Evolutionary Psychology Quiz 5 Slides PDF

 BASIC TENETS OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCH  PRODUCTS OF EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Products of Evolutionary Processes Adaptations Byproducts Noise ADAPTATIO N BYPRODUCT S NOIS E PROXIMATE VS. ULTIMATE EXPLANATIONS Why do people get jealous? Proximate explanations (How?)...

 BASIC TENETS OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCH  PRODUCTS OF EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Products of Evolutionary Processes Adaptations Byproducts Noise ADAPTATIO N BYPRODUCT S NOIS E PROXIMATE VS. ULTIMATE EXPLANATIONS Why do people get jealous? Proximate explanations (How?) People are socialized to get jealous Person is insecure about relationship Ultimate explanations (Why?) Functions to deter infidelity HUMAN MATING & RELATIONSHIPS Selecting a Partner Howdoes one pick a mate? It depends on: Gender Mating Strategy WHAT DO PEOPLE WANT IN A ROMANTIC PARTNER? Desired Partner Traits 100 95 Top-rated traits for partner selection 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 ly y d le or e y te t st tl h in b it v lit a e n ne ea K ci a um ac na on il g H o H a nd So fH ttr rs o ss i tel o A a In rm & se Pe P a ly n a lly g l ly d n W en Se s ic citi ua i y x Fr Ph Ex Se Rating 100 The lowest rated traits. 95 Note these are still desired 90 to be above average. 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Access to Wealthy High Social Creative Earning Material Status and Artistic potential Possesions DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT PREFERENCES? 85 Of these five dimensions. Men care more about 80 physical attributes. Women care more about social status 75 70 65 60 55 50 Expressive/ Physically Social Appeal Similarity to self Social Status Outgoing Attractive Women Men Women value financial resources more than men in most places FINANCIAL RESOURCE S RESOURC ES  AGE PREFERENC E DOES RELATIONSHIP TYPE CHANGE PREFS? Sociosexual Orientation Willingnessto engage in short-term sexual relationships Sociosexual Orientation Physical attractiveness 5 Personal qualities more more important for high 4.5 important for low SOI SOI 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 High SOI Low SOI Attractiveness Personal Qualities 85 Physical attractiveness is more important for short- term. 80 Social appeal and similarity more important for long- 75 term 70 65 60 55 50 Expressive/ Physically Social Appeal Similarity to self Social Status Outgoing Attractive Short-Term Long-Term Can you guess someone’s SOI? Women Most people can’t tell Men Women and men can judge men over change accuracy Men better at judging other men Online Dating Studies Tinder users higher SOI than non-users 20%~ of tender users have had 1 night stands INFIDELITY What is cheating? What is cheating? What kind of people cheat? 20%~ of men and women report cheating in their current relationship. Personality and cheating Who’s more likely to cheat? Extraverted people Low conscientiousness People with extraverted or neurotic spouses How do people view cheating? How do people view cheating? BREAKUPS Why do people breakup? Infidelity Low relationship satisfaction Better options elsewhere Women initiate separation more often Who is hurt more? Women have more emotional pain but recover more quickly and fully than men. Personality Disorders  A Note on Self- Diagnosis  Can I diagnose myself?  A Note on Self- Diagnosis  Can I diagnose myself?  The DSM-V  Organized into three sections  II - main section  III - “emerging section”  Cluster A Personality Disorders  People with Cluster A disorders seem odd/eccentric  Schizotypal  Paranoid  Schizoid  Schizoid Personality Disorder  3.1% -4.9%  Extreme disinterest in others  Limited emotional expression  Lack of close friends  More in men  Paranoid Personality Disorder  2.3 -4.4%  Distrustful  Suspicious  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (pg. 656) .6 – 4.6%  Ideas of reference  Magical thinking  Strange perceptual experiences  Odd speech  More common in men  Cluster B Personality Disorders  Appear dramatic, erratic, or overly-emotional  Antisocial  Narcissistic  Histrionic  Borderline  Histrionic PD  1.8%?  Attention seeking  Excessive emotionality/dramatic  More common in women  Narcissistic PD  1% -6%  Grandiose sense of self  Preoccupation with achievement, power, etc…  Belief that they are unique/special  More in men  Antisocial PD .2 -3.3%  Disregard for others  Repeatedly law-breaking  Impulsive  Lack of guilt  More common in men  Borderline PD  1.6% – 6%  Unstable Relationships  Intense emotional dysregulation  No sense of self  More common in women  Very high suicide risk  60-70%~ attempt  5-10%~ succeed  Cluster C Personality Disorders  Generally, appear anxious and fearful  Avoidant  Dependent  Obsessive Compulsive  Avoidant PD  2.4%~  Very sensitive to rejection  Avoids social contact  Dependent PD .5% -.6%  Extreme submissiveness  Overly reliant on others  More common in women  Obsessive Compulsive PD  2.1% – 7.9% OCPD, not OCD  Perfectionistic  Rigid  Workaholic  More common in men Issues with DSM Personality Disorders  Extensive comorbidity  Extreme disorder diversity  Inconsistent criteria content  Arbitrary diagnostic thresholds  Limited predictive validity  DSM –V Alternative Model  PDs aren’t categorically different from normal personality Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5)  Negative Affectivity  Detachment  Antagonism  Disinhibition  Psychoticism Dark Triad and Narcissism  “Dark” Personality – What is it?  