QUALIFYING-EXAM-REVIEWER(2nd Year).pdf

SUBJECTS: CPCRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CPCROM2 INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CPCRIM3 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CPFRS1 FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY CPFRS2 FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE CPLEA1 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & P...

SUBJECTS: CPCRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CPCROM2 INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CPCRIM3 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CPFRS1 FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY CPFRS2 FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE CPLEA1 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING CPLEA2 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING CPLEA3 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPT CPLEA4 PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS CPCLJ1 CRIMINAL LAW BOOK 1 CPCDI1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & INTELLIGENCE MARIA MAHALIA LUZ MAYOR  :MAY BILANG PONG MALI AT TYPO RITO, PERO SYEMPRE, HALOS LAHAT NAMAN TAMA YAN. GUSTO KO LANG ISHARE. REVIEWER KO PO ITO, KUNG AYAW NIYO NG MAY MALI, HANAP KAYO IBANG REVIEWER :3: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY (CPCRIM1) Criminology – is the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes (Edwin Sutherland) Raffaele Garofalo – coined the term criminology Paul Topinard – used it for the first time in French Cesare Beccaria – Author of crime and Punishment (1764) Cesare Lombroso –Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso – founder of criminal anthropology Cesare Lombroso –Italian prison doctor working in the late 19 centuries Enrico Ferri – A student of Lombroso believed that social as well as biological factors played a role. ADOLPHE QUETELET –made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into the relationship between crime and sociological factors. ADOLPHE QUETELET – Found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors related to crime. Edwind Sutherland – He suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older more experienced criminals that they may associate with. Criminal Demography – study of relationship between criminality and population Criminal epidemiology – study of the relationship between environmental Criminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to special distribution in community Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men Criminal Psychology – study of human behaviour in relation to criminality Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind in relation to criminality Victimology – study of the role of the victim in the commission of the crime Dactyloscopy – Science of Fingerprint Polygraphy – Science of lie detection examination Ballistics – study of firearms and Bullets School of Thought Classical School – People have free will to choose on how to act Classical School – it ignores the possibility of irrationality and unconscious drives as motivational factors. Classical School – came about at a time when major reform in penology occurred Classical School – Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological notion of the human being a hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoids pain Classical School – The swifter and more certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior. Classical School – This time period saw many legal reforms, the French Revolution, Positivist School – presumes that criminal behaviour is caused by internal and external factor outside of the individual control. Positivist School – The scientific method was introduced and applied to study human behavior. Positivist School – Positivism can be broken up into three segments which include biological, psychological, and social positivism. Chicago School – sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities Chicago School – This results in social disorganization which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior. Criminal Law – is defined as that branch of public law which defines crimes ,treats of their nature provides for their punishment Characteristics of Criminal Law It is General in Application – the provision of the criminal or penal law must be applied equality to all person within the territory irrespective of sex , race , nationality and other personal circumstances It is territorial in character – As of the part of the right of a state self preservation , each independent country has the right to promulgate law enforceable with in territorial jurisdiction It is specific and definite – criminal law must give a strict definition of specific act which constitutes the crime It must be in application –an act describe a crime is a crime no matter who committed it It must be prospective –no person can be punished for his act at the time he did it is not punishable by law Crime – as an act of committed or omitted violation of public law. Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code. Legal Classification of Crimes 1. As to the manner crime is committed Dolo or deceit – when the act was done with deliberate intent Ex murder Culpa or fault – when the wrongful act results from imprudence , negligence , lack of foresight or lack of skill. 2. As the stage in the commission of the crime  Attempted crimes – when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution, which could produce the felony by reason of some causes or accident other than his spontaneous desistance. Frustrated crimes – when the offender has performed all the acts of execution which will produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of cause independent of the will of the perpetrator. Consummated crimes – when all the elements necessary for the execution and accomplishment of the crime are present. 3. As to the plurality of crimes Simple crimes – when a single act constitutes only one offense. Complex crimes – when a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies or when an offense is a necessary 4. As the gravity of penalty or offense Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties. Less grave felonies – those which the law punishes the penalties which are correctional in nature. Light felonies – those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, is imposed CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES 1. As to the result of crimes Acquisitive crimes – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act. Extinctive crime – when the result of a criminal act is destructive 2. As to the time or period committed Seasonal crimes – those committed only during a certain period of the year. Situational crimes – those committed only when given the situation conducive to their commission. 3. As to the length of time committed Instant crimes – those committed in the shortest possible time Episodic crimes – those committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of time. 4. As to the location of the commission Static crimes – those committed in only one place. Continuing crimes – those committed in several places. 5. As to the use of mental faculties White-collar crimes – those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities. Blue-collar crimes – those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood. 6. As to the standard of living of the criminals Crimes of the upper world – e.g. falsification cases Crimes of the underworld – e.g. bag snatching Criminal – refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law. Classification of Criminals Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy. Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking. Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves with criminal prototypes. Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes that require limited skills. Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with specialized criminal activities operated in large scale. Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals. Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances. Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation. Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control. Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior. Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or promise without considering the consequences. Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process. Pyknic Type – those who are stout and with around bodies , they tend to commit deception , fraud and violence Athletic – those who muscular and strong. they usually connected with the crimes of violence Asthenic type –those who are skinny and slender. their crimes are petty thieves and fraud Dysplatic or mixed type – those are less clear evident having any predominant type. their offense are against decency and morality  The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality) ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn sexual and aggressive impulses. Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id. Super ego –means the conscience of man. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (CPCRIM2) Criminal Justice System – it is defined as a machinery of the state or government which enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life and property and maintain peace and order CRIMINAL JUSTICE –define as the system of law enforcement, adjudication and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension CRIME –Refers to an event that calls for the operation of criminal justice system Crime –is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code CRIMINAL LAW –Defined as that branch of public law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. Five Pillar of Philippine Criminal Justice System 1. LAW ENFORCEMENT 2. PROSECUTION 3. COURT 4. CORRECTIONS 5. COMMUNITY Law enforcement – PNP under DILG; NBI under DOJ Law enforcement – considered to be the “initiator” or the “prime-mover” of the Criminal Justice System Law enforcement – It is considered as “the initiator of the action s” that other pillar must act upon to attain its goal or objective. PNP – It is the government agency that has the primary mandate to perform the police function under constitution R.A 6975 – The PNP was establish by the enactment of ____ DILG ACT of 1990– RA 6975 otherwise known as the ___ R.A 8551 –The reorganization of PNP by virtue of the enactment of ___ “THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM ACT OF 1998” –R.A 8551 on February 28, 1998 entitled _____ January of 1991– PNP established ORDER MAINTENACE– involves managing minor offenses and neighborhood disorders in order to address community problems. POLICE – the first component of the justice system to deal with the commission of the crime. BUY-BUST OPERATION – also known in legal and police parlance as a form of “entrapment”. RATIONING – refers to when the police selectively enforces criminal law for various reasons. The Prosecution – It is under DOJ, PAO under DOJ PROSECUTION – simply pertains to “a criminal action “ PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION – Is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief The following are the officers authorized to conduct preliminary investigation: 1. Provincial or City Prosecutor and their assistants; 2. National and Regional State Prosecutor; and 3. Other officers as may be authorized by law BAIL – Is the security given for the release of the person in the custody of