Questions T F Introduction to Biotechnology 2024 (1).pdf

Q1: Indicate which statement is true (√) and which is false (х) (0. 5 × 10 = 5 marks): 1- Biomarkers is the using of living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. ( ) 2- Biotechnology is using scientific meth...

Q1: Indicate which statement is true (√) and which is false (х) (0. 5 × 10 = 5 marks): 1- Biomarkers is the using of living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. ( ) 2- Biotechnology is using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. ( ) 3- Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s phenotype in a particular way. ( ) 4- Louis Pasteur describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation and created the rabies vaccine ( ) 5- Animal Biotechnology used animals as a source of medically valuable proteins, Antibodies and Transgenic animals. ( ) 6- Agricultural Biotechnology used in DNA fingerprinting, Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion, Paternity cases and Identification of human remains. ( ) 7- Bioremediation is using of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances. ( ) 8- Genetic Engineering is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. ( ) 9- Plants have been cloned for thousands of years, Bananas, potatoes, grape vines (grafting), many trees, shrubs, and vines are just clonal colonies. ( ) 10- Golden rice is a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A. ( ) 11- Biotechnology is using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. ( ) 12- Biochemistry is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. ( ) 13- Louis Pasteur was Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants. ( ) 14- Animal Biotechnology used animals as important models in basic research, Gene "knockout" experiments and Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies. ( ) 15- Genetic engineering comprises multiple techniques for the intentional manipulation of genetic material (primarily deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) to alter, repair, or enhance form or function. ( ) 16- Forensic Biotechnology is using of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to distinguish one person from another. ( ) 17- Golden rice is a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into synthetic insulin. ( ) 18- Microbial Biotechnology is the manipulation of microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. ( ) 19- Gregor Mendel was Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid-1800s ( ) 20- Forensic Biotechnology is the manipulation of microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. ( ) 21- Some applications of Proteins in Industry are Food processing and Textiles and leather goods. ( ) 22- Stem Cells are Grown in lab and then treated with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant. ( ) 23- If the pancreas is defective then the blood sugar levels get dangerously high causing many physiological effects (Diabetes mellitus). ( ) 24- Monocotyledonous plants (plants that grow from two seed halves) such as tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and soybeans are all good candidates for the process. ( ) 25- Using Genetic Engineering technique, scientists used E. coli to bioengineer synthetic insulin. ( ) 26- RNA polymerase enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cleave double-stranded DNA ( ) 27- The Gene is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently. ( ) 28- Agriculture biotechnology have the Project of Human Genome, Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes and Human proteome ( ) 29- Identify early predictor biomarker proteins to one day aid in diagnosis of specific diseases. ( ) 30- Chloroplast engineering is a Process of inserting a complimentary copy of a gene into a cell, gene encodes an mRNA molecule. ( ) 31- Forensic Biotechnology used in DNA fingerprinting, Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion, Paternity cases and Identification of human remains. ( ) 32- The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances, particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution is called Bioprospecting biotechnology. ( ) 33- Transgenic animals using somatic cell nuclear transfer, livestock breeders can create an exact genetic copy of an existing animal essentially an identical twin. ( ) 34- Cloning is reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm. ( ) 35- Recombinant DNA technology refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a particular way. ( ) 36- Ernest Ruska invented the compound light microscope( ) 37- Sir Alexander Fleming described the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation and created the rabies vaccine( ) 38- Medical Biotechnology is involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, preventive medicine and diagnosis of health and illness. ( ) 39- Reverse transcriptase enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cut double-stranded DNA. ( ) 40- The genome is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome but can also replicate independently. ( ) 41- Golden rice is a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into synthetic growth hormone. ( ) 42- Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells and constitute 50% or more of their dry weight. 