Respiratory System Exam Questions

Q\ Delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide require the integration of several systems? A\ 1. Hematologic 2. Cardiovascular 3. Respiratory System ……………………….. Respiratory system: is the movement and transfer of gases between the atmosphere and the blood …………………. The respiratory system is divi...

Q\ Delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide require the integration of several systems? A\ 1. Hematologic 2. Cardiovascular 3. Respiratory System ……………………….. Respiratory system: is the movement and transfer of gases between the atmosphere and the blood …………………. The respiratory system is divided structurally into:1. Upper:. Mouth. Nose. Larynx. Pharynx 2. Lower:. Trachea. Lungs. Bronchi. Bronchioles. Alveoli. Pulmonary Capillary Network. Pleural Membranes 1. Pharynx: is shared pathway for air and food. are supplied with lymphoid tissue that destroys pathogens entering with the air. -------------------------------------1. Larynx: is a cartilaginous, that can be identified externally as the Adam's apple. 2. Bronchi ending with the terminal Bronchioles. 3. Alveoli where all gases exchange occur. this mean that the alveoli give the cells O2 and take back CO2 from the cells. 1. Lung: is covered by a thin double layer of tissue known Pleura. 2. there are 2 type of pleural layers:. Parietal Pleura: that lines the inside of the chest wall. Visceral Pleura: that covers the lung surface 3. between pleural layers there is a space that contain a small amount of pleural fluids. called **serous lubricating** 4. Serous lubricating function is prevents friction ……………………… What are the four components involved in respiration, which is the process of gas exchange between the individual and the environment? A\ 1. Ventilation: the movement of air in and out of the lung. 2. Alveolar- Capillary: exchange gas O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillary. 3. Transport of O2 and CO2 between the tissues and the lung. 4. Movement of O2 and CO2 between the capillary and tissues. ………..-------------------------Adequate ventilation depends on several factors: 1. Clear airway 2. intact Central Nervous system and respiratory center. 3. intact thoracic capable of expand and contract. 4. Adequate pulmonary Compliance and recoil. 1. Ciliary action and cough reflex, keep airways clear. 2. inflammation in the lungs may clog small airways that cause shortness of breathing. 1. Medulla and Pons: are the Respiratory center in the brain. 2. any damage in this Center, can affect the Respiratory center 1. Expand and recoil change in pressure with ** thoracic cavity** and ** lung**. 2. intraplueral pressure: is the pressure in the pleural cavity that surround the lungs 1. intrapulmonary pressure: is the pressure within the lung. 2. recoil of thorax and lung occur during the Exhaling 3. **COPD** Chronic Obstructive pulmonary: is the name of the chronic disease of the lung. 1. Tidal Volume: is the amount of air inspired and expired. the normal range is 500ml Q\ enumerate the Accessory muscles of Respiratory? A\ 1. anterior neck muscle 2. intercostal muscle 3. abdomen muscle 1. Expand of the lung: plays a important role in the ventilation. 2. at birth: a stiff fluid filled the lungs. 3. at aging Lung Compliance will decrease and this increase the risk of Atelectasis or**collapsed lung**. 1. Compliance --> inspiration 2. Recoil --> Expiration 3. Surfactant: is a lipoprotein produce by alveolar cells. that helps reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluids. 1. Diffusion: is the movement of gases from great area of pressure to lower area of pressure. 2. Partial Pressure: is the pressure of each gas in a mixture that plays a role in the total pressure of the gas. 1. O2 need to transport from lungs to the tissues. 2. CO2 need to transport back from tissues to the lungs. 3. this action happen by RBC do this by forming calling Oxyhemoglobin Q\ What factors affect the binding and release of oxygen with hemoglobin? A\ 1. Decreasing partial pressure. 2. Change in blood pH Q\ Several factors that affect the rate of oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues? A\ 1. Cardiac output 2. Number of RBC 3. Exercise. 1. pathological condition that decrease cardiac output: * Damage to heart muscle * blood loss * pooling of blood 2. The number of RBCs while increasing RBC, O2 rate increase , while decreasing RBC, O2 rate Decrease Exercise increase the rate of O2 1. while the O2 at the arterial end of the capillary diffuse into the cells, the partial pressure of O2 in the tissue decrease.