the law, furnished by him or the bondsman, to guarantee his appearance before any court as required under the conditions as specified. BAIL BONDS – essentially an extension of the principle that all suspects are innocent until proven guilty. The following are the kinds of bail bond 1. Property 2. Cash 3. Corporate Surety 4. Recognizance 10-20% – percent does bail bond agent charge as fee in total bail JUDGE – The person who authorized by the law to give the final judgement Court - the regular civil courts JURISDICTION – Is the authority of the court to hear and try a particular offense and to impose the punishment provided by the law VENUE – Refers to the place, location or site where the case is to be headed to be heard on its merits Shari'a District & Circuit Courts – established in certain provinces in Mindanao where the Muslim Code on Personal Laws is being enforced. Regional Trial Courts– also known as Second Level Courts, which were established among the thirteen Judicial regions in the Philippines SANDIGANBAYAN – It has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees February 1, 1936 – The Court of Appeals was established on One presiding justice and 68 associate justices – Court if appeals compose of Supreme Court – It exercises original jurisdiction ARRAIGNMENT – It is where the court formally charges the person who abused you with the crime. PRE-TRIAL – when the accused pleads not guilty at the arraignment. Purpose of Pre-Trial 1. Plea bargaining 2. Stipulation of facts 3. Marking or identification of evidence 4. Such matter as will promote a fair and expeditious trial of the criminal and civil aspects of the case TRIAL – is when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case. JUDGEMENT – is the law final word pronounce by a competent authority in a controversy submitted to it. APPEAL – statutory right granted to the accused or even the government in proper cases to seek remedy before an appellate court Corrections – BuCor under DOJ Corrections – branch of the criminal justice system charge with the custody supervision and rehabilitation of a convicted offender MITTIMUS – Is a warrant issued by the court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge directing the jail or the prison authorities to receive the convicted offender for service of sentence. COMMITMENT ORDER – written order of a court or authority consigning a person to a jail or prison for detention REPRIEVE – postpones the execution of an offense to certain day COMMUTATION – remission of a part of punishment a substitution of a less penalty for the originally imposed. PAROLE – conditional release of a prisoner from correctional institution after serving the minimum period of prison sentence. CONDITIONAL PARDON – conditional exemption of a guilty offender for the punishment imposed by a court. ABSOLUTE PARDON – total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted without any condition whatsoever resulting to the full restoration of his civil rights PROBATION – Is a disposition under which a defendant after conviction and sentence, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer. PENOLOGY – Simply means the treatment of the criminals JAIL – It is the place for temporary confinement for person awaiting court action and the convicted offenders serving short sentence. Community Joint Policing Committees (JPCs) – are a recent feature in Irish crime prevention. They constitute a partnership process within each of the 114 local authority areas FRANZIER – According to him, community policing is proactive, solution based and pro-driven. FRANZIER –He enumerate the 5 basic purposes of Community Relations PEOPLE LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD – PLEAB means Legal Principles regarding crime or criminal act Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege - there is no crime where no law punishing it Actus non facit reum , nisi mens rea - an act does not render a man guilty of a crime unless his mind is equally guilty Actus me invito factus,no est meus actus – An act done by me against me is not my act Mala en se - refers to those that are naturally criminal on the moral ground. ex. Murder Mala probihita – crimes pertains to those act that have been criminalized by regulatory purposes Mens Rea - refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is "guilty mind” 1987 Philippine Constitution – empowers the Legislative branch of the government or Congress Our local legislative bodies– authorized to enact laws that are criminal or penal in nature Substantive Criminal law - Defines the elements that are necessary for an act to constitute a crime and therefore punishable Procedural Criminal Law – refers to the statute that provides procedures appropriate for the enforcement of the substantive criminal law. Presumption of innocence- this means that those who are accused of crimes are considered innocence until proven guilty Burden of Proof – in criminal cases means that the government must prove beyond reasonable doubt Suspect – during the investigation Respondent – during preliminary investigation Accused – when a case has been filed in court Convict – the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt Criminal – upon undergoing all the process, when the criminal has served the sentence Bill of Rights – It is a litany of weapons, which a person may use in order to resist or defeat any abuse or misuse of governmental power. DUE PROCESS OF LAW –This concept means that those who are accused by the crimes and those who are processed through the criminal justice system must be given the basic rights guaranteed by the constitution. EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAW –It essence declares that the state may not attempt to create or enforce statutes against a person solely because of specific characteristic such as race, age or sex Adversarial system –assumes that the best way to get to the truth of a matter is through a competitive process to determine the facts Adversarial Approach – assumes the accused to be innocent Adversarial Approach –places the burden on the public prosecutor to prove the guilt of the accused Adversarial Approach – places emphasis on the process Inquisitorial System –associated with civil law legal systems, and it has existed for many centuries. Inquisitorial Approach –assumes the accused to be guilty Inquisitorial Approach –places the burden to the accused in providing his innocence. Inquisitorial Approach – places emphasis on the conviction of the accused Crime Control Model – It is based on the idea that the most important function of the CJS is the repression of a criminal conduct. Crime Control Model – conservative approach to crime that focuses on protecting society from criminals by regulating criminal conduct and justice. Due Process Model – This generally requires fairness in government proceedings. Due Process Model – considered to be a liberal approach to criminal justice that favors criminal rights RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice System Concept of Restorative Justice– It refers to the principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim the offender and the community. Children in conflict with law– refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudge as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws. Child at risk – refers to the child who is vulnerable to and the risk of committing criminal offense because of personal , family and social circumstances. INTERVENTION – Refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child to commit an offense. DIVERSION PROGRAM – Refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings. RA 9344 SEC. 5 –Rights of the Child in Conflict with the Law RA 9344 SEC. 6 – Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility ARREST– refers to the taking of the person into custody SEARCH WARRANT– an order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines signed by the judge and directed to the peace officer WARRANTLESS ARREST (SEC.5, RULE 113)– A police officer or a private person may arrest without a warrant. Ten (10) days from its date– A search warrant shall be valid for PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE– an exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement that allows an officer to seize evidence and contraband that are found in plain view during a lawful observation EXLUSIONARY RULE – This rule not admitting any unlawfully obtained evidence against the accused FRUIT OF POISINOUS TREE– other term for Exclusionary Rule SEC.6, RULE 113 – Time of making arrest. SEC.7, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer by virtue of warrant. SEC.8, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer without warrant SEC.9, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by private person PATROL – law enforcement officers assigned to monitor specified geographic areas CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – is an art, which deals with the identity and the location of the offender and gather evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings INVESTIGATOR – one who is charged with the duty of carrying the objectives of investigation PROFESSIONALISM – This is a quality required for any career stream INTEGRITY – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is PERSISTENCE – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is SELF-DRIVEN – When you are a professional investigator, you are mostly working tirelessly on your own. PROBLEM SOLVER – You need to have analytical skills and the ability to think logically. RELIABLE– When people come to you with their private cases, you have to be able to give them the assurance that you will help them with their problem. COURAGE – The job of a professional investigator can be risky at times. CRIME PREVENTION – is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it CRIME PREVENTION – active approach utilizing public awareness and preventive measures to reduce crime. DISCRETION – refers to an official action that is taken by a criminal justice official COMMUNIY ORRIENTED – there must be a police community partnership in tackling the issues about crime prevention and law enforcement. THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION (CPCRIM3) CRIMINOLOGY – is defined as the scientific study of crime Rafaelle Garofalo – the term was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Criminology Etiology – an attempt at scientific analysis of causes of crime. Sociology of Law – an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control Penology – concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders. Norm – any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances Deviance – refers to the conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating Crime –an act or omission against the penal law of the state Sin – is an act or omission against the spiritual or divine law Elements of Crime Harm – for crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm. Legality – this has two aspects, first the harm must be forbidden for a behavior to be a crime, second a criminal law must not be retroactive or ex post facto law. Actus reus –this Latin term refers to criminal conduct Mens Rea –refers to criminal intent or guilty mind Causation –refers to the causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus Concurrence –this means that the criminal conduct (actus reus) and the criminal intent (mens rea) must occur together. Punishment –there must be a statutory provision for punishment or at least the threat of punishment. Three Ingredients of Crime Motive or Desire – This is the driving force, the reason why the accused committed the crime Opportunity – It refers to the time and place of the commission of the crime. Instruments – These are tools employed by criminals Criminal –refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law. Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy. Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking. Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves with criminal prototypes. Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes that require limited skills. Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with specialized criminal activities operated in large scale. Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals. Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances. Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation. Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control. Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior. Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or promise without considering the consequences. Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process.  Classification of Criminals (The Revised Penal Code) Recidivist – is the one who, at the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgement of another crime embraced in the same title of RPC. Quasi-recidivist – is one who commits another crime after having been convicted by final judgement of a crime falling under either the RPC or Special Law, before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the same. Habitual delinquent – is one who, within a period of ten (10) years from the date of his release or last conviction of crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification is found guilty of any of the said crimes for the third time or oftener. Offense – an act or omission that is punishable by special laws Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code. Delinquency/ Misdemeanor/ Infraction – is an act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of law Violent Crimes – include offenses where violence was applied (crimes against persons). Economic Crimes – are primarily committed to bring financial gain to the offender (crimes against property) White-collar crimes – committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation Organized crimes – characterized by the use of legitimate and illegitimate business enterprise for illegal profit Public order crimes – they are unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and ability of people to function efficiently Misdemeanors – they are minor offenses that are punishable by no more than fine and/or one year imprisonment, typically in a local jail. Mala in se – the term means “evil in itself”. They are crimes that are “wrong in themselves”. Mala prohibita – this means “wrong because it is prohibited”. OTHER CLASSES OF CRIMES Crimes by imitation – crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the explanation of crime as a learned behavior. Crimes of passion – those committed at the height of great emotions Service crimes – crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy the desire of others. Genocide – a crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations. Transnational crimes – violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking (Albanese,2010) Environmental crimes – acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the environment and human health. Cybercrimes – crimes that involve computers and network. Political crimes – criminal activities for ideological purposes; also, serious violation laws that threaten the security or existence of the government. Family-related crimes – crimes within the family. Patriarchal crimes – those committed against women and children in the name of traditional male dominance Demonological Theory – it was based on the belief of primitive people that every object and person is guided by a spirit Hedonism – is a doctrine that pleasure is the highest good in life and that moral duty is fulfilled through the pursuit of pleasure. Classical Theory – “the punishment should fit the crime” General Deterrence – punishment of delinquents and criminal offenders will strike fear in the hearts of other people, thus making them less likely to commit acts of delinquency or crimes. Specific Deterrence – punishment will strike fear in the hearts of wrongdoers, thus making them less likely to offend others again. Incapacitation – the simplest form of jurisdiction; wrongdoers should be locked up in jail since while they are imprisoned in an institution, they cannot commit offenses against other people in the outside world. Retribution – this reason objects the idea that anything good or useful will follow or result from punishing offenders Determinism –every act has a cause that is waiting to be discovered in the natural world Critical Theory – This theory blames delinquency on the imbalance of power within the human society. Lombrosian Theory – this was developed by Dr. Cesare Lombroso, a prison doctor in Turin, Italy and known as the father of criminology The theory of atavism –Lombroso had the opinion that criminals were developed from primitive or subhuman individuals characterized by some inferior mental and physical characteristics Categorized criminals as follows: Born Criminals – these refer to individuals who are born with a genetic predilection toward criminality. Epileptic criminals – these are criminals who commit crime because they are affected by epilepsy. Insane criminals – these are those who commit crimes due to abnormalities or psychological disorders. Occasional criminals – these are criminals who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that push them to do at a given occasion Pseudo criminals – these individuals are not real criminals Criminaloids – the term means “like a criminal” or “having resemblance with criminals”. Habitual criminals – they have no organic criminal tendency, but in the course of their lives they have developed some foul habits Passionate criminals – these are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions. PHYSIOLOGY –study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit. Endomorphs – people who tend to be fat, round and soft, and to have short arms and legs. Mesomorphs – people who have athletic and muscular physique; with active, assertive and aggressive personality. Ectomorphs – people who are basically skinny with lean and fragile body. PHYSIOGNOMY –Refers to the study of the facial features of a person in relation to his criminal behavior PHRENOLOGY – study of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the brain and the development of its various parts in relation to the behavior of the criminal. Ada Juke –known as “The Mother of Criminals”. John Kaspar Lavater – revived the study of psysiognomy Sir Jonathan Edwards –He was a famous preacher during the colonial period PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY –This theory blames criminal or delinquent behavior in a conscience that is either so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt, or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses. Sigmund Freud –the founder of psychoanalysis The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality) ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn sexual and aggressive impulses. Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id. Super ego – it grows out of ego and serves as the “conscience” of a person. It represents the moral code, norms and values the individual has acquired. Charles Goring – studied the mental characteristics of 3000 English convicts. Cognitive Theory –This psychological theory up behavior is based on the belief that people organize their thoughts into rules and loss Moral Development Theory –This theory contended that moral reasoning develops in three stages. He called the first stage, “preconventional”; the second stage, “conventional”; and the third, “postconventional”. Lawrence Kohlberg–He pioneered the Moral Development Theory. Mental deficiency – This is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind existing before the age of 18, whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury Idiots –persons with a mental defect to a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers. Their mentality is comparable to that of a two year old child. Imbeciles – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounced that they are incapable of managing themselves or their affairs. Feeble-minded – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to imbecility, is yet to pronounced that they require care, supervision and control for their own or for protection of others, or in case of children, they appear to be permanently incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in ordinary schools. Morally defective – persons with strong vicious or criminal propensities. They require care and supervision and control for their own or for the protection of others. PSYCHOSIS –It is characterized by infantile level of response, lack of conscience, lack of affection to others and aggression to environment and other people Schizophrenia – This is manifested by delusions or hallucinations or a clear-cut thought disorder Paranoia – it is a psychotic delusion characterized by incorrect or unreasonable ideas which can be seen as truth by people suffering from this disorder Neurosis – This is another common type of mental disorder linked to criminal behavior. Neurasthenia – this is a condition of weakened nerves that manifests in fatigue and nervousness and sometimes in physical symptoms such as pain. Anxiety – the person feeling anxious, fearful or apprehensive. The person may also be irritable and restless and has chronic tension, poor concentration and overreaction to noise. Obsessive-compulsive neurosis – This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something. Kleptomania – The compulsive desire to steal. Dipsomania – the compulsive desire to drink alcohol. Homicidal compulsion – the irresistible urge to kill somebody. Hysteria – This refers to an unhealthy or senseless emotional outburst coupled with violent emotional outbreaks. Phobia – It is generally called exaggerated fears of things that normal people fear to some degree, and fears of things that ordinary people do not fear. Depression – People who suffer from depressive neurosis generally have feelings of pain, hurt, unpleasantness, sadness, rejection, self pity, helplessness, despair, boredom, pessimism, and rejection Epilepsy – This is a condition characterized by compulsive seizures and a tendency to mental deterioration. Differential Association Theory –assumes that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from non-criminal patterns. EDWIN SUTHERLAND – He developed the Differential Association Theory. RONALS AKERS – He proposes the Differential Reinforcement Theory. KARL MARX – He proposed the Radical Theory Differential Reinforcement Theory – According to acres people learn to be “neither all the violent nor all confirming” but rather strike a balance between the two opposing poles behavior. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – looking for factors that make people become criminal, these theories tried to explain why people did not become criminal. Labeling Theory –This theory states that the reaction of other people in the immediate effects of this reactions create deviance Conflict theory –assumes that society is based primarily on conflict between competing interest groups NEUTRALIZATION – This theory review the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enabled them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate in conventional behavior. RADICAL THEORY – argue that capitalism is an economic system that requires people to compete against each other in the individualistic pursuit off material work period the destructive effects of capitalism, such as crime, are not caused by income or property inequality or by poverty. SOCIAL REACTION THEORY – Commonly called labeling theory SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY – This theory suggests that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower class areas push many of their presidents into criminal behavior patterns. Social Disorganization Theory – links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. What is organize area is one in which institutions of social control Social Disorganization Theory – Indicators of ____ include high unemployment, school dropout rates, with their you rated housing, low income levels and large numbers of single parent household STRAIN THEORY – This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the ghost people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them Cultural Deviance Theory –This theory combines elements of both stream and social disorganization. THEORY OF DELIQUENT SUBCULTURES – This theory suggests that a delinquent behavior of lower class suits protests against the norms and values of middle class culture. The Theory of Delinquent Subcultures –incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower class experience status frustration, they join in gangs and engage in nonutilitarian, malicious and negativistic behavior. THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY – suggest that delinquency can result from differential opportunity for lower class youth REACTION FORMATION –according to Albert Cohen, it is when the youth rebound from conventional failure ROBERT MERTON – He postulated the Strain Theory. CLIFFORD SHAW – Social Disorganization Theory is based on the work of Henry McKay together with ___? CLOWARD AND OHLIN – these two see lower working-class deliquents as sharing their own deviant sub cultural values HENRY MCKAY AND CLIFFORD SHAW – social disorganization theory is based on the work of these two. North and south pole – according to Quetelet’s “thermic law of delinquency”,crimes against persons predominate in the South Pole during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries. Approach to the equator – according to Montesquieu (Spirit of Laws, 1748), criminality increases in proportion as one approaches the equator, and drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South pole. Season of the year – Crimes against persons are more in summer than in rainy season well crimes against property or more during rainy season. Climatic conditions directly affect once irritability and cause criminality. Soil formation – More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly, rugged terrain. Month of the year – There is frequent incidents of violent crimes during warm months from April to July having its peak in May. Temperature – Studies showed that the number of arrests increases quite regularly with increase of temperature Humidity and atmospheric pressure – According to a survey, large numbers of assaults are to be found correlated with low humidity and a small number with high humidity. Wind velocity – Studies explain the during high wind, arrests were less. Alcoholism – It is a form of vice causing mental disturbance. Drug addiction – This is another form of vice which causes strong mental disturbance FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY (CPFRS1) Romans –formulated the first essential element of forensic science Forensic –comes from the Latin word ‘forensis’ / ‘forum’ which means marketplace, used in conducting public discussion, business, and legal proceedings Forensic Science –is an application of scientific principles to criminal and civil laws that are enforce by police agencies in a criminal justice system. Criminalistics –is the largest branch of forensic science, may be defined as scientific discipline directed toward the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation Forensic Chemistry –deals with the application of chemical theories and principles in the solution of legal problems in connection with the administration of justice. Forensic Toxicology –is the use of toxicology to aid medico-legal investigation of death and poisoning. ANCIENT CHEMISTRY –use of medicines and materials based on experience of what worked and did not Hammurabi’s code – the most famous code named for the Babylonian king in power Greeks –were the first one to set forth idea of science as a system or method of looking at the world. The Frye rule (general acceptance) – The court’s ruling held that scientific evidence is admissible if the techniques are accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community The Daubert Decision (1975) – The decision provided a list of criteria of judge could use such as error rate and peer review. Forcing a reexamination of evidence. Kumho Decision (1999) – This decision extends Daubert decision to focus on expert’s testimony and acknowledge standards Forensic Chemist – expert in forensic chemistry and tasked to analyze the chemical specimen using analytical methods available. Forensic Toxicologist –is a person who investigates and detects poisons in an alleged poisoning. DR. EDMUND LOCARD – a French criminologist, is the Father of Modern Forensics Prof Mathieu Orfila – a chemist and Spanish physician, is the father of modern Toxicology Evidence –is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting matter of fact. Major classification of evidence Direct – evidence which directly establishes the main facts of issue. Indirect or Circumstantial – incriminates a person. Evidence derived from any other source than the testimony of those who witness the act against a person accused of a crime. Hearsay – a statement given by a witness in authority of another person and not from his own personal knowledge. Prima facie – evidence established by law. If unexplained or not contradicted is sufficient to sustain preposition it supports or to establish the facts Corroborative – additional evidence required to strengthen the testimony of a witness. Tierce – extremely small items Exculpatory – helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty. Corpus delicti (Latin: the body of the wrong) – literally, body of a crime and denotes that a crime has been committed Associative evidence – links the suspect to a crime. Physical evidence –composed of any all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator. EXHIBIT – a term used for an object or documentary evidence when presented in court SPECIMEN – usual term of chemist for evidence examined in the laboratory, composed of the whole bulk of evidence SAMPLE/SPECIES – part of the specimen selected for the actual laboratory testing Witness –is a person who is subpoena by court to testify on certain issues. Ordinary witness – states facts based on his personal knowledge but limited to drawing out opinion and conclusions. Expert witness – is a person who has skill in an art, trade or science or has a knowledge in matters that is not known by other men with ordinary education. IDENTIFICATION – an analytical method to determine the identity of substances CLASSIFICATION – placing the evidence to a class member INDIVIDUALIZATION – the process of establishing the common source of physical evidence Qualitative Examination – identification of substance present in the sample. Physical test – investigating the physical property of the sample specimen. Chemical test –investigating the chemical property of the sample specimen. Confirmatory examination –utilize higher form of analysis that prove the result of physical and chemical test. Quantitative Examination –determining the percent purity of the sample. COMPARISON – Method of determining similarity or conformity of the characteristic of questioned evidence to a known standard Individual Characteristics – attributed from a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. The evidence produced the same characteristics repeatedly. Class Characteristics – property of evidence that can only be associated with the group and never with a single source. The property is the same throughout the whole group not by a single specimen. Crime scene – is an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence. Crime scene investigation – is much more than processing (searching), documenting (notes, photos, and sketches), and certainly, more than bagging and tagging/ markings physical evidences, the main objective is to know how to recognize physical evidences to be processed Recognition –is a qualitative process of systematically evaluating physical evidence to determine if their qualifications are sufficiently similar or substantially equivalent Identity – is always sought during criminal investigation Mathematical probability – most of the human action requires judgements. The outcome of an event can be logically estimated based on past performance, known conditions and experience. Individual characteristics – what make one thing different from all other similar items are individual characteristics. Class characteristics – while class characteristic is a property of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source. Comparison – the obvious physical match between objects. Example are rip, tear, or breakage of a counterpart of for the object that was used to inflict the damage. Rarity – the exceptional circumstances connected with the place, time, or general conditions under physical evidence is discovered tend to heighten its quality. Exchange – when two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of small materials between the two. Locard’s exchange principle – is a concept which states that “Whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, an object, or a crime scene, he or she will leave evidence, and will also take away evidence” Edmund Locard – (early 20th century) a Frenchman who sets up a forensic laboratory in Lyons, France. He is considered as the Father of Forensic Science. Sherlock Holmes – a fictitious character but considered as the Father of Crime Detection. Dr. Hans Gross – written the first investigation book entitled “Search for the Truth” and known as the “Father of Criminalistics” Sample – is a small, homogenous (same throughout) sample whose composition is representative of the larger/ real object. Sampling – is the process of selecting representative material to analyze SMURFING – 50 grams of shabu is required by the trafficker, the pusher will effort to give this amount via courier to purchase and bring only 49 grams to avoid the maximum penalty. SLOPPING – purchasing contaminated or diluted chemical from legal source during transfer clearing process Blood – is highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances suspended in fluid medium 4-5 LITERS – FEMALE BLOOD 5-6 LITERS – MALE BLOOD Plasma (55%) - fluid portion composed principally of water and other constituents such as enzymes, glucose, etc. Cells (45%) – solid portion consist of red blood and white blood cells and platelets. RBC (erythrocytes) – carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain hemoglobin – an iron- containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transport it too tissues in the body. WBC (leukocytes) – fight disease. Platelets (thrombocytes) – cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood. Blood Clotting – when a protein in the plasma called fibrin traps and enmeshes the red blood cells, the blood clots forming solids that separates the serum. Serum – is the remaining pale-yellowish liquid when the clotted material where removed from the blood ANTI-SERUM – The serum that contains antibodies Antigens – are defined as substances recognized by the body to produce an antibody to react specially to it Antibody – is a protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen. Usually denotes using the prefix “anti”. Microscopic Exam – examination of menstrual blood corpuscles to differentiate mammal blood to other animals Spectroscopic method – characteristic absorption band to Frauen Holfer lines Semen – viscid gelatinous, sticky character but after exposure teds to become more liquid due to enzyme action 1.5-3.5 ML – normal quantity in a single ejaculation Spermatozoa – healthy young man is about 400 to 500 ml Aspermia/ Oligospermia – sperm disease Microscopic examination – the sperm cell was stained and viewed under a high-power microscope. Ultraviolet examination – seminal stain exhibit bright bluish fluorescence. Florence test – named after introduction of Dr Florence of Lyons, France for this test. Based on formation of choline periodize crystal, a dark brown rhombic or needle shape Barberios test – spermine picrate, a slender yellow tinted rhombic needle with obtuse angles and sometimes appeared as ovoid crystals. Acid phosphatase – Dr Sidney Kaye, a specific sperm test for human, forming orange-ed pigment Forensic entomology – is a branch which makes use of insects in the detection of crime and used to calculate the time since death. Blood stain pattern analysis – focuses on the analysis of the size, shape, and distribution of blood stain resulting from blood shed events as a means of determining the types of activities and mechanisms that produce them. Dr. Edward Piotrowski – published the first study of BPA regarding “Origin, shape, direction and distribution of blood stain following head wounds caused by blows” Dr. Paul Jeserich – documented study of blood stain patterns of his examined homicide scenes during the first decade of 20th century Dr. Victor Baltazard – conducted original research and experimentation with blood stain trajectories and patterns presented in 22nd Congress of Forensic Medicine entitled “Research on Blood Spatte Dr. Paul Kirk (Father of Criminalistics in the US) – prepared and affidavit regarding his findings based on blood stain evidence to the court of common pleas in the case of State of Ohio vs. Samuel Sheppard Herbert Leon Mc Donell – published a book entitled “Flight Characteristics and Stain Pattern of Human Blood” through assistance of Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) Viscosity – the resistance of any liquid to flow. Surface tension – the elastic-like property of the blood surface tends to contract to resist penetration and separation. Specific Gravity – the density of blood as compared to the density of water. Passive Blood Stains – are drops created or formed by the force of gravity acting alone with no significant external force or impact. Transfer Blood Stain – form of blood stain is created when a wet bloody surface comes in contact with a secondary surface. Contact Bleeding – a recognizable mirror image of all or a portion of the original surface may be observed in the pattern as in the case of a bloody hand or footwear. Swipe or Smear – made from moving blooded object swipe in an unstained surface producing characteristics feathered edge indicating direction of movement. Wipe – created when object moves through an existing stain, removing or altering its appearance. (e.g. stamp, feathered edge suggests direction) Smudge – formed by altering the original contact stain to erase the mark. Projected Blood Stain – are blood projected forward by force greater than the force of gravity. Arterial spurt – blood stain pattern resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery producing large stains with downward flow on vertical surfaces. Cast off – first blow causes bleeding, subsequent blows contaminate weapon with blood. Gunshot back spatter – arises from entrance wound that passes b ack towards weapon and shooter Gunshot forward spatter – arises from exit wound COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – It is the combination of two compound microscope attached to one unit. STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE – This type of microscope produces a three-dimensional image of the specimen magnified used to examine trace evidence. MICROSCOPE – It is an optical instrument that uses lens or combination of it to magnify and resolve the fine details of an object. MAGNIFYING GLASS – is the earliest and simplest single lens microscope. FIELD OF VIEW – Refers to the area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified. Sensitivity – minimum detectable amount of sample. Selectivity – distinguishing property by differentiating one substance from another Objective lens – the lower lens where the object to be magnified is placed. It forms a real, inverted and magnified image. Eyepiece lens – the inverted magnified object from objective lens is viewed through this upper lens which further magnifying it into a virtual image Explosives – any chemical compound or mixture that undergo rapid burning or decomposition by influenced of heat TROJAN WAR – The oldest known recorded explosives in history are the Greek fire High Explosives (detonating charges) – the speed of its detonation wave equal to 1000 m/s and pressure equal to thousands of atmospheres. Primary – used to start explosion Secondary – stable but can be detonated by primary explosives Low Explosives (deflagrating charge) – the rate of decomposition are relatively slow process and the wave produced is less than the speed of sound. Primer – use to propel ammunitions Igniter – use to initiate explosions (e.g. safety fuse) Propellant – use to launch rockets and missile Grenades – derived from Greek word “Grabatus” as implied by the Spanish in 16th century. Granada Filler – the chemical or explosive substance in the grenade body. Body – this contains the filler and provides fragmentation Fuze Assembly – heart of then grenade function to give chain reaction of chemical, mechanical or electrical action Fuses – use to initiate explosive in any war hood (part of missile) Explosion – is a violent bursting or expansion caused by the release of the mechanical, chemical, or nuclear energy from a confined area. Implosion – is similar phenomenon except that the energy released is initially directed inward. Mechanical Explosion – it is a sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting into pieces by internal pressure as that of gas or steam boiler; also known as pressure explosion. Chemical Explosion – a source of explosion wherein the source of this energy comes from an explosive such as gunpowder. Nuclear explosion – an explosion due to nuclear fusion and fission of particles. Act #2255 (11 Feb 1913) – act prohibiting the manufacture, possession and sale of dynamite and other explosives or components without a special permit, from Chief, PC or Senior Inspector in the province Executive order #9 (01 Feb 1954) – control and supervise licensing sales, possession, use, storage and manufacture of explosives. Executive order #60 (09 Feb 1967) – promulgating rules and regulations on the control and supervision of the importation, sale and possession of chemicals used in manufacture of explosives Gunshot residue –is defined as the traces of materials that remain after the use of a firearm using gunpowder ammunition. Primer or Lead Residue – are devices used to initiate the propellant in ammunition Propellants Components – contain up to 23 organic compounds (FBI study). Black powder propellants –the trick to making as suitable ballistic propellant was in the correct ratio of the three (3) chemicals. Smokeless propellants – since the discovery of nitrocellulose in 1845, by treating cellulose Flake – common form of propellant Cylindrical – are mistakenly called extruded. This is technically incorrect because nearly all propellants are extruded at some point in their manufacturer Ball or Spherical Cut sheet – common and European propellant. Cylindrical powders are mistakenly called extruded Stabilizer and Plasticizer – stabilizers are organic material that are added to propellants and explosives to retard their decomposition during storage. Burning rate – is the rate at which energy released during burning. Slow-burning powders –release their energy (in the form of pressure) more slowly than fast-burning powders. Fast-burning powders –are commonly used for light loads with light bullets. PARRAFIN WAX – A white, translucent, odorless solids consisting of a mixture of solids hydrocarbons of high molecular weight. Burning (direct) – the principal damage due to flame and muzzle blast is more visible than to the penetration of bullet. Singeing (1 to 2 inches) – slightly burning Smudging – produced when the gun is held from about 2 inches to the maximum of 8 inches Tattooing (8 to 18 inches) – (Black coarsely peppered pattern). Individual specks of tattooing around the hole are visible by the naked eye Harrison-Gilroy – test for the presence of lead, antimony and barium Sodium Rhodizonate Griess Test – test for the presence of nitrates. Lucas Test – a characteristic smell that decreases in intensity with lapse of time and is observable immediately after firing. Hydrogen sulfide – another product of combusting gunpowder and is present in the gaseous state that can be detected by means of a lead acetate paper. Rusting – as a rule does not commence for several days. Presence of nitrates – diminishes after a lapse of time Toxicology – the scientific study of the nature, properties and effects on living organism and detection of poisons and the treatment of poisoning. Paracelcus (16th century) – German-Swiss physician/ alchemist and Father of Modern Toxicology Descriptive Toxicology – involves toxicity testing of chemicals providing information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements. Mechanistic Toxicology – concerns with identifying and understanding mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organism. Regulatory Toxicology – involves in decisions, based on data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicology, whether a chemical poses a sufficiency low risk capable for consumers for stated purposes. Forensic Toxicology – concerns primarily with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human and animals. Clinical Toxicology – concerns with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances. Environmental Toxicology – focused on the impacts of the chemical pollutants in the environment on biological organisms. Occupational Toxicology – study of the adverse effects of agents that may be encountered by workers during the course of their employment. Risk – the potential likehood that injury will occur in a given situation Exposure – is the amount of chemical that is available for absorption Safety – the probability that harm will not occur under specified conditions Poison – is a substance that when introduce into or absorbed by a living organism in sufficient