43- Forensic biotechnology refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a particular way. ( ) 44- Using of Modified bacteria that secrete enzymes to help dissolve oil spills in marine habitats helps to convert crude oil into H2 + CO2. ( ) 45- Some Properties of Genetic Code are Triplet code, Non-ambiguous and Universal and Degenerate code. 46- In genetic code, there are a specific stop codon, (UGA, UGG and UAA). ( ) 47- Proteins which possess more than one polypeptide chain in their molecule also possess a third structure called tertiary structure. ( ) 48- The amin and carboxyl groups, give the amino acid its unique property and is not part of the backbone or the peptide bond. ( ) 49- Identification of human remains, endangered species and confirmation of the spread of disease are techniques used in Animal Biotechnology. ( ) 50- The final shape of proteins is called the conformation it has the lowest free energy possible ( ) 51- Complementary RNA (cRNA) is synthesized in the laboratory from messenger DNA). ( ) 52- The genetic code used by cells as a triplet code, in which every three-nucleotides sequence, or codon, is “read” from a specified starting point in the mRNA. ( ) 53- Reproductive cloning is Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals). ( ) 54- Plants from different species generally do not hybridize, so a genetic trait cannot be isolated and refined unless, it already exists in a plant strain. ( ) 55- Improved crop breeding through traditional methods has allowed us to feed so many people. ( ) 56- Polyploid plants can be performed by the utilization of the drug colchicine (which keeps a cell from dividing after it has double chromosomes) followed by hybridization. ( ) 57- Medical Biotechnology involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, Preventive medicine and Diagnosis of health and illness. ( ) 58- Reproductive cloning is reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm. ( ) 59- The pituitary gland produces a crucial hormone called the Human Insulin (HI), this peptide hormone (protein) provides for normal growth and development. ( ) 60- Complementary RNA (cRNA) is synthesized in the laboratory from messenger DNA). ( ) 61- Protoplast cell is a callus cell whose cell wall has been dissolved by the enzyme cellulase. ( ) 62- Nucleus proteins (channel, carrier, pump proteins) regulate the transfer of many substances across the cell membrane. ( ) 63- Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s phenotype in a particular way. ( ) 64- Agriculture Biotechnology used animals as a source of medically valuable proteins and Antibodies. ( ) 65- All enzymes and antibodies (immuno-globulins) are Lipids in nature. ( ) 66- Human proteome involved group of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell. ( ) 67- Fusion of the two protoplast cells creates a cell that can grow into a hybrid plant. ( ) 68- cDNA is not genomic DNA, because the transcript of genomic RNA has been processed (i.e., it lacks promoters and introns). ( ) 69- Gene Gun technology is the Process of inserting a complimentary copy of a gene into a cell Gene encodes an mRNA molecule called an antisense molecule. ( ) 70- Identification of human remains, endangered species and confirmation of the spread of disease are techniques used in Animal Biotechnology. ( ) 71- The enzymes proteases is used to digest starch in fermentation and processing. ( ) 72- Reverse Transcriptase enzyme includes two activity: DNA polymerase and RNase H ( ) 73- Chloroplast engineering advantages, DNA in chloroplast can accept several new genes at once ( ) 74- Polyploid plants can be performed by the utilization of the drug colchicine (which keeps a cell from dividing after it has double chromosomes) followed by hybridization. ( ) 75- Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. ( ) 76- Biotechnology is using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. ( ) 77- Biotechnology is using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. ( ) 78- Genetics is using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. ( ) 79- Genetic Engineering is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. ( ) 80- Modified bacteria used to secrete enzymes that help to dissolve oil spills in marine habitats. ( ) 81- Microbial Biotechnology is the manipulation of microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. ( ) 82- Agricultural Biotechnology makes plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered) Resistance to diseases and insects. ( ) 83- Agricultural Biotechnology is the manipulation of microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. ( ) 84- Agricultural Biotechnology used in DNA fingerprinting, Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion, Paternity cases and Identification of human remains. ( ) 