Radiology - FTY211E Course Presentation PDF

Department Name :Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Course Code and Name :FTY211E RADIOLOGY Week of the Course :3 Day and Time of the Course :Tuesday 09.00-10.50 Course Credit/ECTS Information :2/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution :Test/Midterm exam:...

Department Name :Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Course Code and Name :FTY211E RADIOLOGY Week of the Course :3 Day and Time of the Course :Tuesday 09.00-10.50 Course Credit/ECTS Information :2/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution :Test/Midterm exam: %50 – Final exam:%50 Course Lecturer :Pınar AKDENİZ Email and Phone :[email protected] Lecturer’s Office :B blok-311 Consultation Information :Tuesday 11:00-14:00 GBS Link :https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-316-5689-1 ALMS Link :https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Home/Index AVESİS Link :https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/pakdeniz  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | Week 1- Course Description, Student Week 9- Upper Extremity Radiology Responsibilities, Semester Course and Exam Information, Time Management Week 10- Lower Extremity Radiology Week 2- Radiology and Ethics Week 11- Nervous System Radiology Week 3- What is Radiology? What is Week 12- Respiratory System Radiation? Radiology Week 4- What is X-Ray ? Week 13- Digestive and Urinary System Week 5- Radiological Diagnostic Radiology Devices Week 14- Breast Radiology Week 6- Radiation Health and Radiation Protection Week 15- Algorithm in Radiology Week 7- Skeletal System Radiology Week 16- FINAL Week 8- MIDTERM EXAM Week 17- FINAL  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | We will learn the definition of radiology and how it was first discovered. We will learn the physical principles of radiological imaging methods. We will learn what types of energy are used in radiology. We will learn what the radiological imaging devices are. We will learn the definition of radiation, its biological effects, and how we should protect ourselves from it.  | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE | Week 2- Radiology and Ethics  | DAILY FLOW | 09.00-09.50/ 1st Hour 10.00-10.50/ 2nd Hour  What is Radiology? Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 Diagnosis and treatment of diseases  Radiology is a scientific field that uses radiant energy (radiation) for imaging in the diagnosis of diseases or for guidance in interventional procedures (interventional radiology) to show the entry point and path within the body. Radiation refers to energy that propagates in a straight line through space. How did everything happen? There was a cathode tube in the room where he worked, the phosphorescence in the room while he was working saw a flash of light on the screen He realized that when there was platinum and lead between the tube and the phosphorescent screen, the rays could not pass.  Diagnostic radiology consists of four main methods: X-ray, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Ultrasonography (US). Some of these diagnostic and therapeutic devices involve ionizing radiation. Types of Energy Used in Radiology Two main categories: 1. Electromagnetic radiations, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Computed tomography (CT), Gamma rays, Nuclear medicine (NM), Radio waves, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 2. Ultrasound energy, Ultrasonography (US)  So why is diagnostic imaging so important? The vast majority of diseases manifest themselves with different clinical manifestations. At the end of all these, when evaluating a disease, RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION is an important DIAGNOSTIC method besides anamnesis, clinical examination, physical examination findings and numerous other diagnostic methods. Sometimes Radiological Imaging; As an important diagnostic tool, it can override other diagnostic methods and may be sufficient alone in the diagnosis of a disease.  Radıologıcal Imagıng Methods After the discovery of X-ray, radiology with the discovery of X-ray; It has become an integral part of medicine and especially surgery. In the following years, many radiological imaging methods have been introduced. By transferring the developments in computer technology to imaging methods; In addition to the classical methods, which have been used for many years, modern methods have been developed that are becoming increasingly common today.  The main imaging methods used today are; X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ultrasonography (US) Radionuclide Imaging The basic radiology unit is divided into two categories: diagnostic and interventional. 1. Diagnostic Radiology: This is the branch of radiology focused on using various imaging techniques to diagnose diseases and conditions. X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US)  X-ray Machines: X-ray machines are imaging devices that enable the production of X-rays in the desired duration, quality, and quantity. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in radiology is their ability to penetrate tissues.  The human body is composed of tissues with varying atomic weights, thicknesses, and densities. As a result, when X-rays pass through these tissues, they reflect onto the X-ray film at different rates. This reflection produces an image with shades of gray ranging from black to white. The method of obtaining an image by passing X-rays through the body part to be examined and projecting them onto film is called radiography.  