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Questions and Answers
How does a flagellum behave when there is no chemical attractant present?
How does a flagellum behave when there is no chemical attractant present?
Which type of bacteria possess endoflagella?
Which type of bacteria possess endoflagella?
What is the primary function of fimbrae in bacteria?
What is the primary function of fimbrae in bacteria?
What role does the bacterial cell wall play?
What role does the bacterial cell wall play?
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Which component is a key polysaccharide in bacterial cell walls?
Which component is a key polysaccharide in bacterial cell walls?
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What distinguishes Gram positive bacteria from Gram negative bacteria?
What distinguishes Gram positive bacteria from Gram negative bacteria?
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What is lipid A classified as in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is lipid A classified as in Gram-negative bacteria?
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How do porins contribute to the virulence of Gram negative bacteria?
How do porins contribute to the virulence of Gram negative bacteria?
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What unique characteristic does Mycoplasma bacteria exhibit?
What unique characteristic does Mycoplasma bacteria exhibit?
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Which statement best describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?
Which statement best describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?
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Which structures are shared by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Which structures are shared by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
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What is the typical form of reproduction in bacteria?
What is the typical form of reproduction in bacteria?
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How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA differ in structure?
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA differ in structure?
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What best describes pleomorphic bacteria?
What best describes pleomorphic bacteria?
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What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
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Which arrangement of flagella consists of one flagellum at one end of the bacterium?
Which arrangement of flagella consists of one flagellum at one end of the bacterium?
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What distinguishes the structure of Gram positive flagella from Gram negative flagella?
What distinguishes the structure of Gram positive flagella from Gram negative flagella?
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What describes the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
What describes the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
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Which statement correctly describes bacterial flagella?
Which statement correctly describes bacterial flagella?
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What is the defining characteristic of a capsule form of glycocalyx?
What is the defining characteristic of a capsule form of glycocalyx?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
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What is a coenzyme?
What is a coenzyme?
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Where does substrate binding occur in an enzyme?
Where does substrate binding occur in an enzyme?
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What distinguishes competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition?
What distinguishes competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition?
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Which process results in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate?
Which process results in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate?
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What characterizes the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
What characterizes the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
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How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
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What is the outcome of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?
What is the outcome of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?
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What happens during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
What happens during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
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What is a defining feature of anaerobic fermentation?
What is a defining feature of anaerobic fermentation?
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Study Notes
Shared Structures of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Common structures: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.
Unique Structures in Prokaryotes
- Contains circular DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and bacterial flagella.
Unique Structures in Eukaryotes
- Comprises linear DNA, plasma membrane, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, flagella, and cilia.
DNA Storage
- Prokaryotic DNA: stored in a singular circular chromosome located in the nucleoid.
- Eukaryotic DNA: stored in multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus.
Cytoplasm vs. Cytosol
- Cytoplasm includes all cell structures and fluid.
- Cytosol refers specifically to the fluid component.
Flagella Differences
- Prokaryotic flagella are simpler, rotating to propel the cell.
- Eukaryotic flagella exhibit a complex, whip-like motion.
Bacterial Reproduction
- Bacteria primarily reproduce by binary fission, resulting in two daughter cells.
Pleomorphic Bacteria
- Pleomorphic bacteria can vary in size and shape.
Bacterial Arrangements
- Diplo: pairs
- Strepto: chains
- Staphylo: clusters
- Tetrads: groups of four
Glycocalyx
- A gelatinous layer surrounding some bacterial cells, aiding in protection and attachment.
Forms of Glycocalyx
- Capsule: well-organized, tightly attached.
- Slime Layer: less organized, loosely attached.
Glycocalyx Functions
- Traps nutrients, aids in surface attachment, and helps evade host immune responses.
Flagellum Function
- Provides mobility, allowing bacteria to respond to environmental stimuli.
Flagella Arrangements
- Monotrichous: single flagellum.
- Amphitrichous: one or more flagella at each end.
- Lophotrichous: cluster of flagella at one end.
- Peritrichous: flagella distributed around the cell.
Flagellum Components
- Filament: outer region extending from the cell.
- Hook: connects the filament to the cell surface.
- Basal body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane.
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Flagella
- Gram Positive: has one set of rings, a single membrane, and a thick peptidoglycan layer.
- Gram Negative: contains two sets of rings, two membranes (outer and inner), and a thin peptidoglycan layer.
Flagellum Movement
- Movement generated by changing flagellar rotation; straight runs occur with stimuli, and more tumbling happens without stimuli.
Endoflagella
- Found in spirochetes, providing unique movement capabilities.
Fimbriae Function
- Hair-like structures used for attachment to specific surfaces.
Pilus Function
- Facilitates bacterial conjugation, transferring genetic material between bacteria.
Cell Wall Function
- Maintains bacterial shape and prevents lysis.
Bacterial Cell Wall Composition
- Contains peptidoglycans made up of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), along with tetrapeptides.
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Cell Walls
- Gram Positive: thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids.
- Gram Negative: thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
- Macromolecules found in Gram negative outer membranes, serving as virulent factors and triggering strong immune responses.
Mycoplasma Bacteria
- Lack a cell wall, making them unique among bacteria.
Fluid Mosaic Model
- Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that move fluidly.
Phospholipids
- Contain hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, creating a bilayer.
Endospores
- Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by bacteria under harsh environmental conditions.
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions maintaining life, with energy stored as ATP.
Catabolic vs. Anabolic Reactions
- Catabolic reactions break down large molecules, releasing energy.
- Anabolic reactions synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones, consuming energy.
Enzymes
- Catalysts that speed up reactions by binding substrates to active sites; can have cofactors (inorganic) and coenzymes (organic, derived from vitamins).
Active vs. Allosteric Sites
- Active site: where substrate binds.
- Allosteric site: alternative binding site that can affect enzyme activity.
Pathway Modulation Mechanisms
- Competitive inhibition: substrate competes for the active site.
- Non-competitive inhibition: alters enzyme shape, preventing substrate binding.
- Feedback inhibition: end products inhibit an upstream enzyme.
Glycolysis Overview
- Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, divided into an energy investment phase (uses 2 ATP) and an energy payoff phase (produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate).
Glucose Catabolism Pathways
- Aerobic respiration: uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
- Anaerobic respiration: does not use oxygen but employs an alternative electron acceptor.
- Anaerobic fermentation: occurs without oxygen or electron transport chain participation.
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Description
Explore the fundamental structures shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in this quiz. Learn about the unique cellular components of each organism, including their DNA storage differences. Test your knowledge on the essentials of cell biology!