Qing and Ming Dynasty PDF

HIST 114: Modern and Contemporary Asia Early Modern Asia Dariebel T. Sab-it Learning Objectives 01 Analyze the political, economic, and cultural developments in major Asian empires during the 16th and 17th centuries. Evaluate the effects of European colonialism and trade on A...

HIST 114: Modern and Contemporary Asia Early Modern Asia Dariebel T. Sab-it Learning Objectives 01 Analyze the political, economic, and cultural developments in major Asian empires during the 16th and 17th centuries. Evaluate the effects of European colonialism and trade on Asian societies.. 02 Learning Content 01 Ming and Qing Dynasties in China 02 Mughal Empire in India 03 The Tokugawa Shogunate  Ming and Qing Dynasties in Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Introduction Weakening of Mongol (1300) Reasons:  Ineffective leadership of Kublai Khan’s (1924) successor  Chronic feuding  Open civil war (1330)  Natural disasters: portents of divine displeasure and the loss of the mandate of Heaven  Banditry and rebellion (Anti-Mongol sentiment) Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Founding of ming dynasty  Zhu Yuanzhang (1368-1398) “Hungwu Emperor” “Ming Taizu” (Great Progenitor) 1st Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Contributions:  Set-up a government at Nanjing (1356) and captured Beijing (1368).  Rebuilt the empire  Focuses on China’s Roads and Buildings Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Founding of ming dynasty  Zhu Yuanzhang (1368-1398) “Hungwu Emperor” “Ming Taizu” (Great Progenitor) 1st Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Contributions:  Implemented agricultural and economic reforms ensuring stability and food accessibility through infrastructure development (Agricultural Technology)  Rapid commercialization Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Founding of ming dynasty  Zhu Yuanzhang (1368-1398) “Hungwu Emperor” “Ming Taizu” (Great Progenitor) 1st Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Contributions:  Implemented centralized government structure  Establishment of the Great Wall of China (Nanjing)  Wrote the Ashikaga Shogun  Resumed the implementation of corporal punishment Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Founding of ming dynasty  Zhu Yuanzhang (1368-1398) “Hungwu Emperor” “Ming Taizu” (Great Progenitor) 1st Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Contributions:  Issued 6 brief imperial edicts  Be filial  Respect elders and ancestors  Teach their children to do the same  Peacefully pursue their livelihoods. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Founding of ming dynasty  Zhu Di (1402-1424) “Yongle Emperor” 2nd Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Contributions:  Strong advocate for long-distance ocean trade.  Commissioned the creation of the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the largest encyclopedias in history  Prioritized the growth and improvement of agriculture. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Ming maritime expeditions  Zheng He “Eunuch Admiral” Contributions:  Export goods (silks, porcelains) and bring back foreign luxuries (spices and tropical woods).  Shows the flag and commands respect for the empire  Increases the number of states who are tributaries  Opened temporary employment for shipbuilders and crew Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Ming maritime Expeditions  Zhu Di (1402-1424) “Yongle Emperor”  Personally led 5 expeditions to combat the Mongol revival.  There fears to the Mongol Resurgence and deep concern about the Central Asian conquests of the Turkish leader Tamerlane (1336-1405)  Promoted Lamaistic Buddhism to the Mongols (an efforts to pacify them) Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Prosperity and Conservatism Agriculture Repairs and resettlement Major campaign for reforestation Government projects directed to agriculture, transportation, and natural disaster prevention infrastructures. Reformation of the tax system. A new comprehensive law Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Imperial Beijing: Axis of the ming world Beijing became the capital Reasons:  Growth of the south  The drought  Agricultural deterioration of the Northwest  The provision of the canals to bring food Purpose:  To make a statement of imperial power and majesty Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Imperial Beijing: Axis of the ming Creation of world the Great Wall of China Purpose:  Defense against invaders (Protect China from Northern invaders, particularly the Mongols)  Consolidating the Northern Border  Economic and Cultural Influence Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Complacency and Decline: Fall of Ming Reasons: 1. Economic breakdown  a sudden widespread lack of the empire’s chief medium of exchange: silver  The Protestant powers of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England were staging frequent raids and acts of piracy against the Catholic-based empires of Spain and Portugal  Shutdown of the foreign trade  Spike in the value of silver Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Complacency and Decline: Fall of Reasons: Ming 2. Natural disasters  Famines became common in northern China because of unusually dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season.  The central government was starved of resources and could do very little to mitigate the effects of these calamities.  Widespread epidemic spread across China from Zhejiang to Henan Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Complacency and Decline: Fall of Reasons: Ming 3. The conquest of Qing  The conflict began when Nurhaci, a Manchu leader, issued the Seven Grievances in 1618, effectively declaring war against the Ming.  Peasants rebellion  Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng (1644)  The new Qing rulers, led by the Shunzhi Emperor, consolidated power and eventually defeated remaining Ming loyalists.  The last emperor of Ming, hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty “QING means PURE” “Founded by a northeast Asian people, called “Manchus”” “Last imperial dynasty of China”  Nurhachi (1644-1911) Contributions:  Laid the foundation of Qing dynasty  Ordered the creation of a written Manchu script Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty Nurhachi (1644-1911) Contributions:  Ordered the creation of the civil and military administrative system, which eventually evolved into the EIGHT BANNERS. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty  Shunzhi (1644-1650) “1st emperor of Qing Dynasty” “known as Fulin” Contributions:  Conquered South and North China.  