Computed Tomography (CT): Computed tomography (CT) is a cross-sectional imaging method theorized by Cormack in 1963. CT, which is based on the principles of the X-ray machine, is a diagnostic method that uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the examined area of the body. In computed tomography (CT) a three-dimensional image. (3D)  In most computed tomography (CT) examinations, contrast agents are used to make lesions more visible. CT is particularly the first method used in cases of intracranial hemorrhages.  CT has a wide range of applications in thoracic and abdominal imaging. If there are masses in these areas, their boundaries and spread to surrounding tissues can be visualized.  Magnetic Resonance (MR) - MR Spectroscopy: The process of creating detailed images of internal organs using magnetic fields and radio waves is called Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Unlike traditional imaging methods, MRI generates images by utilizing natural parameters within the human body, specifically the protons in hydrogen atoms found in the water molecules of fluids and tissues.  With MRI, organs, soft tissues, and bones can be imaged. MRI does not use ionizing radiation (there are no X-rays involved). A large tube-shaped magnet creates a magnetic field around the patient. A radiofrequency coil is placed over the area to be imaged. This method detects changes in the water molecules in the body, which are then converted into images by computers.  The MRI machine operates based on the principle that atoms align with the magnetic field and oscillate at a specific frequency under the influence of the magnetic field. When radio waves are applied to these atoms, they reflect the radio waves back at a particular frequency. The MRI device detects these reflected waves and uses them to create detailed images of the object.  Ultrasonography (US) - Doppler Ultrasound (Doppler US): Ultrasonography is the process of converting sound energy into images using high- frequency sound waves. In ultrasonography, the reflection of ultrasound waves is utilized to create visual representations of internal body structures.  As a diagnostic tool, the most significant advantage of ultrasonography over radiography is its ability to easily differentiate between solid structures and fluid accumulations. In ultrasonography, fluid appears as black, while organ tissues appear in lighter shades.  One significant advantage of ultrasonography is that, because it does not involve ionizing radiation, it can be safely used in infants and pregnant women. neck, thyroid gland, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, bladder, uterus, ovaries, scrotum, testes, and prostate gland.  Since ultrasonography is known to have no harmful effects, it can be repeated many times at short intervals, allowing the progression of a disease to be monitored effectively. Ultrasonography has become a fundamental examination method in general screenings, as it provides the ability to image very small abnormalities in abdominal organs, female reproductive organs, and the prostate.  Mammography Machine: Mammography is an imaging method that shows structural changes in the breast. It allows for the radiological examination of soft tissues. However, because the device applies X-rays directly and from a very close distance, and the tissue being examined is very thin, it uses a limited amount of X-rays.  2. Interventional Radiology Interventional radiology includes diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are performed by entering the body through pathways as small as a needle puncture, without the need for surgical incisions. Diagnostic procedures include: biopsies, drainage, angiography, In these units, the imaging procedures involve the use of harmful rays known as ionizing radiation, and devices that use X-rays are commonly utilized.  Today, some of the imaging methods used in the medical diagnosis and treatment of various diseases involve ionizing radiation. In diagnostic radiology, exposure to ionizing radiation can have stochastic (random) effects. Although these effects are extremely rare, even at low doses, there is a potential risk of cancer. The effects of radiation related to: person's age, health conditions, organ status, and immune system. Additionally, the threshold radiation dose that may cause cancer or genetic damage in humans is not precisely known.  Radiation Radiation is energy emitted from a source in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. lasers, the sun, radar systems, television transmitters, X-ray machines, and radioactive materials. The Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation The biological effects of ionizing radiation on irradiated tissue depend on factors such as the total dose received, the dose rate, the amount of the body exposed to radiation, radiosensitivity, and the type of radiation emitted. These factors can lead to stochastic (random) and deterministic effects. 1. Deterministic Effect: high doses of radiation. 