85- The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances, particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution is called medical biotechnology. ( ) 86- Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules. ( ) 87- Reproductive cloning is reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm. ( ) 88- Genetic engineering refers to the manipulation of organisms to change an organism’s phenotype. ( ) 89- Transgenic Biotechnology is Mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species). ( ) 90- Medical Biotechnology involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, Preventive medicine and Diagnosis of health and illness. ( ) 91- Louis Pasteur describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation and created the rabies vaccine. ( ) 92- Bioprospecting is the using of living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. ( ) 93- Restriction enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cleave double- stranded DNA. ( ) 94- The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances, particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution is called medical biotechnology. ( ) 95- Proteins are synthesized from only 25 amino acids, known as the common amino acids. ( ) 96- Carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells and constitute 50% or more of their dry weight. ( ) 97- A cloning animal is one which has had genetic material from another species added to its DNA. ( ) 98- Using of Modified bacteria that secrete enzymes to help dissolve oil spills in marine habitats helps to convert crude oil into H2O + CO2. ( ) 99- Transgenic rice is the result of mixing genes from a bacterium and from Safflower plant into the rice ( ) 100- Purines and Pyrimidines are contractile proteins found in muscle cells and responsible for muscular contraction. ( ) 101- Proteins which possess more than one polypeptide chain in their molecule also possess a fourth structure called quaternary structure. ( ) 102- Secondary structure involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into specific coiled structure held together by and van der Waals forces. ( ) 103- DNA profiling is used in a wide variety of forensic cases, including murder, rape, and robbery. ( ) 104- Animal Biotechnology used animals as a source of medically valuable proteins, Antibodies and Transgenic animals. ( ) 105- Microbial Biotechnology used animals as a source of medically valuable proteins, Antibodies and Transgenic animals. ( ) 106- Animal Biotechnology used animals as important models in basic research, Gene "knockout" experiments and Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies. ( ) 107- Forensic Biotechnology used DNA fingerprinting, Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion, Paternity cases and Identification of human remains. ( ) 108- Agricultural Biotechnology used in DNA fingerprinting, Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion, Paternity cases and Identification of human remains. ( ) 109- Bioremediation is using of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances. ( ) 110- Medical Biotechnology involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, Preventive medicine and Diagnosis of health and illness. ( ) 111- Bioremediation Biotechnology involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, Preventive medicine and Diagnosis of health and illness. ( ) 112- Stem Cells grown in lab and then treated with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant, they used for diabetes and spinal cord injuries. ( ) 113- Genetic engineering comprises multiple techniques for the intentional manipulation of genetic material (primarily deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) to alter, repair, or enhance form or function. ( ) 114- Biotechnology comprises multiple techniques for the intentional manipulation of genetic material (primarily deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) to alter, repair, or enhance form or function. ( ) 115- Transgenic Biotechnology is mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species). ( ) 116- Reproductive cloning is Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals). ( ) 117- Reprogramming of cells is reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm. ( ) 118- Reproductive cloning is reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm. ( ) 119- Forensic Biotechnology is using of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to distinguish one person from another. ( ) 120- The pituitary gland produces a crucial hormone called the Human Growth Hormone (HGH), this peptide hormone (protein) provides for normal growth and development. ( ) 121- A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently. ( ) 122- A cell is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently. ( ) 123- Using Genetic Engineering technique, scientists were able to use E. coli to bioengineer synthetic insulin in 1977. ( ) 124- Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today are yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a