Socially aversive traits  Psychopathy  Narcissism  Machiavellianism  Sadism  Spitefulness Narcissism  Psychoanalytic Views  Sigmund Freud  Highly independent  Extraverted  Aggressive  Unable to love and commit  Narcissism  Grandiose  Vulnerable 10 Americans are perceived as more 9 narcissistic 8 8.33 7 6 5.52 5 4 3 2 1 0 China  Is Narcissism more common ?  2/3 of college students score above the mean of students from early 80s  Social Media Use  Time spent on social media +  Post frequency +  Number of followers +  Narcissism and Leadership  GN gives impression of good leadership  Predicts counterproductive work behavior  Predicts financial misreporting  Predicts less information exchange among groups  Hostile Attribution Bias  Tendency to interpret benign stimuli as hostile  Sex Differences Narcissism and Health Outcomes  Predicts exercise  Healthy eating patterns  Alcohol and drug use Spitefulness  Spitefulness  Inflicting a cost on someone at a cost to the self Machiavellianism Machiavellianism  Willingness to manipulate others for personal gain  Cynical worldviews Sadism Sadism Sexual Sadism Everyday Sadism  The enjoyment of others’ suffering  Do People Enjoy Suffering/Violence Today? Survey Research  Trait sadism predicts  Partner abuse  Animal abuse  Fire setting  Internet Trolling Lab Experiments Psychopathy  Psychopathy  Conceptually developed by Cleckley (1941)  Cleckley’s characteristics  Superficial charm  Antisocial behavior  Absence of delusions  Incapacity for love  Low anxiety  General poverty of affect  Lying  Failure to follow plans  Lack of remorse/shame  Main tool for clinical assessment Psychopathy Checklist- 1. 2. Revised Glibness/superficial charm Grandiose sense of self worth (PCL-R) 11.Promiscuous sexual behavior 12.Early Behavioral Problems 3. Proneness to boredom 13.Lack of realistic long-term goals 4. Pathological lying 14.Impulsivity 5. Conning/manipulative 15.Irresponsibility 6. Lack of remorse 16.Fails to accept responsibility for 7. Shallow affect actions 8. Callous/lack of empathy 17.Short-term marital relationships 9. Parasitic lifestyle 18.Juvenile delinquency 19.Revocation of conditional release 20.Criminal versatility 30+ = Clinical Psychopath  Psychopat hy Secondar Primary y Meannes Disinhibitio Boldness n s  Modern Self-Report Questions  I often missed things I’ve promised to attend  I don’t mind if someone I dislike gets hurt  I sympathize with others' problems (r)  I enjoy a good physical fight  It doesn’t bother me to see someone else in pain  How much of a problem is psychopathy?  Only a small percentage of the population is high in psychopathy 1% - 5%  These people are responsible for a large amount of crime Cambridge Study in Delinquency 44% had been convicted of a crime Of that 44%, about 7% were chronic offenders That 7% accounted for 53% of all convictions Do psychopathic people have emotions?  Fear and Psychopathy  Psychopaths do show a lack of fear in response to fearful stimuli  This is attention mediated Fear and Psychopathy  Psychopathy is not correlated with fear in self-reports Are psychopathic people born or made?  Biological Contributions  Genes for psychopathy traits are heritable 30-40% Familial contributions  Familial discord  Child abuse  Discipline type and consistency  Parental supervision  Family size Psychopathy and Violence Violence and Aggression  Psychopathy is related to violent behavior  Offenders with high psychopathy commit more violent crimes  Predatory aggression relates to primary  Defensive aggression relates to secondary Are Serial Murders Psychopaths?  Serial Murder  FBI estimates 20~ active serial killers  1-2% of all homicide victims  IQ is about average  Start in early 30s on average  PCL-R Scores for well-known 40 murderers 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Bundy Gacy Kemper Dahmer Ridgway PCL-R – Interpersonal Facet 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bundy Dahmer  Main tool for clinical assessment Psychopathy Checklist- 1. Glibness/superficial Revised charm (PCL-R) 11.Promiscuous sexual behavior 2. Grandiose sense of self worth 12.Early Behavioral Problems 3. Proneness to boredom 13.Lack of realistic long-term goals 4. Pathological lying 14.Impulsivity 5. Conning/manipulative 15.Irresponsibility 6. Lack of remorse 16.Fails to accept responsibility for 7. Shallow affect actions 8. Callous/lack of empathy 17.Short-term marital relationships 9. Parasitic lifestyle 18.Juvenile delinquency 19.Revocation of conditional release 30+ = Clinical 20.Criminal versatility Psychopath PCL-R – Affective 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bundy Dahmer  PCL-R – Impulsivity 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bundy Dahmer  PCL-R – Antisocial 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bundy Dahmer  Main tool for clinical assessment Psychopathy Checklist- 1. Glibness/superficial Revised charm (PCL-R) 11.Promiscuous sexual behavior 2. Grandiose sense of self worth 12.Early Behavioral Problems 3. Proneness to boredom 13.Lack of realistic long-term goals 4. Pathological lying 14.Impulsivity 5. Conning/manipulative 15.Irresponsibility 6. Lack of remorse 16.Fails to accept responsibility for 7. Shallow affect actions 8. Callous/lack of empathy 17.Short-term marital relationships 9. Parasitic lifestyle 18.Juvenile delinquency 19.Revocation of conditional release 30+ = Clinical 20.Criminal versatility Psychopath