2. Stochastic Effects: long-term exposure to very low doses  The percentage of cancer cases attributed to X-ray applications in certain countries is as follows: 0.6% in the UK, 0.09% in the USA, 1.3% in Germany, and 2.9% in Japan. Unfortunately, there is no research on this topic in our country (Şaşkın, 2010). Radiation Protection ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). This principle aims to minimize radiation exposure by using the lowest possible levels of radiation while still achieving the required outcomes, ensuring safety for both patients and workers. Basic Safety Standards: The following three principles should be used to reduce exposure to radiation: Time: The amount of time spent in the area of an external radiation source should be minimized. Distance: Most radiation sources are point sources, and the absorbed dose decreases inversely with the distance from the source.  Shielding: Shielding should be applied on all sides of the radiation source. In radiodiagnostic and radiation therapy clinics, the most practical protection method is the use of lead blocks to shield diagnostic X-ray machines and reinforced concrete structures to contain linear accelerators. In these methods, which are based on different physical principles, the energy sources and image receptors used also differ. Additionally, various contrast agents are used to enhance the quality of the images obtained. These methods are based on different physical principles: TRANSMISSION To pass through EMISSION The act of sending out gas, heat, light, energy etc. REFLECTION The image of something in the mirror or any reflective surface Sending to and getting back  Emission In this imaging, the energy source is in the body. To create the image, the energy released from the body must be received and processed. In order to create the energy that gives signals in the body, some radionuclide materials need to be delivered to the tissues and organs by different means, as in radionuclide imaging. As with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiofrequency tissues need to be stimulated  Transmission (passing) The energy used in imaging methods based on this principle must pass through the organism and reach the receiver on the opposite side. Here the energy source and receiver are different. This principle is valid in X-ray and computed tomography methods.  Reflection In this principle; energy source and receiver are on the same side. After the produced energy is sent to the organism, the reflected energy is collected and an image is formed. Ultrasonography works on this principle.  Radiation can be thought of as the transmission of energy through space. Two major forms of radiation: – Electromagnetic (EM) radiation – Particulate radiation Both forms can interact with matter, and transfer their energy to the matter.  Radiation can be thought of as the transmission of energy through space. Two major forms of radiation: – Electromagnetic (EM) radiation – Particulate radiation Both forms can interact with matter, and transfer their energy to the matter.  IONIZING RADIATION Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction with matter. Scope limited to X and gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles (electrons), neutrons, and charged nuclei. Important biologically since media can be altered (e.g., ionized atom in DNA molecule may be altered, thereby causing cell death, or mutation).  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | - We learned the definition of radiology and how it was first discovered. - We learned the physical principles of radiological imaging methods. - We learned what types of energy are used in radiology. - We learned what the radiological imaging devices are. - We learned the definition of radiation, its biological effects, and how we should protect ourselves from it.  | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | What is radiology, and how was it first discovered? What are the basic physical principles of radiological imaging methods? What types of energy are used in radiology What are the radiological imaging devices, and in which situations are they used? What is the definition of radiation, and what are its biological effects What are the methods of radiation protection?  | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | A lesson plan can be created to learn the basics of radiology and radiological imaging methods. Videos or presentations can be used for each topic. A detailed training session can be given on radiation protection methods and the ALARA principle by emphasizing safety measures in the field of radiology. In addition to theoretical information, discussions on real cases and radiological images can help improve the understanding of the subject during the lessons.  | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | 1. The entire presentation should be reviewed again. 2. Current literature should be scanned. (PubMED, Google Scholar..)  | REFERENCES | Kaya, P. D. T. (2020). Tıp Öğrencileri İçin Temel Radyoloji Fiziği. Aydoğdu, A., Aydoğdu, Y., & Yakıncı, Z. D. (2017). Temel Radyolojik İnceleme Yöntemlerini Tanima. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 5(2), 44-53. Güden, E., Öksüzkaya, A., Balcı, E., Tuna, R., Borlu, A., & Çetinkara, K. (2012). Radyoloji çalışanlarının radyasyon güvenliğine ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve davranışı. Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Dergisi, 3(1), 29-45. | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Week 4- What is X-Ray ?  Radiology –FTY211E Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. We will not be satisfied with achieving any goal. We will continuously strive to go further.