Middle Ages Art to Realism Art 2022 PDF

To Realism Art As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures. The printing press came later...

To Realism Art As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures. The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies of the scriptures were done by hand.  Art during the Middle Ages was different based on the location in Europe as well as the period of time. However, in general, Middle Age art can be divided up into three main periods and styles: Byzantine Art, Romanesque Art, and Gothic Art. Much of the art in Europe during the Middle Ages was religious art with Catholic subjects and themes. The different types of art included painting, sculpture, metal work, engraving, stained glass windows, and manuscripts. The end of the Middle Ages is often signaled by a great change in art with the start of the Renaissance Period.  ARTISTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Giotto di Ambrogio Lorenzetti Bondone An Italian painter of the Italian artist from the Gothic movement, he is 13th century best famous for his frescoes, known for his frescoes the Allegory of Good in Padua's Scrovegni Government and the Chapel. Allegory of Bad Government. Donatello Benvenuto di Giuseppe An Italian sculpture known for his statues Also known as of David, Mary Cimabue, this Magdalene, and the Florentine artist was well-known for his Madonna. paintings and mosaics.  Following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a vigorous period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth." The Renaissance, often defined as lasting from the 14th to the 17th centuries, promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period to empower the "individual." Most artwork emphasized NATURALISM, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body. Most artworks remained religious in its focus and themes  Most artworks remained religious Perspective of Depth in its focus and themes this techniques provided a three- dimensional Revival of Roman theatricals perspective plays performed during NATURALISM special occasions at a great emphasis on the courts of Italian the proportionality of princess the human body done in such a way that Humanism shifted showcased grand and lavish to empower the entertainment for the “individual audience Artists valued the Aside from the song and dance numbers, they interested in “individual” as a elaborate have greatly subject of arts influenced their tradition of popular theater.  The Birth of Venus by The Kiss of Judas by Sandro Botticelli Giotto di Bondone  The School of Athens by Mona Lisa by Leonardo Raphael Da Vinci  GIOTTO inaugurated a new period in painting by fusing religious antiquity with the nascent concept of Renaissance Humanism. His figures acquired an emotional intensity hitherto unseen in great art. Giotto is well renowned for his explorations of perspective and pictorial space, which gave his religious tales a fresh feeling of realism. Giotto di Bondone  Crucifix Celebration of Isaac Blessing Jacob Christmas at Greccio (1290-1295) (1288-1289) (1300)  DONATELLO was one of the most influential Italian artists of the 15th- century and forerunner of the Italian Renaissance. He pioneered new aesthetics in response to the flourishing Renaissance Humanism movement of the time. Donatello's lifelike and intensely emotional works established him as one of Italy's most prominent artists. Donatello donatello's Artwork 1433 Bust of Niccolo da 1415-17 Uzzano St. George Bust of Niccolò da Uzzano, polychrome terracotta, by Donatello, 1430s, 46 cm height (Museo It was carved for a guild of sword makers of Nazionale del Bargello, Florence), This distinguished politician and public figure, Niccolò average size that could only afford a statue of da Uzzano, died in 1433, he had led the party marble, rather than of bronze. Saint George which opposed the Medici, and was portrayed 1408-15 was the patron saint of the armourer's guild posthumously in polychrome terracotta by and was known as military figure, as well as a Saint John the Donatello following a Classical model from hero in the Holy Land, making him a fitting antiquity. This bust reveals the physical and moral Evangelist subject. individuality of the portrayed as well as Donatello’s extraordinary ability to sculpt in color. It has been described as the oldest half bust portrait of the Florentine Renaissance.  MASACCIO is considered by many to be the first truly Renaissance painter. He adopted a rational approach that would come to define the Renaissance as a whole. Masaccio's life was tragically cut short, but his exceptional achievement impacted the trajectory of Western art. Massacio  Massacio's Artwork 1425-27 Payment of the Tribute Money 1422 The Tribute Money mural painting portrays a San Giovenale Triptych composite scene from the Gospel of Matthew (the 1424-25 tax-collector) in which Jesus tells Peter to find a coin in the mouth of a fish in order to satisfy a demand The triptych is the first work attributed to Madonna and Child for tribute money Masaccio and the earliest known painting with St Anne essay using the geometric Renaissance The artist often showcased the Virgin Mother, and perspective. her Child Jesus in an array of his artwork as their natural presence held an innocent and loving emotion.  