruegel Peasant painter Oil painting ○ Caravaggio Known for intense realism Dramatic chiaroscuro Bible = bloody drama Medici Family ○ Most famous patron ○ Florence ○ Lorenzo the Magnificent - held florence together Baldassare Castiglione ○ Book of the Courtier - ideal man/women Machiavelli ○ “The Prince”- controversial (1513) Not “ideal” but “best” Ends justify the meets Results > promises Fear > love Northern Renaissance 100 yrs after italian start Humanism change ○ Not to just improve oneself, but society as a whole ○ Art reflects peasants and society more Information + literacy  ○ Gutenberg press - 1456 ○ Writing in vernacular ○ More books from press = more literacy + education Authors ○ Erasmus - “Praise of Folly” ○ Sir Thomas More - “Utopia” Canonized after execution in english reformation ○ Shakespeare Theme in emotion + relationships ○ Cervantes - “Don Quixote” Poking fun at Middle Ages ○ Rabelais - “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Gentle giants talking about serious topics Protestant Reformation Problems causing doubt in church ○ Indulgences ○ Pope and lavish lives Figures ○ John Wycliffe 1300s reformer ○ John Hus Rejected some church teachings ○ John Tetzel ○ Martin Luther 95 thesis Faith = Salvation Bible/ Scripture = only No hierarchy ○ Lucas Cranach Court painter - painted Luther + reformers ○ John Calvin Calvinism - predestined Calvin’s Genova (theocracy) Peasant Revolt - 1524 ○ 100,000+ killings ○ Nobles suppressed peasants with Luther support Peace of Augsburg - 1555 ○ Charles V allowed each prince to choose own branch of Christianity Reformation idea spread Protestant Sects ○ Mix of lutheran, calvinism + swiss reformer (Ulrich Swingli) ○ Anabaptists - radicals  English Reformation ○ Henry 8th separated from Catholic church - Anglican Church ○ Act of Supremacy 1534 ○ Dissolution ○ Thomas Cranmer ○ Edward - 1545 Calvinism + Book of Common Prayer ○ Mary Tudor Catholicism Executed hundreds + Cranmer ○ Elizabeth I Elizabethan settlement Golden age of England Protestant nation Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) Pope Paul III ○ Slowing down Protestant Appt reformers to key positions Jesuit order - 1540 Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent - 1545 Reaffirm catholic beliefs Tried to root out corruption Strengthened inquisition Protestant and other religion direct dealing Did it work? ○ Corruption solve = yes ○ Spread of Lutheran = yes ○ Still a lot of violence + religious competition -> age of exploration Teresa of Avila ○ Canonized after death Religious Persecution after Witch hunts ○ Due to religious unrest and need for scapegoats ○ 1450-1750 Persecution of Jews ○ Ghettos ○ Pope Paul IV restricted Jew activity in 1550s ○ Many Jews migrated to Poland after 1550s