amounts causes death or injury Volatile poisons – poisonous substance capable of converting from liquid to gas without the application of heat. Gases – class of poisons usually not chemically detectable however some may be isolated from blood or lung tissue. (e.g. carbon monoxide, chlorine etc) Non-volatile poison – most of drugs is non-volatile. They can be extracted using acid and basic medium in a suitable solvent. Anions – usual examples are household chemicals. These range of poison are usually inorganic in nature. Metallic – usually encountered in places near mining Posology (dosage) –is a science which deals with the study of the dosage of medicine to be administered within a certain period. Medicine – is any substance administered to correct or alleviate the disease or disordered state of the system. Dose – is the quantity of medicine to be administered at one time. Safe dose – is one that do not cause harmful effects. Sometimes, however, it may be too small to produce the desired effects. Minimum dose – is the smallest amount of medicine that can produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing harm. Maximum dose – the largest amount of that will cause no injury but at the same time can produced the desired therapeutic effect. Toxic or poisonous dose – is one that is harmful both to the healthy and the sick Lethal or fatal dose – dose that kills. Antidotes – is any agent that neutralize a poison or otherwise counteracts or opposes its effects Circumstantial or Moral Evidence – that evidence contributed by the circumstances or deduced from various occurrences and facts. Symptomatic Evidence - this include the symptoms observed during the poisoning. Chemical evidence – that evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance, or the decomposed or changed or it have been placed after death. Postmortem evidence – that obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs after death Experimental evidence – (psychological test) obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effect or symptoms Alcohol – is a class of organic compound containing hydroxyl groups includes ethanol. Ethanol – is a specific kind of alcohol normally diluted with water and consumed as beverages. Fermented – low alcoholic content Wine – 8-14% Distilled – high alcoholic content Combination – (fortified; port & sherry wines) Oxidation – alcohol oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via acetaldehyde to acetic acid using alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Excretion – breath, urine and perspiration. TRACE EVIDENCE – These are any materials left by any suspects or victim which serves as a link to a crime. HAIR – is an appendage of the skin that grows out of an organ known as the hair follicle. CUTICLE – It is a protective coating made of overlapping scales (appearance of shingles on a roof) that always point toward the hair tip CORTEX – Made of spindled-shaped cells aligned in a regular array, parallel to the length of the hair. MEDULLA – Collection of cells having the appearance of a central canal running through a hair. Standard – considered samples from known source. Questioned – sample from unknown source tool mark – is defined as any impression, compression, cut, gouge, scratch, indentation, or any other making left in an object by another harder object or instrument Natural fibers – derived in whole from animal or plant resources Serial number – a number of related or similar objects arranged in order or success Light – is described as the combination of particles and waves. Thickeners – used in water paints to increase the viscosity of paints BLIND SEARCH – This method is used for searching trace evidence particularly hairs and fibers which is usually more difficult to find  FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION (CPFRS2) Alphonse Bertillon - Father of Scientific ldentification MARCELLO MALPIGHI - GRANDFATHER OF DACTYLOSCOPY MARCELLO MALPIGHI - An Italian Anatomist, who published his work "De Externo Tactus organo" depicting the construction of the layers of the human skin. Dermis - Inner layer Epidermis - outer layer JCA MAYER - He was the first to state that the prints of two different persons are never alike. SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL - FATHER OF CHIROSCOPY DR. HENRY FAULDS - He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle. GILBERT THOMPSON - used his thumbprint on a document to prevent Forgery ARTHUR KOLLMANN - first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus FRANCIS GALTON - British anthropologist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification in the 1880s. FRANCIS GALTON - he published his book 'Fingerprints', establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints. JUAN VUCETICH - An Argentine Police Official began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types JUAN VUCETICH - He developed his system of classifying prints that were officially adopted in Argentina and was used in most Spanish peaking Country. SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - FATHER OF FINGERPRINTS MARY K. HOLLAND - the first American Instructress in Dactyloscopy DR. EDMOND LOCARD - FATHER OF POROSCOPY Mr. Jones - one who first taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary in the Year 1900. Generoso Reyes - First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary. Isabela Bernales - first female Filipino Fingerprint Technician Capt. Thomas Dugan - New York Police Department and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washing ton gave the first examination in fingerprinting in 1927 and Agustin Patricia of the Philippines, top the examination. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY - states that no two fingerprints of different persons or the neighboring fingers of the same person have ever been found to be identical or exactly alike in all respect PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY - the states that the papillary ridges are immutable, perennial, and individual from the third month of the embryonic while the child is still at the mother's womb and it will never change until decomposition sets in after death. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY - This states that the fingerprint can never be forged or copied. JOHN DILLENGER - US notorious public enemy No. 1, ROBERT JAMES PITTS - Gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an inmate of the possible destruction of fingerprints. LOCARD AND WITKOWSKI - Who performed rather painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints with boiling water. Friction Skin - is the epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral/lower surface of the hands and feet covered with minute ridges and furrows and without pigment and coloring matters. EPIDERMIS - the outer covering of the skin DERMIS - the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, Various glands, and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae are found. DACTYLOSCOPY - the science which deals with the study of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. DACTYLOGRAPHY - the study of fingerprints for identification. DACTYLOMANCY - an attempt at character reading through the pattern of fingerprints. DERMATOGLYPHICS - are the lines, tracings, and designs on the skin of fingers, CHIROSCOPY - scientific examination of the palm of the handpalms, and soles. POLYDACTYL - a hand having more than ten required numbers of fingers PODOSCOPY - scientific examination of the sole of the foot. POROSCOPY - Scientific examination of sweat pores/glands. BERTILLION SYSTEM – This method was developed by Alphonse Bertillon ODONTOLOGY – This system measures the tooth structure as a means of identification. HAIR EXAMINATION – is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence. RIDGE SURFACE - is that component of. the friction skin that forms the fingerprint impression. RIDGES – are the tiny elevation or hill-like structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores. DISCRETION – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the low area in a tire thread. SWEAT PORES – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the low area in a tire thread. SWEAT DUCT – is a long host like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat that exits at its mouth, the pore. SWEAT GLANDS – are found in the dermis layer of the skin which is responsible for the production of the sweat (watery substance) 27 BONES – The human hand has TERMINAL PHALANGE – is the particular bone that is covered with the friction skin having all the different types of patterns and located near the tip of the finger. MIDDLE PHALANGE – is a phalange of the finger located at the middle of the terminal and basal phalange is a phalange of the finger located at the base portion just below the middle phalange DERMAL PAPILLAE - irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective tissues, protruding and forming the ridges of the skin, each containing a small opening or pores RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – also known as minutiae RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – This refers to the details of ridge structures, formations, and elements Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides itself into two or more branches Converging Ridge - a ridge formation characterized by a closed angular end and serves as a point of Convergence Diverging Ridges - two ridges that are flowing side by side and suddenly separating or spreading apart Enclosure (Lake or Eyelet) - a ridge that divides into two branches and meets to form the original ridge. Ending Ridge - an endpoint of a ridge with an abrupt ending. Recurving or Looping Ridge - a kind of ridge formation that curves back in the direction from which it started. Sufficient Recurve - a recurving ridge complete in its shoulder and is free from any appendage Appendage - a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge Rod or Bar- a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge of a loop pattern. Obstruction Ridge - short ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge that spoiled the inner flow towards the center of the pattern Fragmentary Ridge - a ridge of extremely short length having frequent breaks. Crossover or Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges. Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size. Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles FOCAL POINTS - are enclosed within the pattern area. PATTERN AREA - is that part of a loop or a whorl in which appear the core, deltas, and ridges used in the classification of a loop. TYPELINES - The two innermost ridges which start or go parallel, diverge, and Surround or tend to surround the pattern area CORE - The inner terminus or the approximate center of a fingerprint pattern DELTA - The outer terminus or that point in a ridge at or in front of or nearest the center of the divergence of the typelines. Plain Arch - a pattern in which the ridges flow from one side to the other without recurving Tented Arch - a pattern where one or more ridges at the center form an up trust Radial Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the thumb. Radial Bone - the inner bone of the forearm that runs to the wrist on the side where the thumb is located. Ulnar Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the little finger. Ulna Bone - the bone running to the wrist located or situated on the little finger. Plain Whorl - a pattern consisting of two deltas and which at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit. Central Pocket Loop Whorl - a pattern that possesses two deltas with core or more ridges forming a Complete circuit Double Loop Whorl - a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations, with sets of the shoulder and two deltas Accidental Whorl - a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of pattern such as a loop and a whorl, a loop LATENT PRINTS - has been defined as the markings of oily matter or perspiration from the skin glands left upon the surface which the hands and fingers may have touched VISIBLE PRINTS - Open impress On dust, blood oil, or grease. MOLDED PRINTS - those marks on the Surface whenever fingers touch soft CHANCE IMPRESSIONS - these are impressions left by chance at the crime scene INVISIBLE PRINTS - those prints that are made due to the sweat present in the fingers and thumb or person that is transferred to any object that he holds. SMUDGE PRINTS - those prints that are indistinct due to sliding motion of fingers at the time they are impressed FRAGMENTARY PRINTS - those prints that show only a portion of the pattern objects or the friction skin PLASTIC PRINTS (Plastic Impression) - Prints formed on plastic material, such as melted paraffin from a pitch, paste on an envelope, and stamps Latent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is not readily visible Patent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is Visible Plastic impression - This type of friction ridge impression is molded into the surface of material such as putty or modeling clay forming a threedimensional impression. Pure Grey Powder - General materials Black powder Paper - unglazed pottery, eggshells, synthetic resins White Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints Copper Powder - Plant stem and leaves, fruit rinds Gold Powder - Rough surface metals, synthetic resins Yellow Powder - Leather, rubber Lycopodium Powder - General materials, oily fingerprints Dragon Blood Powder - Rough surface metal, stone Indigo Powder - Synthetic resins, frosted glass, metal frames, eggshell SP Black Powder - Aluminum building materials Ultranium Powder - Synthetic resins Aluminum Powder - Glass, ceramics, lacquer Pure Aluminum Powder - Synthetic resins, plastic metal Lead Carbonate Powder - Synthetic resins, leather Stone Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints Fluorescence Powder - Color print paper (viewed under UV light) Anthracene Powder - Leather, rubber Magnetic Powder - Paper (works with brush or wand) Nonporous Surfaces – Powder technique is usually used to identify latent prints on nonporous surfaces Porous Surfaces –The development of latent fingerprints using the powder method is not as effective on porous surfaces SILVER NITRATE – The technique is effective for detecting fresh finger marks on most paper surfaces and untreated wood. ROLLED IMPRESSION – is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the ten fingers of the subject PLAIN IMPRESSION – is an impression made simultaneously that serves as a reference impression BIOMETRICS – refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits Postmortem Fingerprinting – One of the most challenging and also rewarding, aspects of a latent print examination is the determination of the identity of deceased individuals. MACERATED FINGER – Partially rotten and saponified to the extent that the end joints have hardened and wrinkled after excessive submersion in water. MUMMIFIED FINGER – Usually hard and shrunken mummified fingers can be'be restored TISSUE BUILDER – Used to take the fingerprints of wrinkled fingers POST MORTEM FINGER STRAIGHTENERS – Made to fit a variety of finger sizes 0.5% – A ninhydrin solution of approximately ______% weight per volume in concentration is required to develop fingerprints on paper. REMOVAL OF SKIN – With the onset of decomposition, both the flesh and the skin may become soft or flabby as well as fragile. 180 – Rolled Impression is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the ten fingers of the subject _____ degrees from tip to the second joints. DEAD IN DIFFICULT – In cases involving badly decomposed bodies, the first thing to do is to examine the fingers to see if all are present. SUPERGLUE – It is a chemical process that exposes and fixes fingerprints on a nonporous surface. INJECTION – The fingertips may be wrinkled due to the immersion of hands in water, excessive humidity, or mummification. NINHYDRIN – This chemical reacts to the amino acid present in the latent fingerprint which will be stained with a purple color. INK ROLLER – Refers to an instrument used for spreading the ink into the ink slab or inking plate. Ink Slab / Inking Plate – refers to a piece of metal or a plane glass Card Holder - refers to a gadget used for clipping the fingerprint card Fingerprint ink - refers to an especially manufactured ink for purposes of taking fingerprints Fingerprint Card - refers to a piece of the card used for recording the ten fingerprints Scissors - refer to a simple instrument for cutting latent print tapes and for other purposes. Rubber Gloves - to protect the technician's fingers from leaving his pints on the object or the scene. Postmortem Fingerprint Equipment - refers to a set of equipment consisting of hypodermis syringe, spoon Fingerprint Table - a table intended for taking fingerprints Fingerprint Pointers - use for pointing the ridges in the conduct of ridge counting. Fingerprint cameras - use in photographing the developed latent prints Forensic Optical Comparator - equipment use to compare two fingerprints at the same time TEMPORARY DEFORMITIES - Occupational problems PERMANENT DISABILITIES - One permanent disability is a case of an amputated finger DEFORMITIES - In this situation, an infrequent problem of a person with an extra finger. BIFURCATION – may not be selected as a delta if it does not open towards the core. RIDGE COUNTING – the process of counting the ridges that touch the imaginary line drawn between the delta and the core of a loop. RIDGE TRACING – This refers to the process of tracing the ridges of a whorl pattern from the left delta to the right delta. INNER (I) – a whorl pattern whereby the tracing ridge runs or goes inside or above the right delta OUTER (O) – a whorl pattern whereby a tracing ridge runs or goes below or outside the right delta. MEETING (M) – whorl pattern having two or less intervening ridges regardless of whether the tracing ridge flows below or above the right delta BLOCKINGS - is the process of writing below each pattern the corresponding symbol of the fingerprint pattern Plain Arch - A a Tented Arch - T t Radial Loop - R RH- / LH- \ Ulnar Loop - U RH- \ LH- / Plain Whorl - W W Central Pocket Loop Whorl - C c Double Loop Whorl - D d Accidental Whorl - X x Points of Similarity - Minutiae on two different fingerprint impressions meet the criteria. Points of dissimilarity - Minutiae do not meet these criteria. Points of identification - Sufficient minutiae are located in the same true relative sequence or unit relationship, then identification is assumed. Poroscopy - is the study of the size, shape, relative position, arrangement ard frequency of sweat pores. Edgeoscopy - is the study of the friction ridge edges for their alignment and the shape of their ridge units, as well as the shapes and alignments of pores close to the ridge edges which appear as notches. Ridgeology - is the study of the uniqueness of all friction ridge skin formations and their Use as a means of personal identification. Analysis - also highlights the assessment for the causes/factors of distortion and the upon the latent print is performed. Poor Clarity - Note how the friction ridges have become diffuse. There is a lack of distinction between the edges of the ridges and the intervening valleys. Matrix - The substance that the unknown mark was made by. Distortion - if there was any pressure placed on the unknown mark when it was deposited or movement as this can affect the appearance of the ridges. Further Analysis - The final aspect of analysis to be considered are the anatomical features within the unknown mark. Ridge Flow and Pattern - The fingerprint expert will then analyze the print in more detail looking at the actual flow of the ridges to determine if there is any discernable pattern type. Digit Determination - The examiner considers any clues in the print that may indicate which finger, thumb, or area of palm that could have left the impression. Quality and Clarity - After the analysis stage, the fingerprint expert will have decided as to the suitability of the print for further examination. FEATURES - The expert looks into the quality and clarity of the unique features and characteristics that are revealed in the print. SCAR – This scar displays disruption to the friction ridges causing a ‘puckering' of the ridges at the point of injury CREASE – This distal transverse crease in the hypothenar region of this palm print exhibits prominence and clarity, qualifying it as a target. EVALUATON – After comparing the unknown mark and known print the fingerprint expert will e make their VERIFICATION – The most crucial aspect of the identification process is the verification element. SUBSTRATE – The surface on which the unknown mark was discovered Psoriasis - Named from the Greek word for "itch", psoriasis is a persistent skin condition. Fragmenting - The center or the print is fragmenting Scar Tissue - A Scar on the finger interferes with print ridges but creates a new unique. Simple method - the identical points of identity in both enlargements are drawn with straight lines (in red ink) to the margin. Modified Method - in the lines preceding the numbers are names of the corresponding ridge characteristics Drawn Method - the numbers are placed about one centimeter immediately at the end of the lines Osborn Method - the two enlarged photographs are divided each into squares, both exactly alike Seymour Method - makes first a skeleton tracing of the questioned print and that of the standard print of the suspect by making the comparison Pricking Method - make an enlargement of the same size of the chance impression and the suspect's standard print. Pricking Method - With the use of a needle prick the identical points to determine if they coincide with one another LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING (CPLEA1) POLICE OPERATION - are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement agents complete in the field. SOCIAL SERVICE - the police help people who need emergency assistance ORDER MAINTENANCE - traffic control, crowd control, resolving domestic disputes, and moving prostitutes from the streets. CRIME CONTROL - such as patrol and criminal investigation, such as patrol and criminal investigation. 