MICHELANGELO is considered to be one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance period even while acquiring a reputation for being temper driven, fickle, and difficult. He was part of the revival of classical Greek and Roman art, yet his unique contributions went beyond mere mimicry of antiquity. His work was infused with a psychological intensity and emotional realism that had never been Michelangelo Buonarroti seen before. Michelangelo's Artwork 1508-12 The Creation of Adam 1496-97 1501-04 Bacchus David, biblical Roman God of Wine figure  Throughout the Italian High Renaissance, the ethos of Humanism prevailed, in which artists were profoundly rooted in the study of the humanities in order to continually improve themselves as world citizens. A person absorbed with the study and accomplishment of such disparate hobbies would subsequently be dubbed a "RENAISSANCE MAN." Leonardo da Vinci was the term's first prime exemplar. Despite the fact that his extensive personal interests resulted in his mastery of several professions, he is largely regarded as one of the finest painters of all time. His enduring works are still Leonardo Da Vinci studied and admired today. Leonardo's Artwork 1498 The Last Supper 1485 1503 The Vitruvian Man Mona Lisa  RAPHAEL forged a comet's trail of painting during the height of the Italian High Renaissance while only being alive for 37 prolific and passionate years. His genuine enthusiasm for life spilled out onto the canvas, where his mastery at conveying the Renaissance Humanist era's ideas of beauty was astounding. He is considered an equal member of the holy trinity of master artists of his day, with Leonardo Da Vinci and Raphael Michelangelo.  raphael's Artwork 1510 Disputation of the 1504 Holy Sacrament The Marriage of (also known as the Disputation over the 1509-11 the Virgin Blessed Sacrament or the Triumph of The School of Athens Religion), painted by Raphael between 1508 and 1511, represents represents all the greatest mathematicians, The Marriage of the Virgin clearly Christianity's victory over the multiple philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity shows the marriage of Saint Joseph and philosophical tendencies shown in the gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from the Virgin Mary. The painting was School of Athens fresco painted on the each other. These figures all lived at different times, commissioned by the Church at Citta di opposite wall. but here they are gathered together under one roof. Castello in Italy.  this techniques provided a performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princess three-dimensional perspective done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience Aside from the song and dance numbers, they interested in elaborate have greatly influenced their tradition of popular theater. School of Athens by Raphael featured philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates Manne rism  During the Renaissance artistwould observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their observations a product of the Renaissance As the Renaissance Period ended artist started directly distorted figures two dimensional spaces, discordant hues and colors, and lack of defined focal point  The Vision of Saint Madonna with Spring John, or The the Long Neck By Giuseppe Opening of the Fifth By Parmigianino Arcimboldo Seal By El Greco  The word Mannerism has been derived from the Italian word “Maniera.” It means style or manner. Mannerism is also known as Late Renaissance or Mannerism, and it is a European art style that emerged in 1520. It is not an exact definition, and still a subject of debate, because this term is used for two things such as Historians and artists differ as to literature and music. The artwork of this art whether Mannerism is a movement, a style is very fantastic, and shows harmonious style or a period because this term ideals such as Madonna and Laocoön and His remains controversial due to its use. Carl Sons. Jacob Christoph Burckhardt was a Swiss historian who popularized this term in the western world. But by the end of the High Renaissance, many artists experienced difficulty in the pertinence of this art style.  A r t i s t s of Mannerism  His body of work is powerfully evocative of the Divine and widely recognized for expressing the spirituality that lies behind all being. He became enthralled by the new Mannerism, which rejected mere reproduction of nature in art in favor of expressing the work's underlying psychological characteristics beyond Born: 1 October 1541, Heraklion, Greece mythical or religious themes. Died: 7 April 1614, Toledo, Spain On view: Museo Nacional del Prado, National Gallery of Art, MORE Full name: Doménikos Theotokópoulos Nickname: El Greco  Standing in front of one of Tintoretto's epic works is to be immersed in a whirlwind of activity, with muscular figures interlaced into rhythmic patterns of emotional anguish and dramatic conflicts. The sceneries hover, threatening to break through the borders between pictorial pictorial space and the practical world. They were originally created to embellish the enormous interiors of great halls and expansive ceilings. Even his one-of-a-kind self- Born: 1518, Venice, Italy Died: 31 May 1594, Republic of portraits reveal the artist's soul rather than simply Venice displaying his style. Venetian school Full name: Jacopo Comin  Pontormo was one of the most influential Italian painters of the High Renaissance. He rubbed shoulders with some of the greatest artists of the time, including Michelangelo, and found inspiration in northern European engravings and woodcuts. Pontormo became increasingly reclusive and unhappy Born: 24 May 1494, Empoli, Italy in the last decade of his life, refusing even Died: 1 January 1557, Florence, the company of Bronzino. Italy This artist is known for his commercial illustration. Full name: Jacopo da Pontormo  ART The Entombment of Christ, The Swing, Jean-Honoré Caravaggio, 1603-04 Fragonard, circa 1767,  ARCHITECTURE Church of Saint Ignatius German Rococo Interior of Loyola, Rome  ITALY Motion and ARTISTS strengthened not space a lot of artists have developed styles only their religion but use of dramatic lighting and techniques different from their also other aspects and the concept of time Renaissance predecessors like politics and art used colorful palettes and EXPANSION MUSIC ornamentation in their works was the central serve as powerful tool to theme of this period communicate messages able to clearly distinguish BAROQUE PERIOD loud from soft and solo from a response to ensemble Protestantism COMPOSERS 1600 to 1750 Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi BAROCCO Bach and Handel Portuguese term limited only to power institutions ”irregularly like the church and individuals like shaped pearl” the Patrons middle class and the masses  An Italian Baroque composers, virtuoso violinist, teacher, impresario and Roman Catholic priest. - His best-known piece was “The four Season”, it is a set of four violin concerto composed in 1723. It is the world’s most popular and recognized piece of Baroque music. The four violin concerto broke new ground with their programmatic depiction of the changing seasons and their technical innovations.  