Quiz Pt2 PDF

Unit 1. Section 2: chapter 3.3 Intro What structures are shared by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA What structures are unique to prokaryotes and which are unique to eukaryotes? Prokaryotes – circular DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, bacterial flagella Eu...

Unit 1. Section 2: chapter 3.3 Intro What structures are shared by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA What structures are unique to prokaryotes and which are unique to eukaryotes? Prokaryotes – circular DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, bacterial flagella Eukaryotes – linear DNA, plasma membrane, endomembrane, mitochondria, chroloplats, flagella, cilia How is DNA stored differently in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? Prokaryotes - stored DNA in a singular circular chromosome in nucleoid Eukaryotes – stored DNA in multiple linear chromosomes in nucleus What is the difference between the terms “cytoplasm” and “cytosol”? Cytoplasm – all cell structures and fluid Cytosol – just the fluid What are the differences between the flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotes flagella – simpler, rotate to propel the cell Eukaryotic flagella – complex, whip like motion Chapter 3.3 What is the typical form of reproduction in bacteria? Binary fission, cell divides into two daughter cells What does it mean for a bacterium to be pleomorphic? To vary in size and shape What are some of the arrangements that bacteria have? Diplo -pairs Chains – strepto Clusters- staphylo Tetrads What is the glycocalyx? Gelatin layer surrounding the t outside of some bacteria cells What are the two forms of glycocalyx and how do they differ? Capsule – well organized, tightly attached form Slime Layer - less organized, loosely attached What are some functions of the glycocalyx? Traps nutrients, attaches to surfaces, evades the host white blood cells What is the main function of a flagellum? Mobility for bacteria to respond to environmental stimuli What are some basic arrangements of flagella? Monotrichous - one flagellum Amphitrichous – 1 flagellum or more at each end Lophotrichous – cluster of flagellum at one end Peritrichous - flagellum all around What are the components of a flagellum? Filament – outermost region that extends Hook – connects filament to cell surface Basal body – anchors flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane What is the main difference between the basic structure of flagella in Gram positive versus Gram negative cells? Gram positive flagella – 1set of rings, single membrane, thick petidoglyan layer Gram negative flagella - 2set of rings, two membrances(outer and inner), thin peptidoglycan layer How does a flagellum generate movement? By changing the rotation of their flagella How does a flagellum’s path of movement differ under no stimulus versus receiving a chemical attractant? No stimulus – more tumbling because of no chemical attractant therefor no sense of direction Stimulus – more running because of chemical attractant present therefor sense of direction What type of bacteria have endoflagella? Spirochetes What are fimbrae and what is their primary function? Used to attach to specific surfaces What is the primary function of a pilus? Bacterial conjugation, the transfer of genetic material between bacteria What is the primary function of the cell wall? Maintains bacterial shape and prevents cell fom bursting What is the polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls? Peptidoglycans What are the two monomers, along with tetrapeptides, that make up peptidoglycan? N-acetylglucosamine (NA)G and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) What are the main differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell walls? Gram Positive cell walls – thin peptidoglyvan layer and has teichoic acids Gram Negative cell walls – thin peptidoglycan layer,outer memebrane wirh LPS What macromolecules are found in the outer membrane of Gram negative cells? Lipopolysaccharides(LPS). Proteins and phospholipids What does it mean to say that lipid A is an endotoxin? Cause a strong immune response How do porins in Gram negative cells serve as virulent factors? Selectve permeable for nutrients and can evade host immune system by limting antibiotics What bacterium does not have a cell wall? Mycoplasma bacteria What does the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane state? Cell membrane is dynamic, flexible sutrcutre composed of a phospholipid bilayer with fluidly moving proteins How are phospholipids both hydrophilic and hydrophobic? Has hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tails What are endospores? Under what conditions are they made? Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by bacteria under harsh environment Unit 2. Section 1. Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism ( Skip 8.3) Chapter 8.1 1) What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? Catabolic – large molecules broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy Anabolic – smaller molecules assembled into larger ones, using energy 2) What is metabolism and how is energy stored in cells? All chemical reactions within a cell to maintain life, energy is stored as ATP in cells 3) What are enzymes? How do they work? Enzymes are catalyst to soeed uo chemical reactions, the bind subtrates to their active site 4) What are cofactors and coenzymes? Cofactor – non protein, inorganic partner for enzyme conformation Coenzyme – organic cofactors derived from vitamins such as NAD or FAD 5) What is an active versus allosteric site? Active site – region of enzyme where substrate binds Allosteric Site – a site other than active site where a molecule can bind 6) Explain the differences between the three mechanisms of pathway modulation: Feedback inhibition, Non-competitive inhibition, Competitive inhibition Competitive Inhibition – competes for active site with substrates Non competitive inhibition 0 binds outside active site, alters shade, prevents enzyme from binding Feedback inhibition – end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme Chapter 8.2 7) What process breaks down glucose into 2-pyruvate? Glycolysis 8) What are the two phases of glycolysis and what are the main events that happen in each? Energy investment phase - glucose is phosphorlated using 2 ATP molecules Energy payoff phase - 3 carbon molecules are further processed, generating 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2pyruvate 9) Explain the differences between the three major pathways of glucose catabolism? aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation Aerobic Respiration – uses oxygen as final electorn acceptor Anaerobic Respiration – doesn’t use oxygen but alterantive electron acceptor Anaerobic Respritation - occurs in the absence of oxygen and electron trian