plant called safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). ( ) 125- The World health Organization estimates that between 1 and 2 million children die each year from vitamin A deficiency. ( ) 126- Golden rice is a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A. ( ) 127- Golden rice is a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into synthetic insulin. ( ) 128- Clone is an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism. ( ) 129- Plants have been cloned for thousands of years, Bananas, potatoes, grape vines (grafting), Many trees, shrubs, and vines are just clonal colonies. ( ) 130- Some animals have undergone somatic cell nuclear transfer such as: sheep, rats, cats, goats, dogs, camels, and many others. ( ) 131- Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s phenotype in a particular way. ( ) 132- Biochemistry engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s phenotype in a particular way. ( ) 133- For many years HGH had to be extracted from the pituitary glands of deceased humans which meant that there was a shortage of available HGH. ( ) 134- For many years insulin had to be extracted from the pituitary glands of deceased humans which meant that there was a shortage of available insulin. ( ) 135- Restriction enzymes are useful for many different applications. Because the DNA sequence is different in each organism, the pattern of restriction sites will also be different. ( ) 136- Polymerase enzymes are useful for many different applications. Because the DNA sequence is different in each organism, the pattern of restriction sites will also be different. ( ) 137- Restriction enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cleave double- stranded DNA. ( ) 138- Polymerase enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cleave double- stranded DNA. ( ) 139- The pancreas, among other functions, produces a crucial hormone called insulin. ( ) 140- The pancreas, among other functions, produces a crucial hormone called reverse Transcriptase. ( ) 141- The insulin peptide hormone (protein) ensures that glucose is taken up by the cells for cellular respiration. ( ) 142- The Growth hormone peptide (protein) ensures that glucose is taken up by the cells for cellular respiration. ( ) 143- Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells and constitute 50% or more of their dry weight. ( ) 144- Proteins are synthesized from only 20 amino acids, known as the common amino acids. ( ) 145- Nitrogen is a characteristic component of proteins forming about 16% of their weight (i.e. 100 g of protein contains 16 g of nitrogen). ( ) 146- Proteins, are biomolecules composed of amino acids that joined together with a specific covalent bond. ( ) 147- Carbohydrates, are biomolecules composed of amino acids that joined together with a specific covalent bond. ( ) 148- Chaperones are small proteins that help guide the folding and can help keep the new protein from associating with the wrong partner. ( ) 149- Plasmids are small proteins that help guide the folding and can help keep the new protein from associating with the wrong partner. ( ) 150- Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized in the laboratory from messenger RNA). ( ) 151- cDNA is not genomic DNA, because the transcript of genomic RNA has been processed (i.e., it lacks promoters and introns). ( ) 152- The genetic code used by cells as a triplet code, in which every three-nucleotides sequence, or codon, is “read” from a specified starting point in the mRNA. ( ) 153- The hormons used by cells as a triplet code, in which every three-nucleotides sequence, or codon, is “read” from a specified starting point in the mRNA. ( ) 154- Some Properties of Genetic Code are Triplet code, Non-ambiguous and Universal and Degenerate code. ( ) 155- Some Properties of Replication Code are Triplet code, Non-ambiguous and Universal and Degenerate code. ( ) 156- Identify early predictor biomarker proteins to one day aid in diagnosis of specific diseases. ( ) 157- Some microorganisms have a sticky coat of.. Metallothioneins, proteins that actually capture heavy metals. ( ) 158- Some animals have a sticky coat of.. Metallothioneins, proteins that actually capture heavy metals. ( ) 159- Protoplast fusion is the fusion of two protoplast cells from different species. ( ) 160- Molecular farming can be defined as a biotechnological program that includes the genetic modification of agricultural products to produce proteins and chemicals for commercial and pharmaceutical purposes. ( ) 161- Edible vaccines is transgenic plants that produce vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. ( ) 162- Callus cells have the capability to redifferentiate into shoots and roots, and a whole flowering plant can be produced at the site of the injury. ( ) 163- Biofuels are fuels produced from biological products, such as plants. ( ) 164- Biofuels are fuels produced from biological products, such as human. ( ) 165- Animal embryo cells have the capability to redifferentiate into shoots and roots, and a whole