Quick Notes PDF

Quick Notes Ethics module moral difference between the two scenarios Philippa Foot argues the driver would kill 5 people if he does NOT turn his trolley The transplant surgeon will only be letting 5 people die if she does not operate. Philippa Foot f...

Quick Notes Ethics module moral difference between the two scenarios Philippa Foot argues the driver would kill 5 people if he does NOT turn his trolley The transplant surgeon will only be letting 5 people die if she does not operate. Philippa Foot further argues that because killing is worse than letting die it is morally permissible for the trolley driver to turn the trolley (since his choice is between killing 1 person and killing 5 people) it is not morally permissible for the transplant surgeon to use the backpacker's organs (since her choice is between killing 1 person or letting 5 people die, and killing is morally worse than letting die). Trolley Problem Aim = save 5 people on the track without intending to do any harm to the single person Aim = divert the train away from the five people This is morally permissible due to the doctrine of double effect This effect declares that if we don’t intend a bad effect —- then an action is justified if the good effect outweighs the bad effect.  MQ HREC Expedited Ethical Review Checklist Research involving no more than low risk may be exempted from full ethics review and be processed via expedited ethical review. If the project includes any of the 9 items —> NOT be eligible for expedited ethical review. Interventions and therapies, including clinical and non-clinical trials and innovations Human genetics Human stem cells Women who are pregnant and the human fetus People who are highly dependent on medical care who may be unable to give consent People with a cognitive impairment, an intellectual disability or a mental illness People who may be involved in illegal activities Research specifically targeting Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders.  SEVERAL of these topics are involved —> NOT eligible for the expedited ethical review. Greater than low risk —> reviewed by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) grief, death or Gambling Gender identity Any disease or serious/traumatic loss health problem Illicit drug taking Sexuality Depression, mood states, Fertility anxiety Substance abuse Race or ethnic identity Termination of Any psychological Self report of pregnancy disorder criminal behaviour sensitive personal issues parenting Suicide Eating disorders sensitive cultural issues  Principles of ethical research Merit and integrity research is beneficial researchers have expertise appropriate methods employed justice fair recruitment of participants and reporting of results no exploitation beneficence benefits outweigh costs Respect (voluntary nature, privacy, confidentiality) respect privacy, confidentiality and cultural sensitivities  Normative ethics ethical action how we ought to behave, what are right and wrong actions Descriptive Ethics ethical beliefs. moral beliefs and what motivates people to act ethically Applied Ethics applying ethical theories and principles to particular domains (bioethics, environmental ethics, research ethics).  Normative ethics 3 theories / ways of thinking Consequentialism Deontological Ethics Virtue Ethics Consequentialism Deontological Ethics Virtue Ethics Kant Mill and Bentham Aristotle consequence of our Ethical behaviour results duty to behave in a way from development of actions. that is aligned with our virtues (benevolence,, loyalty). Main concepts: rationality and that: Critique Good intention Leads to universalisable actions Utilitarianism Valued virtues differ Is based on depending on the context. humanist principles Greatest good for the (dignity/integrity) greatest number of people Critique Critique Ignores emotions/feelings neglecting the rights and needs of individuals in favor of overall outcomes.  APS code of ethics General Principle A: Respect (the rights & dignity of people) A.1. Justice Do not discriminate A.2. Respect Respects legal & moral rights of others A.3. Informed consent Use plain language Guidelines for when clients have limited capacity to consent A.4. Privacy Collect only relevant information A.5. Confidentiality in collection & storage of information protect information after leaving work setting A 5.2 — Only disclose information about a client: With consent of client Client is at significant risk of harm to themselves or others can ONLY be averted by disclosure A.5.3 Psychologists inform clients at the beginning and regularly throughout limits to confidentiality A.5.4. disclose only that information which is necessary & only to people required A.6. Release of information to clients do not refuse any reasonable request from clients to access client information A.7. Collection of client information from associated parties Consent of client or their legal representative clients with limited capacity to consent —> obtain from people with legal authority to act on behalf of the client  General Principle B: Propriety B.1. Competence B.2. Record keeping Keep for 7 years clients under 18 keep records until 25 B.3. Professional responsibility take responsibility for the consequences of their conduct B.4. Provision of psychological services at the request of a third party Explain relationship, role, limits to confidentiality B.5. Provision of psychological services to multiple clients obtain clients’ explicit acceptance of these limitations B.6. Delegation of professional tasks must read code B.10. Suspension of psychological services make suitable arrangements for other appropriate professionals B.11. Termination of psychological services Client no longer benefiting from services  General Principle C: Integrity (honesty, moral principles, fairness) C.1. Reputable behaviour C.2. Communication Correct any misrepresentations/misconceptions C.3. Conflict of interest Avoid multiple relationships Seek advice from senior psychologist C.4. Non-exploitation C.5. Authorship Discuss early C.6. Financial arrangements avoid —-> it crosses boundaries of the professional relationship C.7. Ethics investigations and concerns colleague of misconduct cite Code that was breached encourage people directly affected to report the misconduct Reasons for unsafe driving Unintended action Error types Slip attentional failure (e.g. being distracted and swerving) Lapse Memory failure (e.g. forgetting still in school zone) Mistake Rule and knowledge based (e.g. wrong lane on roundabout)  Neurotransmitters linked with aggression low serotonin → poor impulse control —> linked to aggression Hormones linked with aggression High testosterone linked to aggression Especially when also low cortisol & low serotonin Increased aggression is associated with: Lower resting heart rate Under-arousal of central nervous system and autonomic nervous system Low cortisol (stress hormone) levels Big 5 linked with aggression High neuroticism (negative emotions, poor self-regulation) Low agreeableness (low compliance & altruism) Low conscientiousness (lack of thinking & reflecting) Low extraversion (low warmth and positivity)  Risk factors for aggression: Warburton 7 nation study 1. Peer delinquency (most influential) 2. Media violence (something we can change) 5 fatal risk behaviours while driving 1. Speeding → 41% of road fatalities and 24% of serious injuries 2. Alcohol and drug driving – drugs prescribed or recreational 3. Failure to wear a seat belt 4. Fatigue 5. Distraction  Mentally disordered person Mentally ill person Examined within 12 hours of admission; Examined within 12 hours of admission; 2nd examination 2nd Examination Mental Health Inquiry by Tribunal ASAP Mental Health Inquiry by Tribunal ASAP after 2nd after 2nd examination; examination Can be detained for up to 3 days Tribunal can recommend Involuntary Admission for up to 3 months Must be examined every 24 hours by an OR a authorised person; Community Treatment Order for up to 12 months; Must be discharged if no longer mentally disordered. If still considered mentally ill after this period, must be reviewed by Tribunal, who can make further orders for 3 and 12 months  Maslach et al. 3 dimensions of burnout Exhaustion Cynicism Ineffectiveness Stress, anxiety, worry callousness/cynicism Feeling ineffective Limits cognitive capacity Depersonalisation Being ineffective of the client Leads to withdrawal Emotional/cognitive distancing  Tavella 6 Dimensions of Burnout 5 factors; also measures unsettled mood Exhaustion Loss of empathy Maslach’s 3 dimensions Impaired work performance Cognitive impairment Withdrawal and insularity Unsettled mood More at risk of burnout young people unmarried people—> especially single men. People with higher education Low self-esteem Type A personality types  Top 2 most prevalent child maltreatment in Aus 1. Exposure to domestic violence 39% 2. Physical abuse Treatment in Australia Alcohol —> most common drug leading clients to seek treatment Counselling —-> most common treatment How we feel about our bodies is impacted by: Top 3 Women Men Social media Partner TV/movies Social media Partner TV/movies