24 hour Availability - broadens police contacts with the public authority to use force - stamps police work with a uniqueness that sets it apart from other lines of work. DISCRETION - Police are often free to choose among alternative courses of action or inaction Enforcing laws - Investigating crimes and apprehending offenders Preventing crime - Responding to routine incidents Responding to emergencies - many police officers showed up to help control crowds Providing support services - In addition to all of their other duties, police officers need to provide support services for their town. Source/Encoding - person or organization who has information to share with another person or group. Message - contains the information or meaning the source or sender hopes to convey. Channel - method or medium by which the communication travels from source or sender to receiver. Receiver/Decoding - person(s) with whom the sender shares thoughts or information Noise - factors that can distort or interfere with adequate reception or comprehension. Response/Feedback - reaction the receiver has after seeing, hearing and/or reading the message. SEMANTICS - barriers which arise because of the different meanings that different words contexts. Motivation and interest - our interest to send or to receive a message can determine the effectiveness of communication Perfunctory attention - difference between speaking and listening capabilities of the communicating parties Internal Operational Communication - Communication that occurs for carrying out operations of the organization BRIG. GEN. RAFAEL CRAME - First Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917. RA 541 - passed by the Philippine Congress which seek to improve the police service and administration, this law was called Police Pension Law. PD 482 - was promulgated to bolster the entire police agency in the country. PD 1184 - known as police professionalization law of 1977, which gives birth of the PNPA. RA 6975 - known as act establishing the PNP under a reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government. RA 8551 - known as “the PNP reform and reorganization act of 1998” was enacted to amend certain provisions of RA 6975. KEMPETAI - The Japanese also during their invasion on December 8, 1941, introduced their police system called Investigating Accidents - Patrol officers are expected to direct traffic, examine the scene, interview witnesses, provide first aid for any injured victims JANUARY 9, 1901 - Americans introduced their own version of policing system in the creation of the first police department headed by Col. Mathew Harmon Foot Patrol - is assigned to an area of crowded population such as downtown, heavy traffic congestion and other places. Fixed foot patrol - is used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events. Moving foot patrol - is used when there is foot movement such as business, shopping center and family dwelling. Line beat patrol - is used in securing certain portion of the road. Random foot patrol - is used in checking residential building, business establishment, dark alley and parking lots. Automobile Patrol - the most economical and effective patrol by means of transportation. Mobile Data Terminal – refers to a computer that is installed inside a patrol car Vehicle-mounted TV – refers to a video camera which is attached and installed in patrol car with a high resolution and wide angle lens. High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan – refers to a heavy duty light that can provide two million candle power of light MOTORCYCLE PATROL - The two-wheeled motorcycle is adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades and escort duty. BICYCLE PATROL - is a land vehicle used by police departments, most commonly in the form of a mountain bicycle. CCTV - It is basically used for traffic control which originates in West Germany. VIDEO SURVEILLANCE - use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. TRAFFIC CONGESTION - Condition on transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. TRAFFIC JAM - the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL - It is the control of the movements of road users according to proportionate time through traffic signal or hand gesture. Prevention/Mitigation - reduce or eliminate to probability of a disaster and to reduce the vulnerability of people and communities to the negative impacts of a disaster. Preparedness - process of identifying the personnel, training, and equipment needed for a wide range of potential incidents Response - Follow an emergency or disaster and are generally designed to provide emergency assistance for casualties Recovery - constitute a comprehensive approach to restore the environment by addressing the social, environmental, political and economic aspects of the community Natural disasters - disasters caused by natural forces man made disasters - caused by activities of human beings EMERGENCY RESPONSE - systematic response to an unexpected or dangerous occurrence. LAW ENFORCEMENT - plays a critical role in emergency management in regard to response, search and rescue, and recovery efforts. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers evidence of a crime for a case or specific purpose. INVESTIGATION - involves establishing that a crime was committed and whether an arrest should be pursued ARREST - The suspect is apprehended. COURT PROCEEDINGS - All the evidence gathered during the investigation is presented to the court and a decision is made in regards to punishment. KIDNAPPING INVESTIGATION - not only involves uncovering and charging the guilty party but ensuring the safety of the victim ASSAULT INVESTIGATION - inquiring into violent crime particularly aggravated assault HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION - who is responsible for a murder by looking at motive and surrounding circumstances CRIME DEFENSE INVESTIGATION - verify the validity of evidence gathered against an individual REACTIVE INVESTIGATION - start with the report from general public and referral by other agencies PRO ACTIVE INVESTIGATION - can start from an intelligence package identifying groups THEFT INVESTIGATION - penetrated by employees, criminal opportunities, customer, and competitors continues to threaten the welfare of the company CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - highly trained and have access to a wide variety of tools including networks of investigators, surveillance equipment, and records checks. CRIME - an intended action that is against the rules of law for a community. BACKGROUND CHECK - shed light on a suspect part and may even reveal motive DOCUMENT SEARCHES - utilize important documents as hard evidence for court cases FRAUD INVESTIGATION - determines whether a scam has taken place CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - analyzing the area in a crime has occurred SEXUAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - establishes the occurrence and type of sexual misconduct CRIME PREVENTION - process of trying to reduce the amount of crime in a given area. POLICE - a group of persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives and property and for prevention and detection of crimes COMMUNITY - body of people organized into political, municipal or social unity or a body of persons living in the same locality POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS - the sum total of the dealings between the police and the people it serves, and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves, for the greatest possible efficiency in the service POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE - refers to how the people in the community perceive or regard the police COMMUNITY SERVICE - activities that provide service to the community COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - involvement of the community in the various social particularly, in the area of crime prevention PUBLIC RELATIONS - activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public YOUTH ORIENTED APPROACH - directed the majority of police efforts towards the youth of the community PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM - designed to bridge the communication gap between the police and the public PUBLIC RELATION PROGRAM - designed to maintain harmony and mutual support between the police and the community PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAM - designed to condition both friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the attainment of police objectives COMMUNITY RELATION - refers to the various methods companies use to establish and maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the communities in which they operate COMMUNITY RELATIONS UNIT FUNCTION - to keep channels of communication open between the Police Department and the public CIVILINIZATON - policing has required more specialist skills. The development of ‘civilianization’ has been particularly pronounced in England and Wales RA 8551 - declared the policy of the State to establish a highly efficient and competent police force PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP - When police work together with businesses and citizen groups  COMPARATIVE MODLES IN POLICING (CPLEA2) COMMON LAW - also known as “Anglo-American Justice CIVIL LAW SYSTEM - It is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. SHIRE-RIEVE - It was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas DEVIANCE CONTROL - It is the modern police function that primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values and laws. CONTINENTAL - It is the theory of police service that maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities. HENRY FIELDING - He is appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners. BOW RUNNER - It is made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen. PRAETORIAN GUARD - It is the military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise, and imprisonment violators of the law. STAR CHAMBER COURT - A special court designed to try offenders against the state. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people. SOCIALIST SYSTEM - It is distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender. LEGIS HENRICI - The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.” MARINE POLICE FORCE - He is the first modern police force in the world. Continental - police officers are servants of higher authorities Home Rule - police officers are servants of the community or the people. Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made Modern police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime. Tun Policing System - A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period where by all male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people. Hue and Cry - shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge - A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases Justice of the Peace (About 1361) - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. Star Chamber Court - A special court designed to try offenders against the state Comparative Police System - It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations. Transnational crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues “Safari” method - a researcher visits another country HISTORICAL-COMPREHENSIVE METHOD - It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism. Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply. Theory of anomie and synomie - the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to another. Centralized policing system - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country Adversarial SYSTEM - The accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated. Inquisitorial Systems - Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. GENOCIDE - It refers to destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group FOLK-COMMUNAL - It has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. URBAN COMMERCIAL - It is some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. URBAN INDUSTRIAL - Police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. MODEL SYSTEM - These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison being studied. COMPARATI