An Italian violinist and composer known chiefly for his influence on the development of violin style and for his Sonatas and his 12 concerti grossi. His instrumental works established the chamber music style and form of the late baroque era. The trio sonatas of Opus 1 and 3 were intended for church performance (da chiesa) with figured bass for organ and those of Opus 2 and 4 were chamber music (da camera) with harpsichord and/or archlute accompaniment.  Corelli’s famous work was Concerto Grosso or Christmas Concerto (no.8), this concerti grossi were not published until the year of his death This piece is commonly called the “Christmas Concerto” because it may have been performed by Corelli on Christmas Eve, 1690. The title page bears the inscription, Fatto per la notte di Natale (“made for the night of Christmas”)  The most important developer of the new genre, the opera. He also did much to bring a “modern” secular spirit into church music. He was an Italian composer, string player, choirmaster, and priest in the late renaissance.  The most famous work from hid Mantuan Period are the Opera Orfeo (1607). Although opera had been invented in Florence around 1600, Monteverdi’s Orfeo is the first masterpiece in that genre. ARTIST OF BAROQUE PERIOD  A German composer and musician of the Baroque era and the most celebrated member of a large family of north German musicians. His instrumental compositions are known such as Celo Suites and Brandenburg Cencertos.  Bach’s one of the famous work is the Brandenburg Concertos. His Brandenburg Concertos are a collection of six, three-movement orchestral works, completed by the composer in around 1721 for Prussian royal, the Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.  A German-British Baroque composer that well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi and organ concertos. Though, Handel is working as a violinist, it was his skill on the organ and harpsichord that began to earn him attention and landed him more opportunities to perform in opera.  George Fray Handel's Messiah (1741) is one of the most famous pieces of choral music in the world, written during the Baroque era. He composed it for modest vocal and instrumental forces with optional settings for many of the individual numbers. When composing the celebrated Hallelujah chorus, Handel said it was "as if I saw God on his throne and all angels around him".  It was the dominant art NEOCLASSICISM movement that time PERIOD which basically aimed to revive and rekindle a movement in the influences of Greek Europe that and Roman into art and Beginning of Modern transpired during the architecture Art Debate late 18th and early 19th centuries Ancient Greeks and French Revolution in 1789 Europeans placed emphasis on human reason 1863,when there and keeping society in order was an emergence This movement was a reaction to of modern painting the artworks produced during the exhibitions Baroque Period There was a call to veer from such extravagance in terms of style and form of the Baroque Period  The word neoclassicism came from the Greek word Neos meaning "New" and the Latin word Classicus which is similar in meaning to the English phrase "First Class." The western movement in decorative and visual arts was called Neoclassicism. It also applied to Literature, Theater, Music, and Architecture that were influenced by the classical art and culture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The Neoclassicism movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Reason also known as the Age of Enlightenment. Neoclassical art pieces such as PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and ARCHITECTURE generally portrayed Roman History which elevated the Roman Heroes.  Portrayal of Roman History Neoclassical artists Formal Composition embraced the ideals of The use of diagonals to order and moderation. show the peak of an Neoclassical painters emotion or moment gave great importance to the costumes, settings Local color and details of classical Overall lighting subject-matter Classic Geo-Structure.  He was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical Style, and Considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. His Subject of paintings were more on History.  The Painting showed a strongly The Portrayal of a revolutionary idealized view of the real Martyr. crossing that Napoleon and his This is a painting of the army made across the Alps murdered French revolutionary through the Great St. Bernard leader Jean-Paul Marat. Pass in May 1800  Ingres was a pupil of Jacques Louis David. He was influenced by Italian Renaissance painters like Raphael, Nicolas Pousin, Brotticelli, and his mentor, Jacques Louis David. And, his painting were usually nudes, portraits and mythological themes. He was Regarded as one of he great exemplar of academic art and one of the finest old master in his era.  The painting depicts Napoleon in his decent The painting was a state-commission by coronation costume, seated upon his golden encrusted Charles X (10) to have him throne. Remembered in the building work of the Louvre. The painting was believed to be commissioned by Napoleon as King of Italy. The painting depicts an image of The painting was owned by the Corps Legislatif Homer, receiving all the brilliant men of which was a part of the French Legislature. Rome, Greece and Contemporary times.  