QERS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.pdf

New Era University COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Psychology Department NEU - Psychology Review Group QUALIFYING EXAM REVIEWER 2024 Page 0 of 16  CHAPTER 1 to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals...

New Era University COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Psychology Department NEU - Psychology Review Group QUALIFYING EXAM REVIEWER 2024 Page 0 of 16  CHAPTER 1 to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals. ▪ Collectivistic Culture - culture in which people tend to ▪ Human Development - Scientific study of processes prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual of change and stability throughout the human life span goals and to view themselves in the context of their ▪ Life-Span Development - Concept of human social relationships. development as a lifelong process, which can be ▪ Ethnic Group - A group united by ancestry, race, studied scientifically. religion, language, or national origins, which contribute ▪ Physical Development - Growth of body and brain, to a sense of shared identity. including patterns of change in sensory capacities, ▪ Ethnic Minorities - Ethnic groups with national or motor skills, and health. cultural traditions different from the majority of the ▪ Cognitive Development - Pattern of change in mental population. abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, ▪ Intersectionality - An analytic framework focused on language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. how a person’s multiple identities combine to create ▪ Psychosocial Development differences in privilege or discrimination. - Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and ▪ Black Lives Matter - A political and social movement social relationships. focused on eliminating racially based violence against - In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and Black people through nonviolent protest and activism. culturally influenced process of development of ▪ BIPOC Acronym - standing for Black, indigenous and the ego, or self. people of color. ▪ Social Construction – a concept or practice that may ▪ Race - A grouping of humans distinguished by their appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but outward physical characteristics or social qualities from that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or other groups. Not a biological construct. society. ▪ Ethnic Gloss - Overgeneralization about an ethnic or ▪ Individual Differences - Differences in cultural group that obscures differences within the characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes. group. ▪ Heredity - Inborn traits or characteristics inherited ▪ Normative - Characteristic of an event that occurs in a from the biological parents. similar way for most people in a group. ▪ Environment - Totality of nonhereditary, or ▪ Historical Generation - A group of people strongly experiential, influences on development influenced by a major historical event during their ▪ Maturation - of a natural sequence of physical and formative period. behavioral changes ▪ Cohort - A group of people born at about the same time. ▪ Nuclear Family - Two-generational kinship, ▪ Nonnormative - Characteristic of an unusual event that economic, and household unit consisting of one or two happens to a particular person or a typical event that parents and their biological children, adopted children, happens at an unusual time of life. or stepchildren ▪ Imprinting - Instinctive form of learning in which, ▪ Extended Family - Multigenerational kinship network during a critical period in early development, a young of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it living together in an extended family household sees, usually the mother. ▪ Polygamy Family Structure - in which one spouse, ▪ Critical Period - Specific time when a given event or its most commonly a man, is married to more than one absence has a specific impact on development. partner. ▪ Plasticity ▪ Socioeconomic Status (Ses) - Combination of - Range of modifiability of performance. economic and social factors describing an individual or - Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through family, including income, education, and occupation. experience. ▪ Covid-19 - A novel coronavirus disease causing ▪ Sensitive Periods - Times in development when a fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory person is particularly open to certain kinds of distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic. experiences. ▪ Risk Factors - Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome. ▪ Culture A Society’s - or group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products—all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children. ▪ Individualistic Culture - A culture in which people tend Page 1 of 16  CHAPTER 2 ▪ Observational Learning - Learning through watching the behavior of others. ▪ Self-Efficacy - Sense of one’s capability to master ▪ Theory Coherent - set of logically related concepts challenges and achieve goals. that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data. ▪ Cognitive Perspective - View that thought processes are ▪ Hypotheses - Possible explanations for phenomena, central to development. used to predict the outcome of research. ▪ Cognitive-Stage Theory Piaget’s - theory that ▪ Mechanistic Model - Model that views human children’s cognitive development advances in a series of development as a series of predictable responses to four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of stimuli. mental operations. ▪ Organismic Model - Model that views human ▪ Organization - Piaget’s term for the creation of development as internally initiated by an active categories or systems of knowledge. organism and as occurring in a sequence of - Mnemonic strategy of child can do alone what the qualitatively different stages. child can categorizing material to be remembered. ▪ Quantitative Change - Change in number or amount, ▪ Schemes - Piaget’s term for organized patterns of such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or thought and behavior used in particular situations. frequency of communication. ▪ Adaptation - Piaget’s term for adjustment to new ▪ Qualitative Change - Discontinuous change in kind, information about the environment, achieved through structure, or organization. processes of assimilation and accommodation. ▪ Psychoanalytic Perspective - View of human ▪ Assimilation - Piaget’s term for incorporation of new development as shaped by unconscious forces that information into an existing cognitive structure. motivate human behavior. ▪ Accommodation - Piaget’s term for changes in a ▪ Psychosexual Development - In Freudian theory, an cognitive structure to include new information. unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality ▪ Equilibration - Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a development in which gratification shifts from the stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved mouth to the anus and then to the genitals. through a balance between assimilation and ▪ Psychosocial Development accommodation. - Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social ▪ Sociocultural - theory Vygotsky’s theory of how relationships. contextual factors affect children’s development. - In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and ▪ Zone of Proximal Development (Zpd) - Vygotsky’s culturally influenced process of development of the term for the difference between what a do with help. ego, or self. ▪ Scaffolding - Temporary support to help a child master ▪ Learning Perspective - View of human development a task. that holds that changes in behavior result from ▪ Information-Processing Approach experience or from adaptation to the environment - Approach to the study of cognitive development by ▪ Behaviorism Learning Theory - that emphasizes the observing and analyzing the mental processes predictable role of environment in causing observable involved in perceiving and handling information. behavior. - Approach to the study of cognitive development ▪ Classical Conditioning Learning - based on