READ100_Week 2_Introduction to Reading and Literacy Development.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO READING AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT Science and Development of Reading – Week 2  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: Recognize the significance of reading; Identify key stages of literacy development; and, Define the...

INTRODUCTION TO READING AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT Science and Development of Reading – Week 2  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: Recognize the significance of reading; Identify key stages of literacy development; and, Define the role of phonological awareness. THE IMPORTANCE OF READING  Definition of Reading One of the four language skills that aid language learning. Reading is both a receptive and active process or skill. Unlike speaking, it is a skill that must be systematically taught in a structured way. The primary goal of reading is to achieve comprehension, the capacity to understand meanings from a text.  Definition of Reading According to Goodman (1967), reading is a selective process. It involves partial use of available minimal language cues selected from perceptual input on the basis of the reader’s expectation. As this partial information is processed, tentative decisions are made to be confirmed, rejected, or refined as reading progresses.  Definition of Reading Reading is a complex system of deriving meaning from print that requires all the following: (1) the skills and knowledge to understand how phonemes, or speech sounds, are connected to print; (2) the ability to decode unfamiliar words; (3) the ability to read fluently; (4) sufficient background information or schema and vocabulary to foster reading comprehension; (5) the development of appropriate active strategies to derive meaning from print; and, (6) the development and maintenance of a motivation to read (National Reading Panel, 2002).  Definition of Reading “Reading is a process of constructing meaning in which the reader is an active participant. Meaning doesn't flow automatically from the text to the reader; rather, the text contains clues that the reader uses to generate meaning” (Karen, 2004, p.26). Reading involves asking questions to the text, and the essence of comprehension lies in getting the questions answered (Huffman, 1998).  Definition of Reading Comprehension It entails the capacity to grasp the content of a written work, analyze its information, and accurately interpret the author's intended message (Grabe and Stoller, 2002). It represents a cognitive process through which a reader chooses facts, data, or concepts from written materials, determines the author's intended meanings, establishes connections with prior knowledge, and assesses their relevance and value in achieving the reader's personal goals (Veeravagu et al., 2010). Skills Involved in Reading Comprehension 1. identifying a purpose for reading 2. previewing 3. predicting 4. asking questions 5. making predictions 6. relating the text to prior knowledge 7. summarizing 8. connecting one part of the text to another 9. recognizing text structure  Levels of Reading Comprehension Literal – reading the lines Inferential – reading between the lines Appreciative Critique Essential Evaluation – reading beyond the lines  The Reading Process WORD RECOGNITION – the ability to identify and decode individual words in a text; considered as the building blocks of reading COMPREHENSION – the ability to understand and make sense of the information presented in a text FLUENCY – the ability to read a text smoothly, accurately, and with appropriate speed Two Views of Reading SIMPLE VIEW OF READING Gough and Tunmer (1986) There are two basic processes integral to reading – decoding and language comprehension. Decoding is the ability to translate text into oral language; then the reader uses their knowledge of the language to make sense of the decoded message. Two Views of Reading READING ROPE Dr. Hollis Scarborough (2001) The different elements of language comprehension and word recognition must be interconnected to achieve skilled literacy. Reading is a multifaceted cognitive process that represents reading acquisition. Five Essential Components of Reading PHONEMIC AWARENESS – the ability to recognize and manipulate individual phonemes, which are the smallest units of sound in a language PHONICS – understanding the relationship between phonemes (sounds) and graphemes (letters and letter combinations) VOCABULARY – spoken and written words a reader recognizes and comprehends Five Essential Components of Reading COMPREHENSION – the ability to understand and make meaning from the text FLUENCY – the ability to read a text smoothly, accurately, and with appropriate speed; reading with expression and without hesitation  Why is reading important? Improves vocabulary skills – Reading exposes you to a wide array of words and phrases. Develops comprehension – Reading allows you to gain a better grasp and understanding of the things around you. It also improves your critical thinking abilities. Develops critical thinking skills – Reading exposes you to different kinds of writing which can help develop your critical thinking skills since you are required to think and process information.  Why is reading important? Sharpens the memory – With all the information that you remember and learn, your memory becomes better. As you create new memories, new pathways are created and existing ones are strengthened. Improves results at school – Reading is fundamental to academic success. It makes you more creative, open to new ideas, and empathetic to other people. Improves analytical skills – Reading requires you to analyze every detail carefully and consider all the aspects of the text.  Why is reading important? Builds Confidence – Reading enhances numerous skills and together can build your confidence. Helps with socialization – Reading provides topics for discussion and common interests in social settings. Broadens horizons – Reading exposes individuals to different cultures, perspectives, and experiences. Improves writing skills – Exposure to well-written material, whether in novels, essays, or articles, can improve your writing style and techniques. Thus, making you a better writer.  Why is reading important? Heightens focus and concentration – Reading demands sustained attention, which can improve focus and concentration over time. Makes you more empathetic – Reading allows readers to step into the shoes of diverse characters and understand their emotions, fostering empathy. Develops emotions – Reading builds a connection between the reader and the writer. Although you haven’t met him yet, you get to know him and connect to him on an emotional level through reading.  Why is reading important? Creates leaders – Many successful leaders attribute their success to avid reading. Allows you to learn at your own pace – Reading allows individuals to learn and absorb information at their own pace. Readers can pause, reread, or explore further as needed, promoting effective learning. STAGES OF LITERACY DEVELOPMENT  Definition of Literacy Development It refers to the process through which individuals acquire and enhance the skills and knowledge necessary for reading, writing, and effectively engaging with written language. It encompasses a range of abilities and competencies that enable individuals to become proficient and literate members of society. Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 0: PRE-READING OR PSEUDO READING (6 months to 6 years old) pretends to read, and gradually develops the skills to retell stories when looking at pages of books previously read able to name letters of the alphabet, write own name, and play with books, pencils, and paper can understand thousands of words but can read few (if any) by 6 years old Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 1: INITIAL READING AND DECODING (6 to 7 years old) learns the relation between letters and sounds and between print and spoken words able to read simple texts containing high-frequency words and phonically regular words, and uses skills and insight to “sound out” new words In relation to writing, the child is moving from scribbling to controlled scribbling to non-phonetic letter strings. Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 2: CONFIRMATION AND FLUENCY (7 to 8 years old) can read simple, familiar stories and selections with increasing fluency This is done by consolidating the basic decoding elements, sight vocabulary, and meaning context in the reading of common topics. The learner’s skills are extended through guided read- alouds of more complex texts. Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 3: READING FOR LEARNING THE NEW (9 to 13 years old) Reading is used to learn new ideas, gain new knowledge, experience new feelings, to learn new attitudes, generally from one or two points of view. There is time spent balancing the consolidating of constrained skills (spelling, grammar, fluency) whilst providing ample opportunities to explore topics through reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing. By this time, the learner has transitioned to a stage where he or she is expected to learn from their reading. Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 4: MULTIPLE VIEWPOINTS (15 to 17 years old) reading widely from a broad range of complex materials, both expository and narrative, and are asked to apply a variety of viewpoints required to access, retain, critique, and apply knowledge and concepts consolidating general reading, writing, and learning strategies whilst being required to develop more sophisticated disciplinary knowledge and perspectives Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 5: CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION (College level and beyond) Reading is used for one’s own needs and purposes (professional and personal). Reading serves to integrate one’s knowledge with that of others to synthesize information and to create new knowledge. Reading and writing are purposeful, strategic, often specialized and anchored. Five Stages of Literacy Development STAGE 5: CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION (College level and beyond) Literacy stratifies greatly in adulthood since reading and writing habits are shaped by educational, cultural, and employment factors that become increasingly diverse in the post-school landscape. In professional and specialized settings, individuals are required to synthesize information from a diverse range of sources in order to form conclusions, shape audiences’ views, and navigate multiple points of view (or perspectives).  THE ROLE OF PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS  Definition of Phonological Awareness Phonological awareness refers to the conscious awareness that language is composed of sounds and the ability of students to detect sounds in speech to learn sound-letter relations. It is an overarching concept that includes listening, rhyme and alliteration, sentence segmentation, and syllable and onset-rime blending and segmenting. The most complex and most important phonological skill is phonemic awareness, the awareness of the individual sounds in words, and the ability to manipulate the sounds.  Rhyming It is a linguistic and poetic device in the English language where two or more words or syllables have similar sounds at the end of their respective words. These similar sounds are typically found in the last stressed syllables of the words and create a pleasing and rhythmic effect when spoken or written together. Rhyming is commonly used in poetry, song lyrics, and even in everyday language to create patterns, emphasize words, and enhance the overall auditory appeal of the text.  Alliteration It is a literary device in the English language where a series of words in a sentence or phrase begin with the same consonant sound. It is used for stylistic and rhythmic purposes in writing and speech. Alliteration adds a musical quality to the language and can make phrases or sentences more memorable.  Sentence Segmentation It is a phonological awareness skill that involves recognizing and breaking down spoken language into its constituent sentences. It is the ability to perceive where one sentence ends, and another begins within spoken discourse.  Syllables Syllables are the individual units of sound within a word. In spoken language, words are often divided into syllables, each of which typically contains one vowel sound, although there can be exceptions. Syllables help determine the pronunciation and rhythm of words.  Onset and Rimes In reading, the term onset refers to the initial consonant or consonant cluster that occurs at the beginning of a syllable or a word. It is a crucial element in phonological awareness, which is the ability to recognize and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken language. Identifying the onset of a word helps readers decode and pronounce words more accurately and is an essential skill for early literacy development, especially when learning to read and spell.  Onset and Rimes In reading, the term rimes (sometimes spelled as "rhymes") refers to the part of a word that includes the vowel sound and any consonant sounds that come after it within a syllable. Rimes are also known as "word families" or "phonograms." Rimes share the same or similar vowel and consonant sounds and are often used in early literacy instruction to help children recognize common patterns in words.  References Bernardo, A.S. (2013). Developmental Reading 1. Rex Book Store, Inc. The Hunt Institute (n.d.). The Science of Reading. https://lillyendowment.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/the-science-of- reading-issue-brief.pdf Frankel, K. et al. (2016). From "What is Reading?" to What is Literacy? Journal of Education 196(3), 7-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311946786_From_What_is_Readin g_to_What_is_Literacy What are the Levels of Comprehension? https://irisreading.com/what-are-the- levels-of-comprehension/ Australian Education Research Organisation (n.d.). Introduction to the Science of Reading. https://www.edresearch.edu.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/AERO- Introduction-to-the-science-of-reading.pdf  References Stages of Literacy Development. https://www.theliteracybug.com/stages-of- literacy Rivera, G. (2017). 12 Reasons Why You Should Read More Books. https://www.theodysseyonline.com/12-reasons-should-read Winter, C. (2023). 10 Benefits of Reading: Why You Should Read Every Day. https://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/10-benefits-reading-why-you-should- read-everyday.html Hougen, M. (2016). Phonological Awareness: An Essential Component of Reading Instruction. https://d1yqpar94jqbqm.cloudfront.net/documents/1Brief_PhonologicalAware ness.pdf