flowering can be produced at the site of the injury. ( ) 166- Conventional Selective Breeding and Hybridization used Sexual cross between two lines and repeated backcrossing between hybrid offspring and parent. ( ) 167- Fusion of the two protoplast cells creates a cell that can grow into a hybrid plant. ( ) 168- Agrobacter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) it is known as a tumor-inducing (TI) it is Bacterium contains a plasmid, the TI plasmid that can be genetically modified. ( ) 169- Escherichia coli is known as a tumor-inducing (TI) it is Bacterium contains a plasmid, the TI plasmid that can be genetically modified. ( ) 170- Agrobacter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) it is known as a tumor-inducing (TI), plasmid resulting tumor is known as crown gall. ( ) 171- Biobutanol Biofuel biodiesel is a four-carbon alcohol (butyl alcohol) with a chemical formula of C4H10O. ( ) 172- In Agrobacter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) the DNA from the TI plasmid integrates with DNA of the host cell. ( ) 173- Algae may be the next alternative to petroleum that eat anything from waste glycerol to sugar pulp and produce triacylglycerides and methanol. ( ) 174- Agrobacter may be the next alternative to petroleum that eat anything from waste glycerol to sugar pulp and produce triacylglycerides and methanol. ( ) 175- The potential for identifying new genes and proteins with unique properties that may have important applications in biotechnology is very high. ( ) 176- Metagenomics involves the sequencing of genomes for entire communities of microbes. ( ) 177- Tissue culture involves the sequencing of genomes for entire communities of microbes. ( ) 178- Microbiome is a term that describes the genome of all the microorganisms, symbiotic and pathogenic, living in and on all vertebrates. ( ) 179- Tissue culture is a term that describes the genome of all the microorganisms, symbiotic and pathogenic, living in and on all vertebrates. ( ) 180- The gut microbiome consists of the collective genome of microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. ( ) 181- The gut microbiome plays a very important role in your health by helping control digestion and benefiting your immune system and many other aspects of health. ( ) 182- Research on viral genomes helps scientists learn how viruses cause disease and leads to the development of new and effective antiviral drugs. ( ) 183- Research on plant genomes helps scientists learn how viruses cause disease and leads to the development of new and effective antiviral drugs. ( ) 184- Bioterrorism is the use of biological materials as weapons to harm humans or the animals and plants we depend on for food. ( ) 185- Gene Guns used to blast tiny metal beads coated with DNA into an embryonic plant cell. ( ) 186- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to identify genes involved in bacterial cell metabolism, cell division, and genes that cause human and animal illnesses. ( ) 187- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to synthesis of novel products from microbes. ( ) 188- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to find rapid diagnostic method, vaccines. ( ) 189- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to find new strains and used for bioremediation or other tasks. ( ) 190- Gene cloning plays a very important role in your health by helping control digestion and benefiting your immune system and many other aspects of health. ( ) 191- An imbalance of unhealthy and healthy microbes in the intestines may contribute to weight gain, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and other disorders. ( ) 192- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve determine if individuals share a core human microbiome. ( ) 193- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve understand how we acquire and maintain microbial communities. ( ) 194- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve understand how changes in the microbiome can be correlated with changes in health, and conditions that affect the microbiome. ( ) 195- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve develop new methods for analysis of the microbiome. ( ) 196- First vaccine developed by Edward Jenner that used live cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox. ( ) 197- First vaccine developed by Robert Hooke that used live cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox. ( ) 198- Vaccines are parts of a pathogen or whole organisms that can be given to humans or animals by mouth or by injection to stimulate the immune system against infection by those pathogens. ( ) 199- Antigens are parts of a pathogen or whole organisms that can be given to humans or animals by mouth or by injection to stimulate the immune system against infection by those pathogens. ( ) 200- Protoplast cell is a callus cell whose cell wall has been dissolved by the enzyme cellulase. ( ) 201- Fusion of the two protoplast cells creates a cell that can grow into a hybrid plant. ( ) 202- Gene Guns use marker