that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a handling information. response with another stimulus that does elicit the ▪ Contextual Perspective - View of human development response. that sees the individual as inseparable from the social ▪ Operant Conditioning - Learning based on context. association of behavior with its consequences. ▪ Bioecological Theory - Bronfenbrenner’s approach to - Learning based on reinforcement or punishment. understanding processes and contexts of human ▪ Reinforcement - The process by which a behavior is development that identifies five levels of environmental strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the influence. behavior will be repeated. ▪ Evolutionary/Sociobiologic Al Perspective - View of ▪ Punishment - The process by which a behavior is human development that focuses on evolutionary and weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition biological bases of behavior. ▪ Social Learning Theory - Theory that behaviors are ▪ Ethology - Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of learned by observing and imitating models. Also called species of animals that have evolved to increase survival social cognitive theory. of the species ▪ Reciprocal Determinism - Bandura’s term for ▪ Evolutionary Psychology - Application of Darwinian bidirectional forces that affect development principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior. Page 2 of 16 ▪ Quantitative Research - Research that deals with ▪ Independent Variable - In an experiment, the condition objectively measurable data. over which the experimenter has direct control. ▪ Scientific Method - System of established principles ▪ Dependent Variable - In an experiment, the condition and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes that may or may not change as a result of changes in the identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a independent variable. hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, ▪ Operational Definition - Definition stated solely in analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or disseminating findings measure a phenomenon. ▪ Qualitative Research - Research that focuses on ▪ Random Assignment - Assignment of participants in an nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, experiment to groups in such a way that each person has feelings, or beliefs. an equal chance of being placed in any group. ▪ Population - The entire pool of individuals under study ▪ Cross-Sectional Study - Study designed to assess age- from which a sample is drawn and to which findings related differences, in which people of different ages are may apply. assessed on one occasion. ▪ Sample - Group of participants chosen to represent the ▪ Longitudinal Study - Study designed to assess age entire population under study. changes in a sample over time. ▪ Random Selection - of a sample in such a way that ▪ Sequential Study - Study design that combines cross each person in a population has an equal and sectional and longitudinal techniques. independent chance of being chosen. ▪ Random Sample - A sample of individuals chosen in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. ▪ Weird - Acronym (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) for the type of societies from which research samples are typically drawn. ▪ Naturalistic Observation - Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation. ▪ Laboratory Observation - Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions. observer bias Any expectations, beliefs, or personal preferences of a researcher that unintentionally influence their findings. ▪ Observer Bias - Any expectations, beliefs, or personal preferences of a researcher that unintentionally influence their finding. ▪ Case Study - Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family. ▪ Ethnographic Study - In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation. ▪ Participant Observation - Research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed. ▪ Correlational Study - Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. ▪ Experiment - Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other. ▪ Experimental Group - In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study. ▪ Control Group - In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study. Page 3 of 16  CHAPTER 3 ▪ Genotype - Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics. ▪ Multifactorial transmission Combination - of genetic ▪ Fertilization - Union of sperm and ovum to produce a and environmental factors to produce certain complex zygote; also called conception. traits. ▪ Zygote - One-celled organism resulting from ▪ Epigenesis Mechanism - that turns genes on or off and fertilization. determines functions of body cells ▪ Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) - Methods ▪ Sex-Linked Inheritance - Pattern of inheritance in used to achieve conception through artificial means which certain characteristics carried on the X ▪ Dizygotic Twins - Twins conceived by the union of chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with differently to her male and female offspring. two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; ▪ Genetic Counseling - Clinical service that advises they are no more alike genetically than any other prospective parents of their probable risk of having siblings. children with hereditary defects. ▪ Monozygotic Twins - Twins resulting from the ▪ Behavioral Genetics - Quantitative study of relative division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. identical twins; they are genetically similar. ▪ Heritability Statistical - estimate of contribution of ▪ Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Chemical - that heredity to individual differences in a specific trait carries inherited instructions for the development of all within a given population. cellular forms of life. ▪ Concordant - Term describing tendency of twins to ▪ Genetic Code - Sequence of bases within the DNA share the same trait or disorder. molecule; governs the formation of proteins that ▪ Reaction Range Potential Variability - depending on determine the structure and functions of living cells. environmental conditions, in the expression of a ▪ Chromosomes - Coils of DNA that consist of genes. hereditary trait. genes Small segments of DNA located in definite ▪ Canalization - Limitation on variance of expression of positions on particular chromosomes; functional units certain inherited characteristics. of heredity. ▪ Genotype-Environment Interaction - The portion of ▪ Human Genome - Complete sequence of genes in the phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of human body. genetically different individuals to similar ▪ Mutations - Permanent alterations in genes or environmental conditions. chromosomes that may produce harmful ▪ Genotype-Environment Correlation - Tendency of characteristics. certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce ▪ Autosomes - In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or not related to sexual expression. active. Also called genotype environment covariance. ▪ Sex Chromosomes - Pair of chromosomes that ▪ Niche-Picking - Tendency of a person, especially after determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY early childhood, to seek out environments compatible in the normal human male with his or her genotype. ▪ Nonshared Environmental Effects - The unique ▪ Alleles - Two or more alternative forms of a gene that environment in which each child grows up, consisting of occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and distinctive influences or influences that affect one child affect the same trait. differently than another. ▪ Homozygous - Possessing two identical alleles for a ▪ Obesity - Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, trait. height, and body type as defined by having a body mass ▪ Heterozygous - Possessing differing alleles for a trait. index at or above the 95th percentile. ▪ Dominant Inheritance - Pattern of inheritance in ▪ Temperament - Characteristic disposition, or style of which, when a child receives different alleles, only the approaching and reacting to situations. dominant one is expressed. ▪ Schizophrenia - Mental disorder marked by loss of ▪ Recessive Inheritance - Pattern of inheritance in contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations which a child receives identical recessive alleles, and delusions. resulting in expression of a nondominant trait. ▪ Gestation - Period of development between conception ▪ Polygenic Inheritance - Pattern of inheritance in and birth. which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes ▪ Gestational Age - Age of an unborn baby, usually dated affect a complex trait. from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual ▪ Phenotype - Observable characteristics of a person. cycle. Page 4 of 16 ▪ Cephalocaudal Principle - Principle that development CHAPTER 4 proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk. ▪ Parturition - The act or process of giving birth ▪ Proximodistal Principle - principle that development ▪ Electronic Fetal Monitoring - Mechanical monitoring proceeds from within to without; that is, that parts of of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery. the body near the center develop before the extremities. ▪ Cesarean Delivery - Delivery of a baby by surgical ▪ Germinal Stage - First 2 weeks of prenatal removal from the uterus. development, characterized by rapid cell division, ▪ Natural Childbirth - Method of childbirth that seeks to blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through the uterus. education about the physiology of reproduction and ▪ Implantation - The attachment of the blastocyst to the training in breathing and relaxation during delivery. uterine wall, occurring at about day 6. ▪ Prepared Childbirth - Method of childbirth that uses ▪ Embryonic Stage - Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to weeks), characterized by rapid growth and induce controlled physical responses to uterine development of major body systems and organs. contractions and reduce fear and pain. ▪ Spontaneous Abortion - Natural expulsion from the ▪ Doula - An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the support and information for a woman during labor. womb; also called miscarriage. ▪ Neonatal Period - First 4 weeks of life, a time of ▪ Fetal Stage - Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to transition from intrauterine dependency to independent birth), characterized by increased differentiation of existence. body parts and greatly enlarged body size. ▪ Neonate - Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old. ▪ Ultrasound - Prenatal medical procedure using high ▪ Anoxia - Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus damage. and its movements, so as to determine whether a ▪ Neonatal Jaundice - Condition, in many newborn pregnancy is progressing normally. babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by ▪ Neurons - Nerve cells. yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not ▪ Teratogen - Environmental agent, such as a virus, a treated promptly. drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal ▪ Apgar Scale - Standard measurement of a newborn’s prenatal development and cause developmental condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, abnormalities activity, and respiration. ▪ Etalalcohol Syndrome (FAS) - Combination of ▪ Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities (NBAS) - Neurological and behavioral test to measure affecting the offspring of some women who drink neonate’s responses to the environment. heavily during pregnancy. ▪ State of Arousal - An infant’s physiological and ▪ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Aids) - behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity. the immune system ▪ Low-Birth-Weight Babies (LBW) - Weight of less than ▪ Covid-19 - A novel coronavirus disease causing 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory or being small- for-date distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic. ▪ Preterm (Premature) Infants - Infants born before ▪ Pandemic - An epidemic or disease spread across completing the 37th week of gestation. multiple countries or continents. ▪ Small-For-Date (Small-For Gestational age) Infants - ▪ Coronaviruses - A large family of respiratory viruses, Infants whose birth weight is less than of 90 percent of including those that cause the common cold, severe babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East fetal growth. respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19. ▪ Kangaroo Care Method - of skin to-skin contact in ▪ Stress - Physical or psychological demands on a person which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s or organism. breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth ▪ Postmature - A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period. ▪ Stillbirth - Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation. Page 5 of 16 ▪ Infant Mortality Rate - Proportion of babies born CHAPTER 5 alive who die within the 1st year. ▪ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. ▪ Behaviorist Approach - Approach to the study of ▪ Cephalocaudal Principle - Principle that development cognitive development that is concerned with basic proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, upper parts mechanics of learning. of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk. ▪ Psychometric Approach - Approach to the study of ▪ Proximodistal Principle - Principle that development cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence proceeds from within to without; that is, parts of the quantitatively. body near the center develop before the extremities. ▪ Piagetian Approach - Approach to the study of ▪ Central Nervous System - Brain and spinal cord. cognitive development that describes qualitative stages ▪ Lateralization - tendency of each of the brain’s in cognitive functioning. hemispheres to have specialized functions. ▪ Information-Processing Approach - Approach to the ▪ Neurons - Nerve cells. study of cognitive development by observing and ▪ Integration - Process by which neurons coordinate the analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving activities of muscle groups. and handling information. Approach to the study of ▪ Differentiation - Process by which cells acquire cognitive development that analyzes processes involved specialized structures and functions. in perceiving and handling information. ▪ Cell Death - In brain development, normal elimination ▪ Cognitive Neuroscience Approach - Approach to the of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient study of cognitive development that links brain processes functioning with cognitive ones. ▪ Myelination - Process of coating neural pathways with ▪ Social-Contextual Approach - Approach to the study of a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster cognitive development that focuses on environmental communication between cells. influences, particularly parents and other caregivers. ▪ Reflex Behaviors - Automatic, involuntary, innate ▪ Classical Conditioning - Learning based on associating responses to stimulation. a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with ▪ Plasticity - Modifiability of the brain through another stimulus that does elicit the response. experience. ▪ Operant Conditioning - Learning based on association ▪ Systems of Action - Increasingly complex of behavior with its consequences. Learning based on combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or reinforcement or punishment. more precise range of movement and more control of ▪ Intelligent Behavior - Behavior that is goal oriented the environment. and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life. ▪ Denver Developmental Screening Test Screening - ▪ IQ (Intelligence Quotient) Tests - Psychometric tests test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test determine whether they are developing normally. taker’s performance with standardized norms. ▪ Gross Motor Skills - Physical skills that involve the ▪ Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development- large muscles. Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and ▪ Fine Motor Skills - Physical skills that involve the motor development. small muscles and eye– hand coordination. ▪ Home Observation - for Measurement of the ▪ Depth Perception - Ability to perceive objects and Environment (HOME) Instrument to measure the surfaces three dimensionally. influence of the home environment on children’s ▪ Haptic Perception - Ability to acquire information cognitive growth. about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and ▪ Early Intervention - Systematic process of providing texture, by handling them. services to help families meet young children’s ▪ Visual Cliff - Apparatus designed to give an illusion of developmental needs. depth and used to assess depth perception in infants. ▪ Sensorimotor Stage - Piaget’s first stage in cognitive ▪ Ecological Theory of Perception - Theory developed development, in which infants learn through senses and by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes motor activity. developing motor and perceptual abilities as ▪ Schemes Piaget’s - term for organized patterns of interdependent parts of a functional system that guides thought and behavior used in particular situations. behavior in varying contexts. ▪ Circular Reactions - Piaget’s term for processes by ▪ Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) Esther - Thelen’s which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences theory, which holds that motor development is a originally discovered by chance. dynamic process of active coordination of multiple ▪ Representational Ability - Piaget’s term for capacity to systems within the infant in relation to the environment. store mental images or symbols of objects and events. Page 6 of 16 ▪ Object Permanence - Piaget’s term for the ▪ Prelinguistic Speech - Forerunner of linguistic speech; understanding that a person or object still exists when utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, out of sight. cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation ▪ Deferred Imitation - Piaget’s term for reproduction of of sounds without understanding their meaning an observed behavior after the passage of time by ▪ Linguistic Speech - Verbal expression designed to calling up a stored symbol of it. convey meaning. holophrase Single word that conveys a ▪ Dual Representation Hypothesis - Proposal that complete thought. children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial ▪ Telegraphic Speech - Early form of sentence use relationships because of the need to keep more than one consisting of only a few essential words. Syntax Rules mental representation in mind at the same time. for forming sentences in a particular language. ▪ Habituation - Type of learning in which familiarity ▪ Code Mixing - Use of elements of two languages, with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response. sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in ▪ Dishabituation - Increase in responsiveness after households where both languages are spoken. presentation of a new stimulus. ▪ Code Switching - Changing one’s speech to match the ▪ Visual Preference - Tendency of infants to spend more situation, as in people who are bilingual. time looking at one sight than another. ▪ Child-Directed Speech (CDS) - Form of speech often ▪ Visual Recognition Memory - Ability to distinguish a used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated shown both at the same time. vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much ▪ Joint Attention - A shared attentional focus, typically repetition; also called parenthesis or motherese. initiated with eye gaze or pointing. ▪ Literacy - Ability to read and write. ▪ Cross-Modal Transfer - Ability to use information - In an adult, ability to use printed and written gained by one sense to guide another. information to function in society, achieve goals, ▪ Violation-Of Expectations - Research method in and develop knowledge and potential which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising. ▪ Cognitive Neuroscience Approach - Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones. ▪ Implicit Memory Unconscious - recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory. explicit memory. ▪ Intentional and Conscious Memory - Generally of facts, names, and events ▪ Working Memory - Short-term storage of information being actively processed. ▪ Social-Contextual Approach - Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers. ▪ Guided Participation - Adult’s participation in a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adults. ▪ Language- Communication system based on words and grammar. ▪ Nativism - Theory that human that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition. ▪ Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear. Page 7 of 16  CHAPTER 6 ▪ Secure Attachment - Pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress. ▪ Personality - The relatively consistent blend of ▪ Avoidant Attachment - Pattern in which an infant rarely emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that cries when separated from the primary caregiver and makes a person unique. avoids contact on their return. ▪ Emotions - Subjective reactions to experience that are ▪ Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment - Pattern in which associated with physiological and behavioral changes. an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver ▪ Social Smiling - Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, seeks and resists contact on their return. signaling positive participation in the relationship. ▪ Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment - Pattern in ▪ Anticipatory Smiling - Infant smiles at an object and which an infant, after separation from the primary then gazes at an adult while still smiling. caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or ▪ Self-Conscious Emotions - Emotions, such as misdirected behaviors on their return. embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on ▪ Stranger Anxiety - Wariness of strange people and self-awareness. places, shown by some infants during the second half of ▪ Self-Awareness - Realization that one’s existence and the 1st year. functioning are separate from those of other people and ▪ Separation Anxiety - Distress shown by someone, things. typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaf. ▪ Self-Evaluative Emotions - Emotions, such as pride, ▪ Mutual Regulation - Process by which infant and shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and knowledge of socially accepted standards of and respond appropriately. behavior. ▪ Interactional Synchrony - The synchronized ▪ Altruistic Behavior - Activity intended to help another coordination of behavior and affect between a caregiver person with no expectation of reward, and an infant. ▪ Empathy - Ability to put oneself in another person’s ▪ Still-Face Paradigm - Experimental methodology in place and feel what the other person feels which a parent first interacts typically with their child, ▪ Mirror Neurons - Neurons that fire when a person then keeps their face still and expressionless, and then does something or observes someone else doing the ends with a return to typical behavior; used to same thing. demonstrate interactional synchrony. ▪ Temperament - Characteristic disposition, or style of ▪ Social Referencing - Understanding an ambiguous approaching and reacting to situations. situation by seeking another person’s perception of it. ▪ “Easy” Children - Children with a generally happy ▪ Self-Concept - Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a mental picture of one’s abilities and traits. readiness to accept new experiences. ▪ Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt - Erikson’s ▪ “Difficult” Children - Children with irritable second stage in psychosocial development, in which temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense children achieve a balance between self-determination emotional responses. and control by others. ▪ “Slow-To-Warm-Up” Children - Children whose ▪ Socialization - Development of habits, skills, values, temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant and motives shared by responsible, productive members about accepting new experiences of a society. ▪ Goodness of Fit - Appropriateness of environmental ▪ Internalization - During