Neoclassical sculpture is defined by its symmetry, life-sized to monumental scale, and its serious subject matter. The subjects of Neoclassical sculpture ranged from Mythological figures to heroes of the past to Major contemporary personages.  ANTONIO CANOVA Canova was a prolific italian artist and sculptor who became famous for his Marble sculpture that delicately rendered nude flesh. He opened the idea for portraying discrete sexual pleasures by using pure contours with his mythological compositions.  A Life-size marble statue of George Washington, done in the style of a roman general, by the Italian Neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova. - A marble sculpture portraying the relationship of Psyche and This is a marble sculpture currently displayed at Cupid. North Carolina Museum of History. Bertel Thorvaldsen Thorvaldsen was the first internationally acclaimed Danish artist. He executed sculptures of Mythological and Religious themes characters. - A marble sculpture image - A sculpture of a dying lion in of resurrected Christ Lucerne, Switzerland that currently located at the commemorates the Swiss Guards Thorvaldsen Museum. who were massacred in 1792 during the French Revolution.  Started in the 18th and early 19th century Turned away from the gradeur of Rococo style and the Late Baroque. Style was principally derived from the architecture of Classical Greece and Rome and the architectural designs of Italian architect Andrea Palladio  Andrea Palladio (1508- 1580) Andrea Palladio was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Venetian Republic. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective, and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.  TEMPLE STYLE PALLADIAN STYLE CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE  TEMPLE STYLE Temple Style building design was based on an ancient temple. Temple Style building feature a Peristyle ( Continuous line of column around the building), A rare (uncommon) feature of Renaissance Architecture  PALLADIAN STYLE Building were based on Andrea Palladio’s style villa construction Some of the buildings feature a Balustrade which is a railing with vertical supports along the edge of the roof. CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE The building features a rectangular or square plan, with a flat roof and an exterior rich in classical detail. The exterior features a repeated classical pattern or series of arches and/or columns.  He designed the most famous classical block of all which is the PALAIS GARNIER (a Neobaroque opera house.)  During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements. The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of man, which was a deviation from the humanist principle of rationalism.  Shows the height of Dramatic compositions action Heightened sensation Emotional extremes (life and death Celebrated nature as out moments) of control - The paintings of the Romantic Period gave more emphasis on Emotion. Artists expressed as much feeling and passion as it could be on a canvas. Jean Louis Theodore Gericault Eugene Delacroix Francisco Goya  Landscape painting depicts the physical world that surround us and includes features such as mountains, valleys, vegetation, and bodies of water. The sky is another important element shaping the mood of landscape paintings. Landscaped art ranges from highly detailed and realistic to impressionistic, romantic and idealized.  Sonata B minor By Gleb Ivanov Heroic Nudes By Théodore Géricault  LE REPOS SOUS LE THE CHURCH SAULES OF MARISSEL – NEAR BEAUVAIS painted by J.B. Camille Corot.1866  DEPARTURE OF THE JEAN D’ARC The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is a VOLUNTEERS- folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. She led the French army to several important victories during the commemoration of a crucial moment in modern Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the history through the powerful language of coronation of Charles VII of France. She was burned at the classical allegory stake for heresy. Imsubordination and heterodoxy  HERCULES SITTING ON A BULL - Barye sculpted THESEUS SLAYING Hercules with the Erymanthean Boar, depicting Hercules's fourth Labor, where he THE MINOTAUR- had to capture a live wild boar from Mount final vanquishing of the terrifying man-monster by Erymanthos (1820) the Athenian hero Theseus, who has braved the labyrinth so that the promised seven young men and women would not be sacrificed to the Minotaur, as commanded by King Minos  Realism is the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. It rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation of outward appearance. It is in direct opposition to concerns of the unusual, the basis of Romanticism. The term is also used to describe artworks painted in a realistic almost photographic way. - Realism’s purpose is to interpret the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. It is in direct opposition to concerns of the unusual, the basis of Romanticism. Stresses the real over the fantastic Example of Realism:  Part of a "trilogy" of paintings celebrating France's rural denizens, The Gleaners serves as something of a feminine pendant to Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1849- 50). Gleaning was perhaps the lowest form of work for women in French society, a practice wherein female peasants were allowed to comb the fields after the harvest, "gleaning" bits of grain that were left behind to GLEANERS take home for food; hours of hunched- Jean-François Millet over labor would often be rewarded with a small amount of meal. Millet certainly meant for the painting to call attention to the plight of the rural poor.