obtained and enlarged the centralized power  set a series of etiquettes and administration systems Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty  Shunzhi (1644-1650) Contributions:  stopped the cruel behavior of killing  promoted many amnesty policies to all of Ming's troops  banned the Movement of Enclosure by Manchu nobles and encouraged civilians to exploit and cultivate more farmlands Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty  Dorgon (1612-1650) “The mastermind of the Qing conquest” “The principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise” Contributions:  received the capitulation of Shandong local elites and officials  conquered Shanxi, Shaanxi and Jiangnan Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty  Aixin-Jueluo Xuanye (1654-1722) “Kangxi Emperor” “2nd emperor (1661-1722)” “longest reigning emperor (61 years)” Contributions:  Squashed military threats, pushing back three Han rebellions and seizing Taiwan  Banned Foot binding Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty Contributions:  He added areas north of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) and portions of Outer Mongolia, and he extended control over Tibet.  He opened four ports to foreign trade and encouraged the introduction of Western education and arts and of Roman Catholicism.  Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The rise of the qing dynasty  Aisin Gioro Hongli (1711-1799) “Qianlong Emperor” “4th emperor” “Disinterest in ruling” Contributions:  Preserve and foster his Manchu warrior-huntsman traditions  Confucian principles of political and cultural leadership Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  ECONOMY Late 17th century  Recovered from the devastation of the wars 18th century  The economy expanded significantly: 1. Increased regional trade 2. A greater reliance on overseas markets 3. Rapidly growing population Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  ECONOMY 18th century  Implemented policies to broaden land ownership, reduce tax burdens, and replace the corvee labor system with a head tax used to hire laborers.  Limited the trading licenses of wealthy merchants Late 18th century  the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  MILITARY Early Qing  Rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. 1. Yellow, bordered yellow and white banners: UPPER THREE BANNERS  Under the direct command of the emperor 2. LOWER FIVE BANNERS  commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi’s immediate family. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  MILITARY Early Qing  Banner armies were originally organized along ethnic lines (Manchu, Mongol and non-Manchu bonded servants) Under Qianlong Emperor  There was a shift to emphasize Manchu ethnicity, leading to the discharge of many Han bannermen and creating a Manchu majority in the Eight Banners. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  MILITARY Mid-19th century  Organized local militias (Xiang Army)  Brave Camp weakened the central government’s control, fostered nepotism and contributed to the rise of the regional warlordism (early 20th century) Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The growth of qing  The Qing era saw a flourishing of Chinese culture, including painting, calligraphy, and the novel.  Development of the economy through agriculture and trade.  Expanded China’s territory to its greatest extent, including Tibet, Xinjiang, and Taiwan. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 1. Opium Wars  Faced pressure from foreign powers, particularly Britain, during the Opium Wars. These wars were triggered by Britain’s illegal opium trade with China, leading to military conflicts and unequal treaties that weakened the Qing’s authority. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 2. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)  Massive peasant rebellion  Led by Hong Xiuquan, the Taiping rebels sought to overthrow the dynasty and establish a utopian society. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 3. Nian Rebellion (1851-1868)  The Nian rebels targeted rural areas and disrupted stability. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 4. Social and Economic Changes  Population pressures, natural disasters, and economic challenges.  These conditions contributed to social unrest and weakened the dynasty’s ability to govern effectively. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 5. Western Influence  The introduction of Western technologies, crops (such as potatoes and maize), and medical advancements impacted Chinese society. The Qing struggled to adapt to these changes, leading to internal tensions. Ming and Qing Dynasties in China The decline of qing  Reasons: 6. Sun Yat-Sen and Revolutionary Movements  Sun Yat-Sen, a Western-educated revolutionary, played a crucial role in organizing anti-Qing movements.  He stopped the culture of footbinding  HIST 114: Modern and Contemporary Asia End of Chapter 2.1Dariebel T. Sab-it Activity 1. Critique on Mughal Empire Read and understand the Reading Materials on the Mughal Empire in India. Write a 500-800 word critique paper. Critically assess various aspects of the Mughal Empire by analyzing its strengths, weaknesses, contributions, and legacy. Choose from the following topics or you can create your own: Activity 1. Critique on Mughal Empire Size: SHORT BOND PAPER Font Style: TIMES NEW ROMAN Font Size: 11 Margin: 1 inch on all sides Spacing: 1.5 Encoded and Printed Cite your references in APA 7th Edition Format *Those with AI-generated outputs will automatically be ZERO. Activity 1. Critique on Mughal Empire Mughal Administration and Governance: Evaluate the effectiveness of the administrative systems established by the Mughal rulers. Consider aspects like centralization, revenue collection, and the role of regional governors. Cultural and Artistic Contributions: Critique the Mughal Empire’s influence on Indian art, architecture, and culture. Consider both the positive impacts (e.g., the Taj Mahal) and any cultural tensions or exclusions. Activity 1. Critique on Mughal Empire Religious Policies and Social Impact: Analyze the religious policies of different Mughal rulers, particularly the contrast between Akbar’s policy of tolerance and Aurangzeb’s more orthodox approach. Discuss the social and political implications. The Decline of the Mughal Empire: Assess the reasons behind the decline of the Mughal Empire. Consider internal factors like leadership, economic issues, and external pressures such as colonialism and invasions.