socialization, process by which demands and constraints to a child’s temperament. children accept societal standards of conduct as their ▪ Gender - Significance of being male or female. own. ▪ Gender-Typing - Socialization process by which ▪ Self-Regulation - A child’s independent control of children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles. behavior to conform to understood social expectations. ▪ Basic Sense of Trust Versus Mistrust - Erikson’s first ▪ Conscience - Internal standards of behavior, which stage in psychosocial development, in which infants usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects. discomfort when violated. ▪ Attachment - Reciprocal, enduring tie between two ▪ Situational Compliance - Kochanski’s term for people—especially between infant and caregiver— obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of each of whom contributes to the quality of the signs of ongoing parental control. relationship. ▪ Committed Compliance - Kochanski’s term for ▪ Strange Situation - Laboratory technique used to wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without study infant attachment. reminders or lapses. Page 8 of 16 ▪ Receptive Cooperation - Kochanski’s term for eager ▪ Corpus Callosum - where fibers connect the brain’s left willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, improves adolescents’ ability to process information. and play. ▪ Prefrontal Cortex - the highest level of the frontal lobes ▪ Physical Abuse - Action taken deliberately to involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control. endanger another person, involving potential bodily However, the prefrontal cortex doesn’t finish maturing injury. until the emerging adult years, approximately 18 to 25 ▪ Neglect - Failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs. years of age, or later. ▪ Sexual Abuse - Physically or psychologically harmful ▪ The Limbic System - which is the seat of emotions and sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child where rewards are experienced, matures much earlier and an older person. than the prefrontal cortex and is almost completely ▪ Emotional - maltreatment Rejection, terrorization, developed in early adolescence. isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure ▪ Amygdala - The limbic system structure that is to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or especially involved in emotion. other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, ▪ Adolescent Sexuality - Adolescence is a time of sexual cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. exploration and experimentation, of sexual fantasies and ▪ Sex Trafficking - The recruitment, harboring, realities, of incorporating sexuality into one’s identity. transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for Adolescents have an almost insatiable curiosity about the purposes of a commercial sex act. sexuality. ▪ Nonorganic Failure to Thrive - Slowed or arrested ▪ Developing A Sexual Identity - Mastering emerging physical growth with no known medical cause, sexual feelings and forming a sense of sexual identity are accompanied by poor developmental and emotional multifaceted and lengthy processes. functioning. ▪ Anorexia Nervosa - is an eating disorder that involves ▪ Shaken Baby Syndrome - Form of maltreatment in the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It is which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain a serious disorder that can lead to death. damage, paralysis, or death. ▪ Bulimia Nervosa - is an eating disorder in which the ▪ Puberty - begins when a hypothalamus signals the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge hormone production in the pituitary, which triggers pattern. hormone production in adrenal glands, and by the ▪ Behavioral Changes - By the rapid changes of physical gonads, it also triggers sexual excitement. appearance, it is common for adolescents to be very self- ▪ Hormones - are powerful chemical substances secreted conscious, sensitive, and worried about their bodies. by the endocrine glands and carried through the body ▪ Social Changes - As they are striving for their own by the bloodstream. identity and pull away from their parents. Peer groups are ▪ Dual-Processing Model - humans have two distinct their haven. Peer pressure is forcing adolescents to act in networks for processing information. ways that they otherwise would not is often exaggerated. ▪ Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning - Piaget’s formal ▪ Narcissism - refers to a self-centered and self-concerned operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive approach toward others. Typically, narcissists are ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about unaware of their actual self and how others perceive ways to solve problems. them. ▪ Adolescent Egocentrism - The heightened self- ▪ Psychosocial Moratorium - Erikson’s term for the gap consciousness of adolescents. they regard themselves between childhood security and adult autonomy. During as much more socially significant as they are. this period, society leaves adolescents relatively free of ▪ Imaginary Audience - Adolescents’ belief that others responsibilities and able to try out different identities. are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well Adolescents experiment with different roles and as attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to personalities. be noticed, visible, and “on stage.” ▪ Identity Confusion - Adolescents who do not ▪ Personal Fable - is the part of adolescent egocentrism successfully resolve this identity crisis suffer what involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or Erikson. invulnerability). ▪ Old Model Autonomy - detachment from parents’ ▪ Executive Function - an umbrella-like concept that parent and peer worlds are isolated Intense, stressful consists of a number of higher-level cognitive conflict throughout adolescence; parent adolescent processes linked to the development of the prefrontal relationships are filled with storm and stress on virtually cortex. a daily basis. Page 9 of 16 ▪ New Model Attachment and Autonomy - parents are CHAPTER 7 important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent- peer worlds have some important connections Moderate parent ▪ Night Terror - Abrupt awakening from a deep sleep in adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive a state of agitation, generally occurs in young children. developmental function; conflict greater in early ▪ Sleepwalking - Walking around and sometimes adolescence. performing other functions while asleep. ▪ Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) - was the most influential ▪ Sleep talking - Talking while asleep. theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent ▪ Nightmare - A bad dream, sometimes brought on by friendships. During adolescence, said Sullivan, friends staying up too late, eating a heavy meal close to bedtime, become increasingly important in meeting social needs. or overexcitement. ▪ Enuresis - Repeated urination in clothing or in bed. ▪ Gross Motor Skills - Physical skills that involve the large muscles. ▪ Fine Motor Skills - Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye– hand coordination. ▪ Systems of Action - Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. ▪ Handedness - Preference for using a particular hand. ▪ Dental Caries - Tooth decay, cavities. ▪ Preoperational Stage - in piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic effectively. (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning. ▪ Symbolic Function - Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations ▪ Pretend Play - Play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play. ▪ Transduction - Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship ▪ Animism - Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive. ▪ Centration - In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. ▪ Decenter - In Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation. ▪ Egocentrism - Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought. ▪ Conservation - Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object. ▪ Irreversibility - Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions. ▪ Theory of Mind - Awareness and understanding of mental processes. ▪ Encoding - Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval. Page 10 of 16 ▪ Storage - Retention of information in memory for ▪ Private Speech - Talking aloud to oneself with no intent future use. to communicate with others. ▪ Retrieval - Process by which information is accessed ▪ Emergent Literacy - Preschoolers’ development of or recalled from memory storage. skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and ▪ Sensory Memory - Initial, brief, temporary storage of writing. sensory information. ▪ Identity exploration, especially in love and work. ▪ Working Memory - Short-term storage of information Emerging adulthood, is a time during which key being actively processed. changes in identity take place for many individuals. ▪ Long-Term Memory - Storage of virtually unlimited ▪ Instability - Residential changes peak during early capacity that holds information for long periods. adulthood, a time during which instability also is ▪ Central Executive - In Baddeley’s model, element of common in love, work, and education. working memory that controls the processing of ▪ Self-focused - According to Arnett (2006, p. 10), information. emerging adults “are self-focused in the sense that they ▪ Recognition - Ability to identify a previously have little in the way of social obligations, little in the encountered stimulus. recall Ability to reproduce way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves material from memory. them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own ▪ Recall - Ability to reproduce material from memory. lives.” ▪ Metamemory - Understanding of processes of ▪ Feeling In-Between - Many emerging adults don’t memory. consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults. ▪ Metacognition - Thinking about thinking, or ▪ The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an awareness of one’s own mental processes. opportunity to transform their lives. Arnett (2006) ▪ Executive Function - Conscious control of thoughts, describes two ways in which emerging adulthood is the emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve age of possibilities: many emerging adults are optimistic problems. about their future. ▪ Generic Memory - Memory that produces scripts of ▪ Who have experienced difficult times while growing up, familiar routines to guide behavior. emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to chart ▪ Script - General remembered outline of a familiar, their life course in a more positive direction. repeated event, used to guide behavior. ▪ Emerging Adulthood - The transition from adolescence ▪ Episodic Memory - Long-term memory of specific to adulthood (occurring from approximately 18 to 25 experiences or events, linked to time and place. years of age), which is characterized by experimentation ▪ Autobiographical Memory - Memory of specific and exploration. events in one’s life. ▪ Genetic - component of Obesity was underestimated by ▪ Social Interaction Model - Model, based on scientists. Some individuals inherit a tendency to be Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes children overweight construct autobiographical memories through ▪ Genes - play a role, as does dopamine, the conversation with adults about shared events. neurotransmitter related to reward pathways in the brain ▪ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Individual (O’Connor & others, 2017). Also, a recent study found intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure that adolescents with BED were more likely to live in fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, families with less effective family functioning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. especially in the area of emotional involvement. ▪ Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of ▪ Binge Eating Disorder (BED) - Involves frequent binge Intelligence - Revised (WPPSI-IV) Individual eating but without compensatory behavior like the intelligence test for children, which yields verbal and purging that characterizes bulimics. performance scores as well as a combined score. ▪ Sexual Script - is a stereotyped pattern of role ▪ Zone of Proximal Development (Zpd) - Vygotsky’s prescriptions for how individuals should behave term for the difference between what a child can do sexually. alone and what the child can do with help. ▪ Sexual Double - standard continues to exist, with stricter ▪ Scaffolding - Temporary support to help a child master social norms for female sexuality that include males a task. being granted more sexual freedom and not being ▪ Fast Mapping - Process by which a child absorbs the criticized for having multiple sexual partners. meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in ▪ Sex Drive - Men are always ready for sex; women inhibit conversation. their sexual expression. ▪ Pragmatics - The practical knowledge needed to use ▪ Physical and Emotional Sex - Men have a physical language for communicative purposes. The social approach to sex; women have an emotional/relational context of language. approach to sex. Page 11 of 16 ▪ Sexual Performance - Men and women should be ▪ Avoidant Attachment Style - Avoidant individuals are sexually skilled and knowledgeable. One new aspect of hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships this sexual script for women was agreement that and once they are in a relationship tend to distance women should especially have oral sex skills. themselves from their partner. ▪ Initiation and Gateway Scripts - Men initiate sex ▪ Anxious Attachment Style - These individuals demand (most men and some women agreed with this script); closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, women are gatekeepers (most men and women agreed jealous, and possessive. that women set the sexual limits). ▪ Sexual Evaluation - Single women who appear sexual are judged negatively; men are rewarded for being sexual. However, there was negative judgment of men who come across as too sexual and too often engage in casual sex, especially with different women. ▪ Provisional - Many young adults also become more skeptical about the truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final. Thus, they come to see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never-ending process. ▪ Realistic - Young adults understand that thinking can’t always be abstract. In many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic. ▪ Recognized - as being influenced by emotion. Emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions. ▪ Temperament - is an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. ▪ Easy and difficult temperaments – In one longitudinal study, children who had an easy temperament at 3 to 5 years of age were likely to be well adjusted as young adults. ▪ Inhibition - Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are less likely than other adults to be assertive or experience social support, and more likely to delay entering a stable job track. ▪ Ability to Control One’s Emotions. In one longitudinal study, when 3-year-old children showed good control of their emotions and were resilient in the face of stress, they were likely to continue to handle emotions effectively as adults. ▪ Romantic Partners - fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children. Recall that securely attached infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. ▪ Secure Attachment Style - Securely attached adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships. These adults tend to enjoy sexuality in the context of a committed relationship and are less likely than others to have one-night stands. Page 12 of 16  CHAPTER 8 ▪ Social Cognitive - theory Albert Bandura’s expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization. ▪ Self-Concept - Sense of self; descriptive and ▪ Functional Play - Play involving repetitive large evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits. muscular movements. ▪ Self-Definition - Cluster of characteristics used to ▪ Constructive Play - Play involving use of objects or describe oneself. materials to make something. ▪ Real