genes to distinguish genetically transformed cells antibiotic resistance. ( ) 203- Protoplast use marker genes to distinguish genetically transformed cells antibiotic resistance. ( ) 204- Antisense technology is a process of inserting a complimentary copy of a gene into a cell. ( ) 205- Ripe tomatoes normally produce the enzyme polygalacturonase (or PG), a chemical substance that digests pectin in the wall of the plant. ( ) 206- Rice normally produce the enzyme polygalacturonase (or PG), a chemical substance that digests pectin in the wall of the plant. ( ) 207- Biotechnology provides new tools for improving human health and animal health and welfare and increasing livestock productivity. ( ) 208- Biotechnology enhances ability to detect, treat and prevent diseases. ( ) 209- Reproduction techniques such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization, livestock cloning improves animal breeding programs. ( ) 210- Animals are playing a growing role in the advancement of biotechnology, as well as increasingly benefiting from biotechnology. ( ) 211- By understanding the genomes of animals, we can understand the basis for disease resistance, disease susceptibility, weight gain, and determinants of nutritional value. ( ) 212- Animal cloning is using somatic cell nuclear transfer, livestock breeders can create an exact genetic copy of an existing animal essentially an identical twin. ( ) 213- Plant cloning is using somatic cell nuclear transfer, livestock breeders can create an exact genetic copy of an existing animal essentially an identical twin. ( ) 214- Cloning does not manipulate the animal’s genetic makeup nor change an animal’s DNA, it is simply another form of sophisticated assisted reproduction. ( ) 215- Transgenic of animals does not manipulate the animal’s genetic makeup nor change an animal’s DNA, it is simply another form of sophisticated assisted reproduction. ( ) 216- A transgenic animal is one which has had genetic material from another species added to its DNA. ( ) 217- A cloning animal is one which has had genetic material from another species added to its DNA. ( ) 218- Biotechnology can be used to produce human-compatible transplant organs, tissues and cells in pigs that can be vital to enhancing human health. ( ) 219- Without the Polio vaccine, which was developed using animals, thousands of children and adults would die or suffer debilitating side effects from the disease each year. ( ) 220- Without Dialysis, which was tested on animals, tens of thousands of patients suffering from end stage kidney disease would die. ( ) 221- Without cataract surgery techniques, which were perfected on animals, more than a million people would lose sight in at least one eye every year. ( ) 222- Microbiome is a term that describes the genome of all the microorganisms, symbiotic and pathogenic, living in and on all vertebrates. ( ) 223- Tissue culture is a term that describes the genome of all the microorganisms, symbiotic and pathogenic, living in and on all vertebrates. ( ) 224- The gut microbiome consists of the collective genome of microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. ( ) 225- The gut microbiome plays a very important role in your health by helping control digestion and benefiting your immune system and many other aspects of health. ( ) 226- Research on viral genomes helps scientists learn how viruses cause disease and leads to the development of new and effective antiviral drugs. ( ) 227- Research on plant genomes helps scientists learn how viruses cause disease and leads to the development of new and effective antiviral drugs. ( ) 228- Bioterrorism is the use of biological materials as weapons to harm humans or the animals and plants we depend on for food. ( ) 229- Gene Guns used to blast tiny metal beads coated with DNA into an embryonic plant cell. ( ) 230- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to identify genes involved in bacterial cell metabolism, cell division, and genes that cause human and animal illnesses. ( ) 231- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to synthesis of novel products from microbes. ( ) 232- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to find rapid diagnostic method, vaccines. ( ) 233- Sequencing of microbial genomes helps to find new strains and used for bioremediation or other tasks. ( ) 234- Gene cloning plays a very important role in your health by helping control digestion and benefiting your immune system and many other aspects of health. ( ) 235- An imbalance of unhealthy and healthy microbes in the intestines may contribute to weight gain, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and other disorders. ( ) 236- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve determine if individuals share a core human microbiome. ( ) 237- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve understand how we acquire and maintain microbial communities. ( ) 238- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve understand how changes in the microbiome can be correlated with changes in health, and conditions that affect the microbiome. ( ) 239- Goals of the Human Microbiome Project involve develop new methods for analysis of the microbiome. ( ) 240- First vaccine developed by Edward Jenner that used live cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox. ( ) 241- First vaccine developed by Robert Hooke that used live cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox. ( ) 242- Vaccines are parts of a pathogen or whole organisms that can be given to humans or animals by mouth or by injection to stimulate the immune system against infection by those pathogens. ( ) 243- Antigens are parts of a pathogen or whole organisms that can be given to humans or animals by mouth or by injection to stimulate the immune system against infection by those pathogens. ( ) 244- Protoplast cell is a callus cell whose cell wall has been dissolved by the enzyme cellulase. ( ) 245- Fusion of the two protoplast cells creates a cell that can grow into a hybrid plant. ( ) 246- Gene Guns use marker genes to distinguish genetically transformed cells antibiotic resistance. ( ) 247- Protoplast use marker genes to distinguish genetically transformed cells antibiotic resistance. ( ) 248- Antisense technology is a process of inserting a complimentary copy of a gene into a cell. ( ) 249- Ripe tomatoes normally produce the enzyme polygalacturonase (or PG), a chemical substance that digests pectin in the wall of the plant. ( ) 250- Safflower normally produce the enzyme polygalacturonase (or PG), a chemical substance that digests pectin in the wall of the plant. ( ) 251- Research on animals has also led to vaccines that veterinarians use daily to prevent rabies and feline HIV. ( ) 252- The differences between mice and humans are obvious, but there are many genetic and physiologic similarities between the two. ( ) 253- The animals used most often in research are purebred mice and rats (of which the genetics are known and controlled). ( ) 254- The plants used most often in research are purebred mice and rats (of which the genetics are known and controlled). ( ) 255- The animals used most often in research are purebred dogs and cows (of which the somatic are known and controlled). ( ) 256- Researchers have developed model animal systems using both vertebrates (zebrafish) and invertebrates (fruit flies) and worms. ( ) 257- Rats are superior to mice for many early drug toxicity tests because of their physiology and more humanlike responses to drugs. ( ) 258- The relatively large size of rats facilitates surgical and physiologic experimentation. ( ) 259- Pharmacokinetics, is the study of how drugs interact with tissues and how they are metabolized. ( ) 260- Cloning, is the study of how drugs interact with tissues and how they are metabolized. ( ) 261- The lung and cardiovascular systems of dogs are similar to those of humans, making dogs a better choice for the study of heart disease and lung disorders. ( ) 262- The BRCA1 gene found in 65% of human breast tumors is similar to the BRCA1 gene in dogs. ( ) 263- In cloning, the donor cell must come from a living organism. DNA from frozen cells has been used successfully. ( ) 264- In cloning, the donor cell should come from a death organism. DNA from frozen cells couldn't used successfully. ( ) 265- The present success rate for cloning is actually quite low, although it is improving. Dolly was the result of 277 attempts. ( ) 266- Animal clones are born with defects including enlarged tongues, kidney problems, intestinal blockages, diabetes, and crippling disabilities resulting from shortened tendons. ( ) 267- The present success rate for cloning is actually quite high, although it is improving. Dolly was the result of first attempts. ( ) 268- The mortality rate among the surrogate mothers used in cloning is much higher than among normal mothers. ( ) 269- In the case of endangered animals, there is a compelling reason to look to cloning to sustain breeding populations. ( ) 270- Clones may also provide a unique window on the cellular and molecular secrets of development, aging, and diseases. ( ) 271- Retrovirus-mediated transgenics is accomplished by infecting mouse embryos with retroviruses before the embryos are implanted. ( ) 272- The Pronuclear Microinjection method introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of development of the zygote (fertilized egg). ( ) 273- The Retrovirus method introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of development of the zygote (fertilized egg). ( ) 274- Sperm-Mediated Transfer, uses “linker proteins” to attach DNA to sperm cells. ( ) 275- Enviro Pig, a transgenic pig expressing the enzyme phytase in its saliva. ( ) 276- Enviro Pig, a transgenic pig expressing the enzyme DNA polymerase in its saliva. ( ) 277- Transgenic animals are also being used to produce pharmaceutical proteins, as a human gene called Anti thrombin (Atryn), which is responsible for an anticlotting agent in human. ( ) 278- Biosteel, is a special new product that may soon be used to strengthen bulletproof vests and suture silk in operating rooms. ( )