Self - The self-one actually is. ▪ Dramatic Play - Play involving imaginary people or ▪ Ideal Self - The self-one would like to be. situations; also called pretend play, fantasy play, or ▪ Disability - Any mental or physical condition making imaginative play. it difficult for a person to do certain activities and ▪ Formal Games with Rules - Organized games with interact with the world around them. known procedures and penalties. ▪ Self-Esteem - The judgment a person makes about ▪ Gender Segregation - Tendency to select playmates of their self-worth. one’s own gender. ▪ Social Emotions - emotions involved in the regulation ▪ Discipline - Methods of molding children’s character of social behavior that require self-awareness and the and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage understanding of others’ viewpoints. in acceptable behavior. ▪ Initiative Versus Guilt - Erikson’s third stage in ▪ Corporal Punishment - Use of physical force with the psychosocial development, in which children balance intention of causing pain, but not injury, so as to correct the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing or control behavior. so. ▪ Inductive Techniques - Disciplinary techniques ▪ Gender Identity - Awareness, developed in early designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a childhood, of one’s gender. child’s sense of reason and fairness. ▪ Gender Roles - Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, ▪ Power Assertion - Disciplinary strategy designed to and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each discourage undesirable behavior through physical or sex; differ for males and females. verbal enforcement of parental control. ▪ Gender-Typing - Socialization process by which ▪ Withdrawal of Love - Disciplinary strategy that children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles. involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a ▪ Gender Stereotypes – Preconceived generalizations child. about male or female role behavior. ▪ Authoritarian Parenting - In Baumrind’s terminology, ▪ Transgender People - Individuals whose gender parenting style emphasizing control and obedience. identity (a social and psychological construct) is ▪ Permissive Parenting - In Baumrind’s terminology, different from their sex (a biological construct). parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self- ▪ Intersex People - Individuals born with sexual or regulation. reproductive anatomical variations not typical for male ▪ Authoritative Parenting - In Baumrind’s terminology, or female bodies. parenting style blending respect for a child’s ▪ Gender Dysphoria - The feeling of psychological individuality with an effort to instill social values. distress experienced by individuals when there is a mismatch between gender identity and biological sex. ▪ Theory of Sexual Selection - Darwin’s theory that gender roles developed in response to men’s and women’s differing reproductive needs. ▪ Identification - In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex. ▪ Gender Constancy - Awareness that one will always be male or female; also called sex-category constancy. ▪ Gender-Schema Theory - Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture. Page 13 of 16  CHAPTER 9 ▪ Genital Herpes - Recurrent sores; pregnant women can pass the virus (which can be fatal to the newborn) to the - Years as children adjust to this new “pecking baby during birth. order,” their self-esteem increases and then ▪ Genital Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) -Usually goes stabilizes during adolescence. away in rare cases leads to cervical cancer. ▪ Erikson: Identity Achievement Vs. Identity (Role) - ▪ Hepatitis B - Death from chronic kidney disease. Balancing between selecting a single self-versus trying ▪ HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) - Loss of out many possible selves. immune cells (aids), cancer death. ▪ Diffusion - The individual is overwhelmed by the task ▪ Teen Age Pregnancy - It is common to sexually active of achieving an identity and does little to accomplish teens that do not use birth control consistently or the task. correctly. ▪ Foreclosure - The individual has a status determined ▪ Contraception - It prevents and reduces the chances of by adults rather than by personal exploration. pregnancy and is required to have a safe sex. ▪ Moratorium - The individual is examining different ▪ Sexually Minority Youth - Attraction to same-sex alternatives but has yet to find one that's satisfactory. individuals comes about differently in males and ▪ Achievement - The individual has explored females. alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific ▪ Transgender Youth - Past: received treatment designed identity. to align their gender identity with their sex present: ▪ Adolescent Egocentrism - Self-absorption that is transgender identity is simply an uncommon but normal characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity. gender identity. ▪ Imaginary Audience - Adolescents feeling that their ▪ Dating Violence - Many teens experienced violence in behavior is constantly being watched by their peers. dating, which include physical and emotional violence. ▪ Personal Fable - Belief of many adolescents that their ▪ Crystallization - First phase in super’s theory of career feelings experiences are unique and have never been development in which adolescents use their emerging experienced by anyone else, identities to form ideas about career. ▪ Illusion of Invulnerability - Adolescents’ belief that ▪ Career Development - adolescence is a time when misfortunes cannot happen to them. youth face the challenge of selecting a career. ▪ Ethnic Identity - Feeling that one belongs to a specific ▪ Donald Super - He proposed a theory that identity is the ethnic group. primary force in an adolescent’s choice of career. ▪ Children’s Self-Esteem - Declines gradually during ▪ Personality Type-Theory - People find work fulfilling elementary school when important features of a job or profession fir their ▪ Adolescents Self-Esteem - Adolescents particularly personality. differentiate their social self-esteem (e.g., positive ▪ John Holland - He proposed the personality type- about parent, but negative about romantic theory. relationships) self-worth is ethnicity-and age- ▪ Specification - To further limit one’s prospects by dependent. learning more about career matches to one’s interests, ▪ Romantic Relationships - Become more common in abilities, and personality (~18 years) adolescence and change with age companionship and ▪ Implementation - Entering the workforce and learning sexual exploration (younger adolescents) intimacy, firsthand about jobs, responsibility, productivity, trust, and support (older). cooperation, and needed lifestyle changes (late ▪ Sexual Behavior - It is a sexual exploration is an adolescence to early 20s). important feature of romantic relationships for younger ▪ Realistic - Individuals enjoy doing physical labor and adolescents. working with their hands; they like to solve concrete ▪ Sexually Transmitted Deceases - Adolescent sexual problems. activity is cause for concerns because number of ▪ Investigative - Individuals are task-oriented and enjoy diseases are transmitted from one person to another thinking about abstract relations. through sexual intercourse. ▪ Social - Individuals are skilled verbally and ▪ Chlamydia - It is the infection of the cervix and interpersonally; they enjoy solving problems using these fallopian tubes that can lead to infertility; rare in men. skills. ▪ Gonorrhea - It is pelvic inflammatory disease, a ▪ Conventional - Individuals have verbal and quantitative serious infection of the female reproductive tract that skills that they like to apply to structured, well-defined can lead to infertility; in men epididymitis, an infection tasks assigned to them by others. that the testicles that can lead to infertility. ▪ Enterprising - Individuals enjoy using their verbal skills ▪ Syphilis - Left untreated, can damage internal orans in positions of power, status, and leadership. such as the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, bones, and joints. Page 14 of 16 ▪ Artistic - Individuals enjoy expressing themselves CHAPTER 10 through unstructured tasks. ▪ Social Cognitive Career Theory - Progress toward a ▪ Thanatology - is the study of death and dying. Today, vocation rests on self-efficacy successes and failures death occurs at a later stage, takes longer, and more often promote adolescents to develop beliefs about occurs in hospitals. The major causes of death have also themselves leading to interests and goals. shifted from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses such ▪ Part Time Employment – Early exposure to the as cardiovascular disease and cancer. workplace teaches adolescent’s self-discipline, self- ▪ Elizabeth Kubler-Ross - describes the five phases of confidence, and important job skills. grief (DENIAL, ANGER, BARGAINING, ▪ Drug Use - Teen use of illicit drugs such as cocaine DEPRESSION, AND ACCEPTANCE) through which and methamphetamine. people pass in grappling with the knowledge that they are ▪ Teen Age Drinking - It is when peers do this or if or someone close to them is dying. parents drink alcohol. ▪ Near-Death-Experience - refers to when someone who ▪ Depression - Disorder characterized by persuasive survives a serious injury and had an out of body feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem. experience. ▪ Anti-Depressant Drugs - Correct imbalances in ▪ Good Death - is one that is swift, painless, and dignified, neurotransmitters, but increase suicide risk. and that occurs at home surrounded by friends and ▪ Therapy - Needs to focus on rewarding social families. interactions and to correctly interpret them. ▪ The Hospice - is an alternative to hospital care that seeks to minimize suffering and to make the last days of life ▪ Prevention Programs – Reduce high-risk youth’s filled with love and meaning. Hospices provide the dying number of depressive’s episodes. with skilled medical care but avoid death-terrifying ▪ Suicide - The third most frequent cause of death among interventions. adolescents. ▪ Palliative Care - is medical care that is designed not to ▪ Adolescents-Limited Antisocial Behavior - Behavior treat an illness but to relieve pain and suffering. of youth who engage in relatively minor criminal acts ▪ Pain Medication - for dying patients may have a double but aren’t consistently antisocial. effect of reducing pain while speeding up death. ▪ Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior - ▪ In Passive Euthanasia - a seriously ill person is allowed Antisocial behavior that emerges at an early age and to die naturally, through the cessation of medical continues throughout life. interventions. The dying person’s chart may read DNR (do not resuscitate). ▪ Inactive Euthanasia - someone intentionally acts to terminate the life of a suffering person. However, it is illegal in most parts of the world. ▪ Bereavement - refers to the sense of loss following a death. ▪ Grief - refers to an individual’s emotional response to this sense of loss. ▪ Mourning - refers to the ceremonies and behaviors that religion or culture prescribes for bereaved people. ▪ Some people make a Living Will to indicate what medical intervention they want if they become incapable of expressing those wishes. ▪ Many also designate A Health Care Proxy, who can make decisions for them on the spot if needed. ▪ Emerging Adulthood Period - between late teens and mid- to late 20s when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults. ▪ Rites of Passage Rituals - markings initiations into adulthood. ▪ Role Transition - movement into the next stage of development marked by assumptions of new responsibilities and duties. ▪ Edgework - the desire to live life more on the edge through physically and emotionally threatening situations on the boundary between life and death. ▪ Returning College - students college students over age 25. Page 15 of 16 ▪ Intimacy Vs Isolation - sixth stage of Erikson’s theory ▪ Postformal Thought - thinking characterized by and the major psychosocial task for young adults. recognizing that correct answer varies from one situation ▪ Quarter Life - crisis the struggle of finding one’s way to another, that solutions should be realistic, that into the “real world” ambiguity and contradiction are typical, and that ▪ Locked-Out Form - feeling unable to enter adult roles. subjective factors play a role in thinking. ▪ Locked-In Form - feeling trapped in adult roles. ▪ Reflective Judgement - way in which adults’ reasons ▪ Commitment - independence reflects the longer time it takes more recent generations to traverse the through real life dilemmas. challenges of early adulthood. ▪ Emotional Intelligence (IE) - The ability to recognize ▪ Binge Drinking - type of drinking defined for men as their own and other’s emotions, to correctly identify and consuming five or more drinks in a row and for women appropriately tell the difference between emotions, and as consuming four or more drinks in a row within the use this information to guide their thinking and behavior. past two weeks. ▪ Hess And Pullen - in 1994 they found older adults ▪ Alcohol Use Disorder Drinking - pattern that results modify their impression of a person from positive to in significant and recurrent consequences that reflects negative when negative information follows positive. loss of reliable control over alcohol use. ▪ Impression Formation - The way we form and revise ▪ Metabolism - how much energy the body needs. first impressions about others. ▪ Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) - chemicals that ▪ Life-Span Construct - Unified sense of the past, cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries, impeding blood flow. present, and future based on personal experience and ▪ High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) - chemicals that input from other people. help keep arteries clear and break down ldls. ▪ Scenario - manifestation of life-span construct through ▪ Body Mass Index {BMI} - ratio of body weight and expectations about the future height related to total body fat. ▪ Social Clock - tagging future events with particular time ▪ Multidimensional - characteristics of theories of or age by which they are to be completed. intelligence that identify several types of intellectual ▪ Life Story - an internalized narrative with a beginning, abilities. middle and an anticipated ending ▪ Multidirectional - development pattern in which some ▪ Possible Selves - representations of what we could aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects become, what we would like to become, and what we are decline during adulthood. afraid of becoming. ▪ Interindividual Variability - patterns of change that ▪ Personal Control - beliefs the degree to which you vary from one person to another. ▪ Plasticity - concept that intellectual abilities are not believe your performance in a situation depends on fixed but can be modified under the right conditions at something you do. just about any point in adulthood. ▪ Primary Control - behavior aimed at affecting the ▪ Structure of Intelligence - the organization of individual’s external world. interrelated intellectual abilities. ▪ Second Control - behavior or cognition aimed at ▪ Factor - the interrelated abilities measured by two tests affecting the individual’s internal world. if the performance on one test is highly related to performance on another. ▪ Primary Mental Abilities - groups of related intellectual skills that subsume and organize the primary abilities. ▪ Secondary Mental Abilities broader intellectual skills that subsume and organized the primary abilities. ▪ Fluid Intelligence - abilities that makes you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make inferences, and enable you to understand the relations among concepts. ▪ Crystallized Intelligence - the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture. ▪ Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory - theory that proposes that intelligence comes from distributed and integrated networks of neurons in parietal and frontal lobes of the brain. ▪ Neural Efficiency Hypothesis - states intelligent people process information more efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people. 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